Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Antiretroviral Medication Adherence and Disease Management in Pediatric Populations

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
A Clinical Guide to Pediatric HIV

  • 358 Accesses

Abstract

Accounting for 26% of all new HIV infections in the US each year, adolescents and young adults remain highly vulnerable to HIV. Current guidelines recommend starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) as soon as individuals are diagnosed with HIV, yet adherence to HIV medications remains suboptimal, especially among youth. Further, there are significant disparities in ART adherence across various sociodemographic groups with research indicating lower rates of adherence among racial/ethnic minorities, individuals from lower socioeconomic status, older adolescents, and female youth. Considering the detrimental consequences of untreated and/or poorly managed HIV, understanding factors that contribute to poor adherence among youth is critical. This chapter provides an overview of psychosocial, structural, and treatment-related barriers and facilitators to HIV medication adherence among children and adolescents/young adults with behaviorally or perinatally acquired HIV infection (BaHIV, PaHIV). Best practices for measuring adherence in youth, including self-report, pill counts and refills, electronic monitoring, and viral load/CD4 count, are reviewed as well as published adherence interventions in clinic and home/community settings, and interventions incorporating the use of technology. We also discuss the importance of considering multicultural factors in adherence interventions and provide suggested future directions for research and practice with pediatric populations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Annotated Bibliography

  • Berman, J. (2007). Tools for building culturally competent HIV prevention programs: With CD-ROM. Springer Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman’s book, informed by the scientific literature, discusses culture and cultural competence within the context of HIV risk and prevention. The book offers a comprehensive guide to help researchers and practitioners create, implement, and evaluate culturally competent and effective HIV prevention programs in their local communities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahana, S., Rohan, J., Allison, S., Frazier, T., & Drotar, D. (2013). A meta-analysis of adherence to antiretroviral therapy and virologic responses in HIV-infected children, adolescents, and young adults. AIDS and Behavior, 17(1), 41–60. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0159-4

    Google Scholar 

  • This meta-analysis examined potential factors that influence the relationship between antiretroviral therapy adherence and clinical outcomes (i.e., viral load) among children, adolescents, and young adults living with HIV. Particularly informative is the study’s examination of a range of adherence measurement methodologies and their associations with clinical outcomes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reisner, M. S. L., Mimiaga, M. J., Skeer, M. M., Perkovich, M. B., Johnson, M. C. V., & Safren, S. A. (2009). A review of HIV antiretroviral adherence and intervention studies among HIV–infected youth. Topics in HIV Medicine, 17(1), 14–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reisner and colleagues review all relevant US-based studies published between 1999 and 2008 focused on HIV medication adherence and interventions designed to increase adherence in youth living with HIV between the ages of 13–24. Findings highlighted the importance of broader contextual factors when studying adherence among youth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vreeman, R., Nyandiko, W., Liu, H., Tu, W., Scanlon, M., Slaven, J., et al. (2015). Comprehensive evaluation of caregiver-reported antiretroviral therapy adherence for HIV-infected children. AIDS and Behavior, 19(4), 626–634. doi:10.1007/s10461-015-0998-x

    Google Scholar 

  • In this study, authors evaluated adherence rates and predictors of adherence among a large group of children (N = 191) aged 0–14 years and their caregivers over a 6 month time frame. Parent-report of adherence and parent-reported barriers to adherence were examined as well as their associations with an objective measure of ART adherence (i.e., Medication Event Monitoring System—MEMS).

    Google Scholar 

References

  • AIDS Etc., National Resource Center. (2014). Guide for HIV/AIDS clinical care: CD4 and viral load monitoring. Retrieved November 6, 2015, from http://aidsetc.org/guide/cd4-and-viral-load-monitoring

  • AIDSInfo. (2014). Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Retrieved 2015, from https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/1/adult-and-adolescent-arv-guidelines/10/initiating-art-in-treatment-naive-patients

  • AIDSInfo. (2015). Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV after birth: HIV/AIDS fact sheets. Retrieved 2015, from https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/education-materials/fact-sheets/24/71/preventing-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv-after-birth

