Engaging with Its Diaspora: The Case of Senegal

Toma, Sorana

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50053-9_4

Sorana Toma⁴

Part of the book series: African Histories and Modernities ((AHAM))

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Abstract

The Senegalese diaspora is widely spread across the globe, with long-established communities in neighboring African countries, Europe and, more recently, North America. Its members maintain strong ties with their origin communities and families, and are highly active in the economic development of their homeland. The Senegalese state’s engagement with the diaspora is more recent, but numerous measures have been implemented since 2000. Among these initiatives, we can identify all three types described by Alan Gamlen: capacity building, extending rights, and extracting obligations, with the latter being most prevalent.

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Notes

1.
Alan Gamlen, “Diaspora Institutions and Diaspora Governance,” International Migration Review 48 (September 1, 2014): S180–S217, doi:10.1111/imre.12136.
2.
Lama Kabbanji, “Les instruments financiers de la promotion du lien entre migration et développement en Afrique subsaharienne,” in Fabrique des politiques migratoires et pratiques associatives en Afrique de l’Ouest : le cas du Mali et du Sénégal, eds. Lama Kabbanji and M. Beaujeu (Paris: ENDA Europe, 2013), 13–18, http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010063010.
3.
Donald Cruise O’Brien, “Senegal,” in West African States: Failure and Promise, ed. J Dunn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 173–188.
4.
Papa Demba Fall, “Sénégal Migration, Marché Du Travail et Développement” (Geneva: ILO, 2010).
5.
Felix Gerdes, “Focus Migration. Country Profile: Senegal” (Hamburg: HWWI, 2007).
6.
Fall, “Sénégal Migration, Marché Du Travail et Développement.”
7.
Momar-Coumba Diop, “Le Sénégal des migrations: mobilités, identités et sociétés,” KARTHALA Editions (ONU Habitat and CREPOS, 2008); Gerdes, “Focus Migration. Country Profile: Senegal.”
8.
Fall, “Sénégal Migration, Marché Du Travail et Développement.”
9.
Gerdes, “Focus Migration. Country Profile: Senegal.”
10.
The migration of French and Lebanese settlers to Senegal during colonization should also be mentioned.
11.
Senegal has also a rich and complex history of internal migration flows—such as the “navétanes” of the groundnut basin or the sailors, for which there is no space here.
12.
Gerdes, “Focus Migration. Country Profile: Senegal.”
13.
Diop, Le Sénégal des migrations.
14.
Hamidou Dia, “Espaces Domestiques, Espaces Villageois, Espaces Urbains Multi-Situés : Cinquante Ans de Migrations À Partir de La Moyenne Vallée Du Fleuve Sénégal (1960–2010)” (Paris 5, 2009), http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05H050.
15.
The Protocol on Free Movement of Persons, the Right of Residence and Establishment was signed in 1979 by the members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Senegalese citizens could enter France without visas until 1985.
16.
Babacar Ndione and Annelet Broekhuis, “International Migration and Development in Senegal, Viewpoints and Policy Initiatives,” Research Group Migration and Development (Department of Human Geography) (Nijmegen, the Netherlands: Radboud University, 2006); Fall, “Sénégal Migration, Marché Du Travail et Développement.”
17.
The bill of July 5, 1974 announced the end of immigration and the closing of borders. It however reformed its policies on family migration, which became the main channel of immigration.
18.
Diop, Le Sénégal des migrations.
19.
Ndione and Broekhuis, “International Migration and Development in Senegal, Viewpoints and Policy Initiatives.”
20.
Cora Leonie Mezger Kveder, “Essays on Migration between Senegal and Europe: Migration Attempts, Investment at Origin and Returnees’ Occupational Status.” (University of Sussex, 2012).
21.
ANSD, “Sénégal. Résultats Définitifs Du Quatrieme Recensement Général de La Population et de l’Habitat (2013)” (Dakar: Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie, 2014).
22.
Ibid.
23.
http://econ.worldbank.org/
24.
World Bank, Global Bilateral Migration Database.
25.
The ranking changes when considering recent flows: France (18 percent), Italy, (14 percent), Mauritania (10 percent), Spain (10 percent), and The Gambia (6 percent).
26.
ANSD, “Sénégal. Résultats Définitifs Du Quatrieme Recensement Général de La Population et de l’Habitat (2013).”
27.
Sophie Vause and Sorana Toma, “Is the Feminization of International Migration Really on the Rise? The Case of Flows from the Democratic Republic of Congo and Senegal,” Population, English Edition 70, no. 1 (2015): 39–62.
