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Energy Harvesting from the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Source Based on Extremum Seeking Control Schemes

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Energy Harvesting and Energy Efficiency

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Energy ((LNEN,volume 37))

Abstract

Energy harvesting is known as the conversion process of ambient energy into usable electrical energy, including the available and free energy of the renewable and green energy sources. This chapter analyzes the possibility to use the Extremum Seeking Control schemes for harvesting the hydrogen energy via a Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Source. The new Extremum Seeking Control schemes proposed here are based on a band-pass filter with the frequencies’ band larger than that of the series combination of high-pass and low-pass filters used in the classical Extremum Seeking Control scheme. The mathematical modeling of the Extremum Seeking Control scheme that is applied to nonlinear dynamic plant shows the close relations between the search speed, the derivatives of the unknown input-to-output map, and the cut-off frequencies of the band-pass filter. The simulation results are compared with the results of classical Extremum Seeking Control schemes. The ratio of these search speeds is used as the performance indicator, besides the tracking accuracy evaluated for each control scheme. A Maximum Power Point tracking technique is proposed for the Fuel Cell stack based on a modified Extremum Seeking Control that slightly improves the performance. A higher value of the searching speed is obtained for the same tracking accuracy. The search speed will increase proportionally with the product of both control parameters (the closed loop gain and the dither gain), so it is practically limited for safe reasons. An advanced Extremum Seeking Control scheme is proposed here to further reduce the power ripple and obtain the imposed performance related to the search speed and tracking accuracy. Finally, the dynamical operation of the Fuel Cell stack under constant and variable load is shown.

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Abbreviations

aESC:

advanced Extremum Seeking Control

ANN:

Artificial Neural Network

BPF:

Band Pass Filter

bpfESC:

Band Pass Filter ESC

EA:

Evolutionary Algorithms

ES:

Energy Sources

ESS:

Energy Storage System

EQ:

Equivalent

ESC :

Extremum Seeking Control

FC:

Fuel Cell

FCHPS :

Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Source

FLC:

Fuzzy Logic Controller

GMPP:

Global Maximum Power Point

GMPPT:

GMPP Tracking

HF:

High Frequency

hoESC:

high-order Extremum Seeking Control

HPF:

High-Pass Filter

HC:

Hill Climbing

HPS:

Hybrid Power Source

H1 :

First Harmonic

IC:

Incremental Conductance

LF:

Low Frequency

LPF:

Low-Pass Filter

MEP:

Maximum Efficiency Point

MPP :

Maximum Power Point

MPPT:

MPP Tracking

mESC:

modified Extremum Seeking Control

P&O:

Perturb & Observe

PEM:

Proton Exchange Membrane

PV:

Photovoltaic

RCC:

Ripple Correlation Control

RES:

Renewable Energy Sources

WT:

Wind Turbines

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Acknowledgements

The research that led to the results shown here has received funding from the project “Cost-Efficient Data Collection for Smart Grid and Revenue Assurance (CERA-SG)”, ID: 77594, 2016-19, ERA-Net Smart Grids Plus. Some figures, tables and text are reproduced from [25,26,27] here with kind permission from Elsevier Limited, UK, and IJTPE—IOCTPE, [February 13, 2016].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electronics, Computers and Electrical Engineering, University of Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania

    Nicu Bizon

  2. University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

    Nicu Bizon

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  1. Nicu Bizon
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Correspondence to Nicu Bizon .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Electronics, Communication, and Computers, University of PiteĹźti, PiteĹźti, Romania

    Nicu Bizon

  2. Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Seraj Higher Education Institute, Tabriz, Iran

    Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei

  3. Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, Denmark

    Frede Blaabjerg

  4. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

    Erol Kurt

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Bizon, N. (2017). Energy Harvesting from the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Source Based on Extremum Seeking Control Schemes. In: Bizon, N., Mahdavi Tabatabaei, N., Blaabjerg, F., Kurt, E. (eds) Energy Harvesting and Energy Efficiency. Lecture Notes in Energy, vol 37. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49875-1_12

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49875-1_12

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