  • Bartlett, J. A. (2002). Addressing the challenges of adherence. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 29, S2–S10. doi:10.1097/00126334-200202011-00002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beach, M. C., Keruly, J., & Moore, R. D. (2006). Is the quality of the patient-provider relationship associated with better adherence and health outcomes for patients with HIV? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(6), 661–665. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00399.x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, S., Dezii, C., Burtcel, B., Kawabata, H., & Hodder, S. (2002). Young HIV-infected adults are at greater risk for medication nonadherence. MedGenMed: Medscape General Medicine, 4(3), 21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, K. M., & Arnsten, J. H. (2006). Practical and conceptual challenges in measuring antiretroviral adherence. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 43(Suppl 1), S79–S87. doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000248337.97814.66

    Google Scholar 

  • Berrien, V. M., Salazar, J. C., Reynolds, E., & McKay, K. (2004). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected pediatric patients improves with home-based intensive nursing intervention. AIDS Patient Care and STDS, 18(6), 355–363. doi:10.1089/1087291041444078

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, A. L., Montepiedra, G., Sirois, P. A., Kammerer, B., Garvie, P. A., Storm, D. S., et al. (2012). Barriers to medication adherence in HIV-infected children and youth based on self- and caregiver report. Pediatrics, 129(5), 1244–1251. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1740

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burack, G., Gaur, S., Marone, R., & Petrova, A. (2010). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in pediatric patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 25(6), 500–504. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2009.07.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., & Hare, T. A. (2008). The adolescent brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124, 111–126. doi:10.1196/annals.1440.010

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • CDC. (2012). HIV among pregnant women, infants, and children in the United States. Retrieved 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/pregnantwomen/index.html

  • CDC. (2015a). HIV among pregnant women, infants, and children. Retrieved November 5, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/pregnantwomen/index.html

  • CDC. (2015b). HIV among youth. Retrieved 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/age/youth/index.html

  • Chandwani, S., Koenig, L. J., Sill, A. M., Abramowitz, S., Conner, L. C., & D’Angelo, L. (2012). Predictors of antiretroviral medication adherence among a diverse cohort of adolescents with HIV. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(3), 242–251. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.013. (S1054-139X(11)00676-8 [pii]).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, W.-T., Wantland, D., Reid, P., Corless, I. B., Eller, L. S., Iipinge, S., et al. (2013). Engagement with health care providers affects self-efficacy, self-esteem, medication adherence and quality of life in people living with HIV. Journal of AIDS and Clinical Research, 4(11), 256.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chenneville, T., Clutter, M. O., Hintz, S., Walsh, A., Emmanuel, P., Lujan-Zilberman, J., et al. (2015). Decisional capacity and medication adherence among youth with HIV. AIDS Care, 27(3), 338–341. doi:10.1080/09540121.2014.993582

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chesney, M. (2003). Adherence to HAART regimens. Aids Patient Care and STDS, 17(4), 169–177. doi:10.1089/108729103321619773

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ChildHealth. (2011). Pediatric HIV and AIDS, from http://mchb.hrsa.gov/chusa11/hstat/hsc/pages/210pha.html

  • Crespo-Fierro, M. (1997). Compliance/adherence and care management in HIV disease. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 8(4), 43–54. doi:10.1016/S1055-3290(97)80012-X

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crichton, N. (2001). Visual analogue scale (VAS). Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10(5), 706.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, W. E., Markson, L. E., Andersen, R. M., Crystal, S. H., Fleishman, J. A., Golin, C., et al. (2000). Prevalence and predictors of highly active antiretroviral therapy use in patients with HIV infection in the United States. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 25(2), 115–123. doi:10.1097/00126334-200010010-00005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dang, B. N., Westbrook, R. A., Black, W. C., Rodriguez-Barradas, M. C., & Giordano, T. P. (2013). Examining the link between patient satisfaction and adherence to HIV care: A structural equation model. PLoS ONE, 8(1), e54729. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054729

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dolezal, C., Mellins, C., Brackis-Cott, E., & Abrams, E. J. (2003). The reliability of reports of medical adherence from children with HIV and their adult caregivers. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 28(5), 355–361. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsg025

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dowshen, N., Kuhns, L. M., Gray, C., Lee, S., & Garofalo, R. (2013). Feasibility of interactive text message response (ITR) as a novel, real-time measure of adherence to antiretroviral therapy for HIV+ youth. AIDS and Behavior, 17(6), 2237–2243. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0464-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, S. D., Mellins, C. A., Leu, C.-S., Warne, P., Elkington, K. S., Dolezal, C., et al. (2015). HIV treatment adherence measurement and reporting concordance in youth with perinatally acquired HIV infection and their caregivers. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 29(1), 43–51. doi:10.1089/apc.2014.0058