28.
Of those migrating between 1997 and 2001, 15.8 percent were women, compared to 17.1 percent of those migrating between 2008 and 2013.
29.
Database on immigrants in OECD countries and non-OECD countries (DIOC-E).
30.
Fall, “Sénégal Migration, Marché Du Travail et Développement.”
31.
Ibrahima Amadou Dia, “Evaluation Nationale Des Politiques, Législations et Pratiques En Migration de Travail Au Sénégal” (IOM International Organization for Migration, 2009).
32.
Lama Kabbanji, “Towards a Global Agenda on Migration and Development? Evidence from Senegal,” Population, Space and Place 19, no. 4 (July 1, 2013): 415–429, doi:10.1002/psp.1782.
33.
Marion Panizzon, “Façonner Une Mobilité Du Travail Réciproque: Le Cas Du Sénégal.,” NCCR Trade Working Papers (Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research, 2008).
34.
Sebastiano Ceschi, Eleonora Castagnone, and Ester Salis, “Bottom-up Responses to Social Protection Needs of Migrants: The Case of Senegalese Associations in Italy,” GLAMMS Project (Turin: FIERI, 2014); Thomas Lacroix, Leyla Sall, and Monika Salzbrunn, “Marocains et Sénégalais de France : permanences et évolution des relations transnationales,” Revue européenne des migrations internationales 24, no. 2 (November 1, 2008): 23–43, doi:10.4000/remi.4472.
35.
Cecilia Navarra and Ester Salis, “L’associationnisme Sénégalais En Italie: Une Revue de La Littérature” (Paris: UMR DIAL, 2011).
36.
Marie-Laurence Flahaux, Bruno Schoumaker, and Cris Beauchemin, “Partir, Revenir : Un Tableau Des Tendances Migratoires Congolaises et Sénégalaises,” in Migrations Africaines: Le Codéveloppement En Questions: Essai de Démographie Politique, ed. Cris Beauchemin et al., Recherches (Paris: Armand Colin, 2013); Dr Bruno Riccio, “West African Transnationalisms Compared: Ghanaians and Senegalese in Italy,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 34, no. 2 (March 1, 2008): 217–234, doi:10.1080/13691830701823913.
37.
Riccio, “West African Transnationalisms Compared”; Alioune Diagne and Andonirina Rakotonarivo, “Les Transferts Des Migrants Sénégalais Vers La Région de Dakar: Ampleur et Déterminants,” MAFE Working Papers (INED, 2010); Cora Mezger Kveder and Cris Beauchemin, “The Role of International Migration Experience for Investment at Home: Direct, Indirect, and Equalising Effects in Senegal,” Population, Space and Place 21, no. 6 (August 1, 2015): 535–552, doi:10.1002/psp.1849.
38.
Sebastiano Ceschi and Petra Mezzetti, “The Senegalese Transnational Diaspora and Its Role Back Home,” in Senegal, Between Migrations to Europe and Returns, ed. Michel Gonnelli, vol. X, ITPCM International Commentary 35 (Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 2014), http://reliefweb.int/report/senegal/senegal-between-migrations-europe-and-returns; Lacroix, Sall, and Salzbrunn, “Marocains et Sénégalais de France.”
39.
Ceschi and Mezzetti, “The Senegalese Transnational Diaspora and Its Role Back Home.”
40.
Abdoulaye Kane, “Diaspora villageoise et développement local en Afrique : Le cas de Thilogne association développement,” Hommes & migrations, no. 1229 (2001): 96–107; Dia, “Espaces Domestiques, Espaces Villageois, Espaces Urbains Multi-Situés”; Lacroix, Sall, and Salzbrunn, “Marocains et Sénégalais de France.”
41.
Navarra and Salis, “L’associationnisme Sénégalais En Italie: Une Revue de La Littérature”; Ceschi, Castagnone, and Salis, “Bottom-up Responses to Social Protection Needs of Migrants: The Case of Senegalese Associations in Italy.”
42.
Papa Sow and Nuria Mercader, “Migrations Sénégalaises En Catalogne: Relations Avec Les Lieux D’origines: Diagnostic, Formes de Relations/communications et Solidaires Avec Les Lieux D’origines” (BARCELONE: Fonds Catalans de Cooperation au Developpement, 2005), http://www.ritimo.fr/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=41606.
43.
Jenny Maggi et al., “Migrations Transnationales Sénégalaises, Intégration et Développement Le Rôle Des Associations de La Diaspora À Milan, Paris et Genève,” Sociograph—Sociological Research (Université de Genève, 2013), http://www.unige.ch/sciences-societe/socio/fr/publications/dernierespublications/sociograph15/.
44.
Ceschi, Castagnone, and Salis, “Bottom-up Responses to Social Protection Needs of Migrants: The Case of Senegalese Associations in Italy”; Dia, “Espaces Domestiques, Espaces Villageois, Espaces Urbains Multi-Situés.”
45.
Hamidou Dia, “Les villages ‘multi-situés’ sénégalais face à la nouvelle configuration migratoire mondiale,” Hommes & Migrations no. 1286–1287, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 234–244.
