Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Kenneth Warren and the Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind Programme pp 53–79Cite as

Selective Primary Healthcare

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 303 Accesses

Part of the book series: Springer Biographies ((SPRINGERBIOGS))

Abstract

The ideological differences concerning the most effective way to prevent and treat tropical diseases originate from two of the Victorian founding fathers of the specialty, Sir Patrick Manson and Sir Donald Ross.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   29.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   37.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   37.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    M. Worboys, “The emergence of tropical medicine: a study in the establishment of a scientific speciality”, in G. Lemaine (ed.), Perspectives on the emergence of scientific disciplines, The Hague: Mouton, 1976.

  2. 2.

    M. Tanner & D. Evans, “Vaccines or Drugs: Complementarity is Crucial.” Parasitology Today, vol. 10, no. 10, p. 406, 1994.

  3. 3.

    This said, the campaign was more effective in the southeastern US during the 1920s because the prevalence of hookworm decreased markedly. This may have been due to the vigorous education programme that accompanied the treatment or a general upswing in the area’s economy. See G. W. Esch, Parasites and Infectious Disease Discovery by Serendipity, and Otherwise. CUP, 2007, p. 228.

  4. 4.

    Chris Murray, personal communication. By the end of 1964, the prevalence of yaws had reduced from 50 million to 2.5 million cases—see G. M. Antal & G. Causse, “The control of endemic treponematoses.” Rev Infect Dis; 7 Suppl. 2: S220-6, 1985.

  5. 5.

    M. Coluzzi & D. Bradley, Parasitologia. The Malaria Challenge after one hundred years of malariology, Rome: Lombardo, 1999, p. 16.

  6. 6.

    G. Walt & P. Vaughan, An introduction to primary health care approach in developing countries: a review with selected annotated references. London: Ross Institute of Tropical Hygiene publ. no. 13, 1981.

  7. 7.

    J. Goodfield, A Chance to Live: The heroic story of the global campaign to immunise the world’s children, Macmillan, New York, 1990, p. 3.

  8. 8.

    M. Cueto, “The Origins of Primary Health Care and Selective Primary Health Care.” American Journal of Public Health. Vol. 44. No 11, p. 3, 2004.

  9. 9.

    Primary Health Care. A Joint Report by the Director-General of the World Health Organisation and the Executive Director of the United Nations Children’s Fund. WHO: New York, 1978.

  10. 10.

    J. H. L. Playfair, in I. M. Roitt (ed.), Immune Intervention: New Trends in Vaccines, vol 1., Academic Press, 1984, p. 1.

  11. 11.

    Tore Godal, personal communication.

  12. 12.

    J. H. Knowles, “Health, population and development.” Soc. Sci. Med. 14C, 67, 1980.

  13. 13.

    K. S. Warren, ‘The Alma-Ata Declaration: Health for All by the Year 2000? Britannica Book of the Year, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. (Chicago, 1990), p. 7.

  14. 14.

    J. A. Walsh & K. S. Warren, “Selective primary health care: an interim strategy for disease control in developing countries.” New Engl J Med; 301, p. 967, 1979.

  15. 15.

    J. A. Walsh & K. S. Warren, “Selective primary health care: an interim strategy for disease control in developing countries.” New Engl J Med; 301, p. 967, 1979.

  16. 16.

    K. S. Warren, ‘The Alma-Ata Declaration: Health for All by the Year 2000? Britannica Book of the Year, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. (Chicago, 1990), p. 7.

  17. 17.

    R. H. Henderson & J. Keja, “Letter to the Editor”, N Engl J Med; 302: 757–759, 27 March 1980; D. Campos-Outcalt, “Letter to the Editor”, N Engl J Med; 302: 757–759, 27 March 1980.

  18. 18.

    J. A. Walsh & K. S. Warren, “Letter to the Editor”, N Engl J Med; 302: 757–759, 27 March 1980.

  19. 19.

    David Bradley, personal communication.

  20. 20.

    Chris Murray, personal communication.

  21. 21.

    David Bradley, personal communication.

  22. 22.

    David Bradley, personal communication.

  23. 23.

    Dan Colley, personal communication.

  24. 24.

    Julia Walsh, personal communication.

  25. 25.

    Another highly influential precursor of the DALYs was a paper by P. Smith, K. P. Nimo et al. as the “Ghana Health Assessment Project Team” in Int. J. Epidemiology 10: 73–80, 1981, for developing-country use. This group introduced the concept of “amount of health life lost”, combining measures of the effects of a disease, in terms of life lost both from mortality (expected years of life remaining had the disease not occurred) and from morbidity (severity and duration of disability). What was particularly distinctive according to Peter Smith, “was the group’s attempt to assign specific weights to different kinds of disability.” DALYs are calculated by combining the years of life lost (YLL) from premature mortality with the years of life lived with disability (YLD), weighted according to severity grading. Thus DALY = YLL + YLD.