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Farley, J., Hines, S., Musk, A., Ferrus, S., & Tepper, V. (2003). Assessment of adherence to antiviral therapy in HIV-infected children using the Medication Event Monitoring System, pharmacy refill, provider assessment, caregiver self-report, and appointment keeping. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 33(2), 211–218. doi:10.1097/00126334-200306010-00016

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farley, J., Montepiedra, G., Storm, D., Sirois, P. A., Malee, K., Garvie, P., et al. (2008). Assessment of adherence to antiretroviral therapy in perinatally HIV-infected children and youth using self-report measures and pill count. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 29(5), 377–384. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181856d22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fields, E. L., Bogart, L. M., Thurston, I. B., Wachman, M., Closson, E. F., Skeer, M. R., et al. (2012). Qualitative comparison of barriers to antiretroviral medication adherence among perinatally and behaviorally HIV-infected youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(2), S8–S9. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.10.036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garvie, P. A., Lensing, S., & Rai, S. N. (2007). Efficacy of a pill-swallowing training intervention to improve antiretroviral medication adherence in pediatric patients with HIV/AIDS. Pediatrics, 119(4), e893–e899. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1488

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaston, G. B. (2013). African-Americans’ perceptions of health care provider cultural competence that promote HIV medical self-care and antiretroviral medication adherence. AIDS care, 25(9), 1159–1165. doi:10.1080/09540121.2012.752783

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaur, A. H., Belzer, M., Britto, P., Garvie, P. A., Hu, C., Graham, B., et al. (2010). Directly observed therapy (DOT) for nonadherent HIV-infected youth: Lessons learned, challenges ahead. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 26(9), 947–953. doi:10.1089/aid.2010.0008

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gebo, K. A., Fleishman, J. A., Conviser, R., Reilly, E. D., Korthuis, P. T., Moore, R. D., et al. (2005). Racial and gender disparities in receipt of highly active antiretroviral therapy persist in a multistate sample of HIV patients in 2001. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 38(1), 96–103. doi:10.1097/00126334-200501010-00017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibb, D. M. (2008). Markers for predicting mortality in untreated HIV-infected children in resource-limited settings: A meta-analysis. AIDS, 22(1), 97–105. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000302262.51286.a5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haberer, J. E., Kiwanuka, J., Nansera, D., Wilson, I. B., & Bangsberg, D. R. (2010). Challenges in using mobile phones for collection of antiretroviral therapy adherence data in a resource-limited setting. AIDS and Behavior, 14(6), 1294–1301. doi:10.1007/s10461-010-9720-1

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hazra, R., Siberry, G. K., & Mofenson, L. M. (2010). Growing up with HIV: Children, adolescents, and young adults with perinatally acquired HIV infection. Annual Review of Medicine, 61, 169–185. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.050108.151127

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S. W., Schoenwald, S. K., Borduin, C. M., Rowland, M. D., & Cunningham, P. B. (2009). Multisystemic therapy for antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Owen, J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Utsey, S. O. (2013). Cultural humility: Measuring openness to culturally diverse clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(3), 353–366. doi:10.1037/a0032595

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hosek, S. G., Harper, G. W., & Domanico, R. (2005). Predictors of medication adherence among HIV-infected youth. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 10(2), 166–179. doi:10.1080/1354350042000326584

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • IAPAC. (2015). Guidelines for optimizing the HIV care continuum for adults and adolescents. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care. doi:10.1177/2325957415613442

    Google Scholar 

  • Intasan, J., Bunupuradah, T., Vonthanak, S., Kosalaraksa, P., Hansudewechakul, R., Kanjanavanit, S., et al. (2014). Comparison of adherence monitoring tools and correlation to virologic failure in a pediatric HIV clinical trial. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 28(6), 296–302. doi:10.1089/apc.2013.0276

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kahana, S., Rohan, J., Allison, S., Frazier, T., & Drotar, D. (2013). A meta-analysis of adherence to antiretroviral therapy and virologic responses in HIV-infected children, adolescents, and young adults. AIDS and Behavior, 17(1), 41–60. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0159-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, L. J., & Bachanas, P. J. (2006). Adherence to medications for HIV: Teens say, ‘too many, too big, too often’. In M. E. Lyon & L. J. D’Angelo (Eds.), Teenagers, HIV, and AIDS: Insights from youths living with the virus (pp. 45–65). Westport, CT, US: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, L. J., Nesheim, S., & Abramowitz, S. (2011). Adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV: Emerging behavioral and health needs for long-term survivors. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 23(5), 321–327. doi:10.1097/GCO.0b013e32834a581b

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laursen, B., & Collins, W. A. (2009). Parent-child relationships during adolescence. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy002002

  • Lester, R. T., Ritvo, P., Mills, E. J., Kariri, A., Karanja, S., Chung, M. H., et al. (2010). Effects of a mobile phone short message service on antiretroviral treatment adherence in Kenya (WelTel Kenya1): A randomised trial. The Lancet, 376(9755), 1838–1845. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61997-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Letourneau, E. J., Ellis, D. A., Naar-King, S., Chapman, J. E., Cunningham, P. B., & Fowler, S. (2013). Multisystemic therapy for poorly adherent youth with HIV: Results from a pilot randomized controlled trial. AIDS Care, 25(4), 507–514. doi:10.1080/09540121.2012.715134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, M. E., Trexler, C., Akpan-Townsend, C., Pao, M., Selden, K., Fletcher, J., et al. (2003). A family group approach to increasing adherence to therapy in HIV-infected youths: Results of a pilot project. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 17(6), 299–308. doi:10.1089/108729103322108175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonell, K., Naar-King, S., Huszti, H., & Belzer, M. (2013). Barriers to medication adherence in behaviorally and perinatally infected youth living with HIV. AIDS and Behavior, 17(1), 86–93. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0364-1

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Madden, M., Lenhart, A., Duggan, M., Cortesi, S., & Gasser, U. (2013). Teens and technology 2013. Pew Internet and American Life Project Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malee, K., Williams, P., Montepiedra, G., McCabe, M., Nichols, S., Sirois, P. A., et al. (2011). Medication adherence in children and adolescents with HIV infection: Associations with behavioral impairment. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 25(3), 191–200.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marhefka, S. L., Tepper, V. J., Brown, J. L., & Farley, J. J. (2006). Caregiver psychosocial characteristics and children’s adherence to antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 20(6), 429–437. doi:10.1089/apc.2006.20.429

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, S., Elliott-DeSorbo, D. K., Calabrese, S., Wolters, P. L., Roby, G., Brennan, T., et al. (2009). A comparison of adherence assessment methods utilized in the United States: Perspectives of researchers, HIV-infected children, and their caregivers. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 23(8), 593–601. doi:10.1089/apc.2009.0021

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, S., Elliott-DeSorbo, D. K., Wolters, P. L., Toledo-Tamula, M. A., Roby, G., Zeichner, S., et al. (2007). Patient, caregiver and regimen characteristics associated with adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected children and adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 26(1), 61–67. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000250625.80340.48

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mellins, C. A., Brackis-Cott, E., Dolezal, C., & Abrams, E. J. (2004). The role of psychosocial and family factors in adherence to antiretroviral treatment in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 23(11), 1035–1041 (doi:00006454-200411000-00012 [pii]).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mellins, C. A., Tassiopoulos, K., Malee, K., Moscicki, A. B., Patton, D., Smith, R., et al. (2011). Behavioral health risks in perinatally HIV-exposed youth: Co-occurrence of sexual and drug use behavior, mental health problems, and nonadherence to antiretroviral treatment. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 25(7), 413–422. doi:10.1089/apc.2011.0025

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Merzel, C., VanDevanter, N., & Irvine, M. (2008). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among older children and adolescents with HIV: A qualitative study of psychosocial contexts. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 22(12), 977–987. doi:10.1089/apc.2008.0048

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, A. D., Bode, S., Myer, L., Roux, P., & von Steinbuchel, N. (2008). Electronic measurement of adherence to pediatric antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 27(3), 257–262. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e31815b1ad4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, D. A., Belzer, M., Durako, S. J., Sarr, M., Wilson, C. M., & Muenz, L. R. (2005). Longitudinal antiretroviral adherence among adolescents infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 159(8), 764–770. doi:10.1001/archpedi.159.8.764

