Abstract
In this chapter, the authors (Claire Gondard-Delcroix and Céline Bonnefond) argue that the complex relations between agents supported by land use institutions have tended to be disregarded by existing typologies. The authors propose an original analysis establishing a typology of national agricultural governance models. Their analysis first distinguishes three main dimensions along which agricultural systems are differentiated: the type of public transfer schemes, the opposition between food and cash crops, and the place of smallholdings within the global system. Then, four distinct models are identified: the traditional, where weakly productive agriculture is combined with traditional land tenure systems, the dualistic, articulating intermediate levels of productivity with high degrees of insecurity and conflicts over land rights, modern formalized and idiosyncratic agricultural governance types.
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Notes
- 1.
At the beginning of the new millennium, the number of undernourished people started to increase after decades of continuous decrease. More precisely, the FAO’s 2006 Hunger Report estimates that, in 2004, 852 million people in the world were suffering from hunger, compared with 826 billion in 2001. The 2008 report confirmed this trend, and the 2007–2008 “hunger riots” were particularly symptomatic of this new period of food insecurity.
- 2.
Market failures that are determinant for agricultural development are information asymmetry, transaction costs and labour market distortions, the extreme volatility and covariance of incomes due to the absence of agricultural insurance markets, the distortion of land markets, and the indivisibility of many rural investments.
- 3.
The sources are presented in Table 9.6 in the Appendix. The CEPII 2009 IPD is available on: http://www.cepii.fr/francgraph/bdd/instit_form/login2009.asp
- 4.
The global hunger index is calculated on the basis of: (i) the proportion of undernourished people in the total population (in percentage); (ii) the prevalence of underweight in children under five (in percentage); (iii) the under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births). See Wiesmann et al. (2006) for a more detailed presentation.
- 5.
This variable is a synthesis of three elements: (i) the public arrangements available for formalisation/registration of land rights in urban, suburban and rural areas; (ii) the policy fostering access to land for certain disadvantaged groups (minorities, natives, indigenous peoples, immigrants, etc.); (iii) eviction operations over the last three years (excluding conflicts, civil wars, etc.).
- 6.
Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chad, Cuba, Ireland, Liberia, Libya, Somalia and Virgin Islands have thus been excluded from the analysis. Moreover, Iceland and Singapore have also been excluded because they are extreme outliers.
- 7.
Note that complete information is available for 45.5% of the individuals and that 23.1% of them only suffer one single missing variable.
- 8.
Six variables have been excluded from the PCA because they are misrepresented on the first two components, and because they do not significantly contribute to the axis orientation. These variables are the malnutrition prevalence height for age, the malnutrition prevalence weight for age, the undernourishment index, the Global Hunger Index, the land Gini, the demand for land, and the “land tenure and large investors” variable. Nevertheless, these six variables will be reintroduced in the second step of the analysis (cluster analysis) as supplementary variables in order to refine the characterization of the different country groups.
- 9.
Note that these variables do not affect the construction of principal factors.
- 10.
The closest countries, in terms of Euclidian distance to the barycentre of the scatter plot, have been a priori affected to this group.
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Bonnefond, C., Gondard-Delcroix, C. (2017). Agriculture. In: Rougier, E., Combarnous, F. (eds) The Diversity of Emerging Capitalisms in Developing Countries. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49947-5_9
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