46.
Ibid.; Kane, “Diaspora villageoise et développement local en Afrique”; Maggi et al., “Migrations Transnationales Sénégalaises, Intégration et Développement Le Rôle Des Associations de La Diaspora À Milan, Paris et Genève.”
47.
Dia, “Les villages ‘multi-situés’ sénégalais face à la nouvelle configuration migratoire mondiale.”
48.
Catherine Quiminal, “Construction des identités en situation migratoire : territoire des hommes, territoire des femmes,” Autrepart, no. 14 (2000): 9.
49.
The names given to the associations by men and women illustrate the difference: whereas men’s associations are often called “Residents from village X,” women’s associations are “African women’s association in Y (neighborhood at destination).”
50.
Quiminal, “Construction des identités en situation migratoire.”
51.
Navarra and Salis, “L’associationnisme Sénégalais En Italie: Une Revue de La Littérature.”
52.
Sophie Bava, “De la « baraka aux affaires » : ethos économico-religieux et transnationalité chez les migrants sénégalais mourides,” Revue européenne des migrations internationales 19, no. 2 (July 1, 2003): 5–5.
53.
Maggi et al., “Migrations Transnationales Sénégalaises, Intégration et Développement Le Rôle Des Associations de La Diaspora À Milan, Paris et Genève”; Navarra and Salis, “L’associationnisme Sénégalais En Italie: Une Revue de La Littérature.”
54.
Fatou Cisse, “Senegal,” in Remittance Markets in Africa, ed. Sanek Mohapatra and Dilip Ratha (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011), 221–239.
55.
Babacar Ndione, “Les Transferts de Fonds et de Compétences Des Émigrés : Enjeux Socioéconomiques et Stratégie Politique Au Sénégal,” Migration Au Sénégal : Document Thématique (Genève: IOM International Organization for Migration, 2009).
56.
Sonia Plaza, Mario Navarrete, and Dilip Ratha, “Migration and Remittances Household Surveys: Methodological Issues and New Findings from Sub-Saharan Africa,” Africa Migration Project (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011).
57.
Cisse, “Senegal.”
58.
Ibid.
59.
Ndione, “Les Transferts de Fonds et de Compétences Des Émigrés : Enjeux Socioéconomiques et Stratégie Politique Au Sénégal.”
60.
ANSD, “Sénégal. Résultats Définitifs Du Quatrieme Recensement Général de La Population et de l’Habitat (2013).”
61.
Bruno Schoumaker et al., “Changing Patterns of African Migration: A Comparative Analysis,” MAFE Working Paper (Paris: INED, 2011).
62.
Ceschi and Mezzetti, “The Senegalese Transnational Diaspora and Its Role Back Home.”
63.
Dia, “Les villages ‘multi-situés’ sénégalais face à la nouvelle configuration migratoire mondiale”; Dia, “Espaces Domestiques, Espaces Villageois, Espaces Urbains Multi-Situés.”
64.
A Wolof and Murid international migrant, abbreviation from Mamadou Mamadou.
65.
Bruno Riccio, “Talkin’ About Migration: Some Ethnographic Notes on the Ambivalent Representation of Migrants in Contemporary Senegal,” Stichproben. Wiener Zeitschrift Für Kritische Afrikastudien 5, no. 8 (2005): 100.
66.
Gerdes, “Focus Migration. Country Profile: Senegal.”
67.
Kabbanji, “Towards a Global Agenda on Migration and Development?”
68.
Ndione and Broekhuis, “International Migration and Development in Senegal, Viewpoints and Policy Initiatives.”
69.
Kabbanji, “Towards a Global Agenda on Migration and Development?,” 419.
70.
Victor Piche, “Migration Internationale et Droits de La Personne: Vers Un Nouveau Paradigme?,” in Les Migrations Internationales Contemporaines. Une Dynamique Complexe Au Coeur de La Globalisation, ed. F Crépeau, Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal (Montréal, 2009), 350–369.
71.
Kabbanji, “Towards a Global Agenda on Migration and Development?”
72.
Hein De Haas, “Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective1,” International Migration Review 44, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 227–64, doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.x.
73.
Interview with Papa Birama Thiam, Director of Technical Assistance, by Ndione and Broekhuis (2006), op. cit., 16.
74.
Alan Gamlen, “Diaspora Institutions and Diaspora Governance,” International Migration Review 48 (September 1, 2014): S180–S217, doi:10.1111/imre.12136.
75.
Lama Kabbanji, “Les instruments financiers de la promotion du lien entre migration et développement en Afrique subsaharienne,” in Fabrique des politiques migratoires et pratiques associatives en Afrique de l’Ouest : le cas du Mali et du Sénégal, eds. Lama Kabbanji and M. Beaujeu (Paris: ENDA Europe, 2013), 13–18, http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010063010.
76.
Fall, “Sénégal Migration, Marché Du Travail et Développement.”
77.
ICMPD and IOM, “Linking Emigrant Communities for More Development Inventory of Institutional Capacities and Practices” (ICMPD and IOM, 2010), https://diaspora.iom.int/dialogue-action-linking-emigrant-communities-more-development-icpmd-iom.
78.
Fall, “Sénégal Migration, Marché Du Travail et Développement”; ICMPD and IOM, “Linking Emigrant Communities for More Development Inventory of Institutional Capacities and Practices.”
79.
ICMPD and IOM, “Linking Emigrant Communities for More Development Inventory of Institutional Capacities and Practices.”
80.
Ceschi and Mezzetti, “The Senegalese Transnational Diaspora and Its Role Back Home.”
81.
Kabbanji, “Towards a Global Agenda on Migration and Development?”
82.
Ibid.; Kabbanji, “Les instruments financiers de la promotion du lien entre migration et développement en Afrique subsaharienne.”
83.
Kabbanji, “Les instruments financiers de la promotion du lien entre migration et développement en Afrique subsaharienne.”
84.
Most initiatives require a significant contribution to be made by the migrant associations and the beneficiaries of the project (e.g., 30 percent in the case of the PAISD).
85.
Ndione, “Les Transferts de Fonds et de Compétences Des Émigrés : Enjeux Socioéconomiques et Stratégie Politique Au Sénégal.”
86.
A. S. Fall, “Rapport Final D’évaluation Externe Du Programme ‘Transfer of Knowledge Through Expatriate Nationals’ (TOKTEN) et de Formulation Du Descriptif Du Nouveau Programme” (Dakar: Ministère des Affaires Etrangères/PNUD, 2007).
87.
Panizzon, “Façonner Une Mobilité Du Travail Réciproque: Le Cas Du Sénégal.”
88.
M. L. Flahaux, Lama Kabbanji, and B. Schoumaker, “L’encadrement des retours au Sénégal : logiques politiques et logiques de migrants,” in Migrations africaines : le codéveloppement en questions : essai de démographie politique, ed. C. Beauchemin, Lama Kabbanji, and P. Sakho, Recherches (Paris: A. Colin, 2013), 241–279, http://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010061050.
89.
ANSD, “Situation Économique et Sociale Du Sénégal 2008” (Dakar, Senegal: ANSD, 2009), https://datahub.io/dataset/situation-conomique-et-sociale-du-s-n-gal-2008.
90.
Loi n° 2004–06 du 6 février 2004, Code des investissements.
91.
ICMPD and IOM, “Linking Emigrant Communities for More Development Inventory of Institutional Capacities and Practices.”
92.
Ibid.
93.
“Any Senegalese of majority age who voluntarily acquires a foreign nationality loses his/her Senegalese nationality.”
94.
Gerdes, “Focus Migration. Country Profile: Senegal”; ICMPD and IOM, “Linking Emigrant Communities for More Development Inventory of Institutional Capacities and Practices.”
95.
Lama Kabbanji, “Vers une reconfiguration de l’agenda politique migratoire en Afrique de l’Ouest,” Études internationales 42, no. 1 (2011): 47, doi:10.7202/045877ar.
96.
Ibid., 67.
97.
Nacho Suarez, “Diaspora et Protection Sociale Au Sénégal,” Rapport MeDAO (MeDAO, 2012), http://www.fichier-pdf.fr/2013/04/11/diaspora-et-protection-sociale-au-senegal/.
98.
Project carried out 2007–2013, funded by the European Union and the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation and coordinated by International and Ibero-American Foundation for Public Administration and Public Policies (FIAPP) http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/en/success-stories/more-social-protection-migrant-workers-west-africa.
99.
Flahaux, Kabbanji, and Schoumaker, “L’encadrement des retours au Sénégal.”
100.
Fall, “Sénégal Migration, Marché Du Travail et Développement.”
101.
Anna Di Bartolomeo, Tamirace Fakhoury, and Delphine Perrin, “Migration Profile: Senegal,” CARIM Migration Profiles (Florence, Italy: European University Institute, 2010), http://cadmus.eui.eu//handle/1814/22444.
102.
Aymar Narodar Some, “Migration Au Sénégal. Profil National 2009” (Genève: IOM International Organization for Migration, 2009).

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Center for Economics, Sociology and Statistics (CREST), Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
Sorana Toma

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Area and Global Studies, Grand Valley State University , Allendale, Michigan, USA
Jack Mangala

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Toma, S. (2017). Engaging with Its Diaspora: The Case of Senegal. In: Mangala, J. (eds) Africa and its Global Diaspora. African Histories and Modernities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50053-9_4

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