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, D. A., Wilson, C. M., Durako, S. J., Muenz, L. R., & Belzer, M. (2001). Antiretroviral medication adherence among the REACH HIV-infected adolescent cohort in the USA. AIDS Care, 13(1), 27–40. doi:10.1080/09540120020018161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naar-King, S., Arfken, C., Frey, M., Harris, M., Secord, E., & Ellis, D. (2006a). Psychosocial factors and treatment adherence in paediatric HIV/AIDS. AIDS Care, 18(6), 621–628. doi:10.1080/09540120500471895

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naar-King, S., Montepiedra, G., Garvie, P., Kammerer, B., Malee, K., Sirois, P. A., et al. (2013). Social ecological predictors of longitudinal HIV treatment adherence in youth with perinatally acquired HIV. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 38(6), 664–674. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst017

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Naar-King, S., Templin, T., Wright, K., Frey, M., Parsons, J. T., & Lam, P. (2006b). Psychosocial factors and medication adherence in HIV-positive youth. Aids Patient Care and STDS, 20(1), 44–47. doi:10.1089/apc.2006.20.44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Navarra, A.-M., Neu, N., Toussi, S., Nelson, J., & Larson, E. L. (2014). Health literacy and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected youth. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 25(3), 203–213. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2012.11.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, S. L., Montepiedra, G., Farley, J. J., Sirois, P. A., Malee, K., Kammerer, B., et al. (2012). Cognitive, academic, and behavioral correlates of medication adherence in children and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV infection. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 33(4), 298–308. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e31824bef47

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, D. L., Swindells, S., Mohr, J., Brester, M., Vergis, E. N., Squier, C., et al. (2000). Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 133(1), 21–30. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-133-1-200007040-00004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penn, C., Watermeyer, J., & Evans, M. (2011). Why don’t patients take their drugs? The role of communication, context and culture in patient adherence and the work of the pharmacist in HIV/AIDS. Patient Education and Counseling, 83(3), 310–318. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.02.018

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pop-Eleches, C., Thirumurthy, H., Habyarimana, J. P., Zivin, J. G., Goldstein, M. P., de Walque, D., et al. (2011). Mobile phone technologies improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment in a resource-limited setting: A randomized controlled trial of text message reminders. AIDS, 25(6), 825–834. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834380c1

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Puccio, J. A., Belzer, M., Olson, J., Martinez, M., Salata, C., Tucker, D., et al. (2006). The use of cell phone reminder calls for assisting HIV-infected adolescents and young adults to adhere to highly active antiretroviral therapy: A pilot study. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 20(6), 438–444. doi:10.1089/apc.2006.20.438

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radcliffe, J., Doty, N., Hawkins, L. A., Gaskins, C. S., Beidas, R., & Rudy, B. J. (2010). Stigma and sexual health risk in HIV-positive African American young men who have sex with men. AIDS patient care and STDs, 24(8), 493–499. doi:10.1089/apc.2010.0020

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rahill, G. J., Joshi, M., & Lescano, C. (2017). Cultural Considerations for Pediatric HIV Research and Practice. In T. Chenneville (Ed), A Clinical Guide to Pediatric HIV, 259–271. Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, D., Kekwaletswe, T. C., Hosek, S., Martinez, J., & Rodriguez, F. (2007). Stigma and social barriers to medication adherence with urban youth living with HIV. AIDS Care, 19(1), 28–33. doi:10.1080/09540120600652303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapoff, M. A. (2010). Adherence to Pediatric Medical Regimens (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0570-3

    Google Scholar 

  • Reisner, S. L., Mimiaga, M. J., Skeer, M., Perkovich, B., Johnson, C. V., & Safren, S. A. (2009b). A review of HIV antiretroviral adherence and intervention studies among HIV-infected youth. Topics in HIV Medicine, 17(1), 14–25.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rudy, B. J., Murphy, D. A., Harris, D. R., Muenz, L., & Ellen, J. (2009). Patient-related risks for nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected youth in the United States: A study of prevalence and interactions. Aids Patient Care and STDS, 23(3), 185–194. doi:10.1089/apc.2008.0162

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rudy, B. J., Murphy, D. A., Harris, D. R., Muenz, L., & Ellen, J. (2010). Prevalence and interactions of patient-related risks for nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy among perinatally infected youth in the United States. Aids Patient Care and STDS, 24(2), 97–104. doi:10.1089/apc.2009.0198