  26. 26.

    World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health, OUP, 1993, p. 1.

  27. 27.

    Julia Walsh, personal communication.

  28. 28.

    David Bradley, personal communication.

  29. 29.

    K. S. Warren, “The difficult art, science and politics of setting health priorities.” The Lancet, 27 August 1988, pp. 498–499.

  30. 30.

    Sir Richard Peto, personal communication.

  31. 31.

    William Foege, personal communication.

  32. 32.

    Julia Walsh, personal communication.

  33. 33.

    Dean Jamison, personal communication.

  34. 34.

    Julia Walsh, personal communication.

  35. 35.

    The first Global Burden of Disease study was published in 2010 and is recognised as the most authoritative work on the causes of ill health. One hundred eight countries are included in the Global Burden of Disease study, and the work takes in data from 1990 up to 2013.

  36. 36.

    S. B. Halstead, J. A. Walsh & K. S. Warren (eds), Good Health at Low Cost: Proceedings of a Conference at the Bellagio Conference Centre, Italy. 29 April – 3 May 1985. New York: Rockefeller Foundation, 1985. The publication followed a meeting at Bellagio organised by Warren to bring together demographers, economists, and epidemiologists to examine why it was that some countries provided better health care than others while having similar levels of health expenditure. The study undermined the widely held belief that economic growth was a prerequisite for health improvement by making people aware that three of the poorest areas in the world—China, Sri Lanka, and India’s Kerala State—had life expectancies of 65 years. It also underscored the benefits of expanding the application of existing knowledge and technologies in the Third World.

  37. 37.

    Christopher Murray, personal communication.

  38. 38.

    Keith McAdam, personal communication.

  39. 39.

    World Health Organisation. Tropical diseases today – the challenge and the opportunity. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 1975.

  40. 40.

    Tore Godal was the Director of TDR from 1986 to 1998, and one of the reasons for the selection of leprosy may have been because he acted as a consultant to Howard Goodman, the first Director of TDR, 1973–74. From there he was chosen to be the head of a 3-year pilot project on leprosy in Ethiopia.

  41. 41.

    Yongyuth Yuthavong, personal communication.

  42. 42.

    K. S. Warren, “Protecting the World’s Children: An Agenda for the 1990s.” The Lancet, 19 March 1988, p. 659.

  43. 43.

    “Vaccine” comes from the Latin word vacca, meaning cow because cowpox scabs were first used to immunise against smallpox.

  44. 44.

    Bill Foege, personal communication.

  45. 45.

    J. Grant, Address to the New York Academy of Sciences L.S. Frohlich Award Conference ‘Putting Biomedical Knowledge to Use in the Third World’, 18 October 1988, UNICEF, p. 1.

  46. 46.

    This policy became known by the acronym GOBI.

  47. 47.

    K. S. Warren, “Tropical Medicine or Tropical Health: The Heath Clark Lectures”, 1988, p. 152. Reviews of Infectious Diseases Vol. 12, No 1, January–February 1990. The University of Chicago Press.

  48. 48.

    Bill Foege, personal communication.

  49. 49.

    Bill Foege, personal communication.

  50. 50.

    J. Goodfield, A Chance to Live: The heroic story of the global campaign to immunise the world’s children. Macmillan, New York, 1991, p. 39.

  51. 51.

    K. S. Warren, ‘The Alma-Ata Declaration: Health for All by the Year 2000? Britannica Book of the Year, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., Chicago, 1990, p. 27.

  52. 52.

    Bill Foege, personal communication.

  53. 53.

    G. Nossal, “Protecting our Progeny: The Future of Vaccines.” Perspective in Health Magazine, Special Centennial Edition, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2002.

  54. 54.

    K. S. Warren, “Protecting the World’s Children: An Agenda for the 1990s.” The Lancet, 19 March 1988, p. 659.

  55. 55.

    Gus Nossal, personal communication.

  56. 56.

    Bill Foege, personal communication.

    J. Goodfield, A Chance to Live: The heroic story of the global campaign to immunise the world’s children. Macmillan, New York, 1991, p. 51.

  57. 57.

    Bill Foege, personal communication.

  58. 58.

    K. S. Warren, “In The New Age of Vaccines: U.S. Roles in an International Context.” The Rockefeller University, New York, 22–23 October 1984, p. 4. Courtesy of the Pew Foundation archive.

  59. 59.

    Rebecca Rimel, personal communication.

  60. 60.

    J. Goodfield, A Chance to Live: The heroic story of the global campaign to immunise the world’s children. Macmillan, New York, 1991, p. 170.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Conrad Keating

Authors
  1. Conrad Keating
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Conrad Keating .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Keating, C. (2017). Selective Primary Healthcare. In: Kenneth Warren and the Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind Programme. Springer Biographies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50147-5_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50147-5_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-50145-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-50147-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation