Abstract
Warren was an immediate beneficiary of the changing philanthropic principles that Knowles began to introduce at the RF and, with his customary drive, he immersed himself in the opportunities that arose from this redefined strategy. One of Knowles’ first acts was to add the title of Health to the foundation’s Population Programme, which subsequently became known as Population and Health. Previously, under the presidency of the biologist George Harrar, health programmes, with the notable exception of the St. Lucia schistosomiasis research, had grown peripheral to the core concerns of the foundation, which were oriented toward agricultural development.
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Notes
- 1.
The Conquest of Hunger Programme of the Agricultural Sciences Division fostered the so-called “Green Revolution,” for which one of its officers, Norman Borlaug, received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970. The prize was awarded to Borlaug for his pivotal role in helping modernise agriculture in the developing world, an effort known as the “Green Revolution.” The phrase was first used in 1968 by William S. Gaud, former director of United States Aid for International Development (USAID).
- 2.
J. P. Kreuer (ed.), Malaria, Immunology and Immunization, Academic Press, 1980, p. 336.
- 3.
J. A. Walsh & K. S. Warren, “Selective Primary Health Care: An Interim Strategy for Disease Control in Developing Countries,” N. Engl. J. Med. 301: 967–74, 1979.
- 4.
Gustav Nossal, personal communication.
- 5.
Kenneth Prewitt, personal communication.
- 6.
The Rockefeller Foundation 1913–1988. RF publication, p. 12.
- 7.
John Bruer, personal communication.
- 8.
National Programme for the Conquest of Cancer, Report of the National Panel of consultants on the Conquest of Cancer, US Government Printing Office, 1970.
- 9.
K. S. Warren & C. C. Jimenez (eds), The Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind Biomedical Research Network: 1978–1988. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation, 1988, p. 1.
- 10.
K. S. Warren & C. C. Jimenez (eds), The Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind Biomedical Research Network: 1978–1988. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation, 1988, p. 1.
- 11.
G. F. Mitchell, in K. S. Warren & C. C. Jimenez (eds), The Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind Biomedical Research Network: 1978–1988. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation, 1988, p. 49.
- 12.
Hans Wigzell, personal communication.
- 13.
Keith McAdam, personal communication.
- 14.
Anthony Cerami, personal communication.
- 15.
Michael Sela, personal communication.
- 16.
Gerald Keusch, personal communication.
- 17.
Hans Wigzell, personal communication.
- 18.
David Weatherall, personal communication.
- 19.
Warren described parasitology as, “a biological discipline concerned largely with two separate groups of organisms—single-celled protozoa and the multi cellular metazoan of which the helminths form the most important group”.
- 20.
A Jubilee Scrapbook 1947–1997. An anthology of tales and photographs depicting 50 years of the MRC in The Gambia. Collected by A. Greenwood, J. Foster, H. Pickering and M. Weber, p. 10.
- 21.
Letter from K. S. Warren to G. S. Nelson, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, England. March 17, 1987.
- 22.
Keith McAdam, personal communication.
- 23.
C. P. Snow, Rede Lecture, 7 May 1959.
- 24.
John Bruer, personal communication.
- 25.
David Weatherall, personal communication.
- 26.
Sylvia Warren, personal communication.
- 27.
Gerald Keusch, personal communication.
- 28.
K. S. Warren & C. C. Jimenez (eds), The Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind Biomedical Research Network: 1978–1988. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation, 1988, p. 2.
- 29.
Emanuela Handman, personal communication.
- 30.
Emanuela Handman, personal communication.
- 31.
K. S. Warren, “The bench and the bush in tropical medicine,” Am J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 30: 1149–1158, 1981.
- 32.
In the tropics, clinical studies in hospitals and epidemiological studies in villages and among school children had shown the silent nature of the infection, even in patients with relatively advanced disease. The field investigation, which included the development of better parasitological methods for diagnosis, resulted in the collection of relatively large banks of parasitologically and clinically characterised sera. Meanwhile, work at the bench on the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis resulted in the development of an animal model, the characterisation of the parasite factor (egg) responsible for the disease, the essential role of the host inflammatory cell-mediated immunological response, and the occurrence of suppression of the host response by way of serum antibodies.
- 33.
A. Cerami, “A Surprising Journey in Translational Medicine,” Molecular Medicine Vol. 20 (Supplement 1) 2014, p. s4.
- 34.
M. Feldmann, “Translating molecular insights in autoimmunity into effective therapy,” Ann. Rev. Immunol. 27: 1–27, 2009.
- 35.
Steven Meshnick, personal communication.
- 36.
Anthony Cerami, personal communication.
- 37.
Keith McAdam, personal communication.
- 38.
Ferid Murad shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1998 for showing that nitroglycerin and related drugs worked by releasing nitric oxide into the body, which relaxed muscles by elevating intracellular cyclic GMP.
- 39.
R. L. Guerrant, G. D. Fang, N. M. Thielman & M. C. Fonteles, “Role of platelet activation factor in the intestinal epithelial secretory and Chinese hamster ovary cell cytoskeletal responses to cholera toxin,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Sept 27; 91 (20): 9655–9658, 1994.
- 40.
K. S. Warren, “The bench and the bush in tropical medicine,” Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 30: 1149–1158, 1981.
- 41.
Richard Guerrant, personal communication.
- 42.
Manasses Fonterles, personal communication.
- 43.
Onesome ole-MoiYoi, personal communication.
- 44.
Onesome ole-MoiYoi, personal communication.
- 45.
R. Selzer, Kenneth S. Warren, M. D. June 11, 1929-September 11, 1996, Molecular Medicine, Vol. 2, No. 6, November 1996.
- 46.
John Cheever, personal communication.
- 47.
Scott Halstead, personal communication.
- 48.
Sylvia Warren, personal communication.
- 49.
John Bruer, personal communication.
- 50.
Richard Peto, personal communication.
- 51.
Scott Halstead, personal communication.
- 52.
Keith McAdam, personal communication.
- 53.
Hans Wigzell, personal communication.
- 54.
Dame Bridget Ogilvie, personal communication.
- 55.
John Bruer, personal communication.
- 56.
Joe Cook, personal communication.
- 57.
Dan Colley, personal communication.
- 58.
P. Perlmann in M. Coluzzi & D. Bradley, Parasitologia. The Malaria Challenge after one hundred years of malariology, Rome: Lombardo, 1999, p. 7.
- 59.
K. S. Warren & C. C. Jimenez (eds), The Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind Biomedical Research Network: 1978–1988. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation, 1988, p. 37.
- 60.
David Weatherall, personal communication.
- 61.
K. S. Warren & C. C. Jimenez (eds), The Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind Biomedical Research Network: 1978–1988. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation, 1988, p. 309.
- 62.
L. C. Chen, “China Medical Board: a century of Rockefeller health philanthropy,” The Lancet, 384: 717–719, 2014.
- 63.
Christopher Murray, personal communication.
- 64.
Gerald Keusch, personal communication.
- 65.
Scott Halstead, personal communication.
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Keating, C. (2017). The GND Years. In: Kenneth Warren and the Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind Programme. Springer Biographies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50147-5_2
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