Abstract
It is widely recognized that women face a number of gender-related barriers to succeed in science and technology. Specifically, most women seeking to pursue an academic career need to overcome not only professional hurdles but also personal and social obstacles. Although women have made strides in closing the gender gap, especially in life sciences, many still face professional exclusion. In Mexico, biotechnology is one of the few fields where women scientists participate in large numbers. The School of Biological Sciences of the National Polytechnic Institute (ENCB-IPN) is one of the country’s most prestigious academic institutions where women enrolled in life sciences have had a long tradition to teaching and carrying out scientific research. In this chapter, we explore the involvement of female scientists from ENCB in patenting and commercializing biotechnology research. By drawing on the Espacenet international patent database we were able to identify how these women scientists interact with their male colleagues. Empirical findings suggest that most female scientists from ENCB tend to patent in collaboration with male scientists, whereas only a handful of them patent alone. We also report how they deal with this situation and what the challenges for pursuing an entrepreneurial vocation in the Mexican scientific milieu are.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Blazquez, N., and J. Flores. 2005. Género y Ciencia en América Latina: El Caso de México. In Ciencia, Tecnología y Género en Iberoamérica, ed. N. Blazquez, and J. Flores, 305–328. México: UNAM/Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias en Ciencias y Humanidades.
Blickenstaff, J.C. 2005. Women and Science Careers: Leaky Pipeline or Gender Filter? Gender and Education 17 (4): 369–386. doi:10.1080/09540250500145072.
Brush, C.G. 2008. Women Entrepreneurs: A Research Overview. In The Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurship, ed. M.C. Casson, B. Yeung, A. Basu, et al., 611–628. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
CONACYT. 2014. Informe General del Estado de la Ciencia y la Tecnología 2013. México: CONACYT.
Cotter, D.A., J.M. Hermsen, S. Ovadia, and R. Vanneman. 2001. The Glass Ceiling Effect. Social Forces 80 (2): 655–681. doi:10.1353/sof.2001.0091.
Dahlstrand, Å.L., and D. Politis. 2013. Women Business Ventures in Swedish University Incubators. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 5 (1): 78–96. doi:10.1108/17566261311305229.
Ecklund, E.H., A.E. Lincoln, and C. Tansey. 2012. Gender Segregation in Elite Academic Science. Gender & Society 26 (5): 693–717. doi:10.1177/0891243212451904.
Etzkowitz, H., C. Kemelgor, and B. Uzzi. 2000. Athena Unbound: The Advancement of Women in Science and Technology. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hualde, A. 2012. Conocimiento Truncado: Las Carreras de las Mujeres en Ciencia y Tecnología. In Innovación y Crisis: Trayectorias y Respuestas de Empresas y Sectores, ed. J. Micheli, E.A. Medellín, J. Jasso, and A. Hidalgo, 289–316. México: UAM Azcapotzalco/Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
IPN-Instituto Politécnico Nacional. 2015. [National Polytechnic Institute – IPN]. Informe Anual de Actividades. 2014. [Annual Report 2014 in Spanish]. Mexico: Instituto Politécnico Nacional. http://bit.ly/1M1qx91. Accessed on 27 Oct 2015.
Kelley, D.J., C.G. Brush, P.G. Greene, and Y. Litovsky. 2013. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2012 Women’s Report. Babson Park, MA: Global Entrepreneurship Research Association.
Louis, K.S., D. Blumenthal, M.E. Gluck, and M.A. Stoto. 1989. Entrepreneurs in Academe: An Exploration of Behaviors among Life Scientists. Administrative Science Quarterly 34 (1): 110–131.
Maliniak, D., R. Powers, and B.F. Walter. 2013. The Gender Citation Gap in International Relations. International Organization 67 (4): 889–922. doi:10.1017/S0020818313000209.
Martin, L., L. Wright, Z. Beaven, and H. Matlay. 2015. An Unusual Job for A Woman? Female Entrepreneurs in Scientific, Engineering and Technology Sectors. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 21 (4): 539–556. doi:10.1108/IJEBR-08-2011-0095.
Merritt, H. 2008. La Política de la Innovación Industrial en México: Una Revisión Crítica. Denarius 18: 125–160. http://bit.ly/1GI0eV5. Accessed on 28 Apr 2015.
Merritt, H. 2015. The Role of Human Capital in University-Business Cooperation: The Case of Mexico. Journal of the Knowledge Economy 6 (3): 568–588. doi:10.1007/s13132-015-0258-3.
Murray, F.E. 2004. The Role of Academic Inventors in Entrepreneurial Firms: Sharing the Laboratory Life. Research Policy 33 (4): 643–659. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2004.01.013.
Murray, F.E., and L. Graham. 2007. Buying Science and Selling Science: Gender Differences in the Market for Commercial Science. Industrial and Corporate Change 16 (4): 657–689. doi:10.1093/icc/dtm021.
OECD. 2006. Women in Scientific Careers: Unleashing the Potential. Paris: OECD.
OECD. 2009. Reviews of Innovation Policy: Mexico. Paris: OECD.
OECD. 2014. Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2014. Paris: OECD.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD. 1994. Reviews of national science and technology policy: Mexico. Paris: OECD.
Pérez-Hernández, P, O. Súchil., A. Sánchez, and J. González. 2011. Transición a la universidad emprendedora: el caso del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Conference paper presented in Spanish at XVI Congreso Latino-Iberoamericano de Gestión Tecnológica, Oct 2011, Lima Perú.
Polkowska, D. 2013. Women Scientists in the Leaking Pipeline: Barriers to the Commercialisation of Scientific Knowledge by Women. Journal of Technology Management and Innovation 8 (2): 156–165.
Ranga, L.M., and H. Etzkowitz. 2010. Athena in the World of Techne: The Gender Dimension of Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Journal of Technology Management and Innovation 5 (1): 1–12. doi:10.4067/S0718-27242010000100001.
Rosa, P., and A. Dawson. 2006. Gender and the Commercialization of University Science: Academic Founders of Spinout Companies. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 18 (4): 341–366. doi:10.1080/08985620600680059.
Rosser, S. 2014. The Gender Gap in Patents. In Women, Science, and Technology: A Reader in Feminist Science Studies, ed. M. Wyer, M. Barbercheck, D. Cookmeyer, et al., 111–130. London: Routledge.
Smith-Doerr, L. 2004. Women’s Work: Gender Equality vs. Hierarchy in the Life Sciences. Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Stephan, P.E., and A. El-Ganainy. 2007. The Entrepreneurial Puzzle: Explaining the Gender Gap. Journal of Technology Transfer 32 (5): 475–487. doi:10.1007/s10961-007-9033-3.
UNESCO. 2007. Science, Technology and Gender: An International Report. Paris: UNESCO.
Villa, E. 2009. Un Logro de Todos: Informe de la Administración 2004–2009 [Administration Report 2004–2009 in Spanish]. Mexico: Instituto Politécnico Nacional. http://bit.ly/1LxD1UJ. Accessed on 28 Apr 2015.
Acknowledgements
This paper arises out of research funded by the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) of Mexico (Grant No. SIP-20140881). Research assistance from Juan Jesús González-Ávila is also gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Merritt, H., Perez-Hernandez, M.P.M. (2017). Women’s Role in Biotechnology Research: The Case of Mexico. In: Wynarczyk, P., Ranga, M. (eds) Technology, Commercialization and Gender. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49923-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49923-9_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-49922-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-49923-9
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)