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Safren, S. A., O’Cleirigh, C., Tan, J. Y., Raminani, S. R., Reilly, L. C., Otto, M. W., et al. (2009). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence and depression (CBT-AD) in HIV-infected individuals. Health Psychology, 28(1), 1. doi:10.1037/a0012715

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Saha, S., Korthuis, P. T., Cohn, J. A., Sharp, V. L., Moore, R. D., & Beach, M. C. (2013). Primary care provider cultural competence and racial disparities in HIV care and outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 28(5), 622–629. doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2298-8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shegog, R., Markham, C. M., Leonard, A. D., Bui, T. C., & Paul, M. E. (2012). “+ CLICK”: Pilot of a web-based training program to enhance ART adherence among HIV-positive youth. AIDS Care, 24(3), 310–318. doi:10.1080/09540121.2011.608788

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simoni, J. M., Kurth, A. E., Pearson, C. R., Pantalone, D. W., Merrill, J. O., & Frick, P. A. (2006). Self-report measures of antiretroviral therapy adherence: A review with recommendations for HIV research and clinical management. AIDS and Behavior, 10(3), 227–245. doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9078-6

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Simoni, J. M., Montgomery, A., Martin, E., New, M., Demas, P. A., & Rana, S. (2007). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy for pediatric HIV infection: A qualitative systematic review with recommendations for research and clinical management. Pediatrics, 119(6), e1371–e1383. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1232 (peds.2006-1232 [pii]).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2012). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tervalon, M., & Murray-Garcia, J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 9(2), 117–125. doi:10.1353/hpu.2010.0233

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thurston, I. B., Bogart, L. M., Wachman, M., Closson, E. F., Skeer, M. R., & Mimiaga, M. J. (2014). Adaptation of an HIV medication adherence intervention for adolescents and young adults. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 21(2), 191–205. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.11.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Usitalo, A., Leister, E., Tassiopoulos, K., Allison, S., Malee, K., Paul, M. E., et al. (2014). Relationship between viral load and self-report measures of medication adherence among youth with perinatal HIV infection. AIDS Care, 26(1), 107–115. doi:10.1080/09540121.2013.802280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, J. M., Buchanan, C. L., Radcliffe, J., Ambrose, C., Hawkins, L. A., Tanney, M., et al. (2011). Transition to adult services among behaviorally infected adolescents with HIV—A qualitative study. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 36(2), 134–140. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp051

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Ryn, M. (2002). Research on the provider contribution to race/ethnicity disparities in medical care. Medical care, 40(1), I-140–I-151. doi:10.1097/00005650-200201001-00015

    Google Scholar 

  • Vreeman, R., Nyandiko, W., Liu, H., Tu, W., Scanlon, M., Slaven, J., et al. (2015). Comprehensive evaluation of caregiver-reported antiretroviral therapy adherence for HIV-infected children. AIDS and Behavior, 19(4), 626–634. doi:10.1007/s10461-015-0998-x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, G., & Miller, L. G. (2004). Is the influence of social desirability on patients’ self-reported adherence overrated? [Letter]. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 35, 203–204. doi:10.1097/00126334-200402010-00016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P. L., Storm, D., Montepiedra, G., Nichols, S., Kammerer, B., Sirois, P. A., et al. (2006). Predictors of adherence to antiretroviral medications in children and adolescents with HIV infection. Pediatrics, 118(6), e1745–e1757. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0493 (peds.2006-0493 [pii]).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolston, C. (2015). Children and HIV. Retrieved 2015, from http://consumer.healthday.com/encyclopedia/diseases-and-conditions-15/misc-diseases-and-conditions-news-203/children-and-hiv-648452.html

  • World Health Organization. (2013). Global update on HIV treatment 2013: Results, impact and opportunities. Retrived from http://www.who.int/hiv/data/global_treatment_report_presentation_2013.pdf

  • World Health Organization. (2015). Global health sector response to HIV, 2000–2015: Focus on innovations in Africa. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/198065/1/9789241509824_eng.pdf

  • Wrubel, J., Moskowitz, J. T., Richards, T. A., Prakke, H., Acree, M., & Folkman, S. (2005). Pediatric adherence: Perspectives of mothers of children with HIV. Social Science and Medicine, 61(11), 2423–2433. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.034

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Thanks to the CHANGE Laboratory and Research Assistant Dominic Ingram for helping to conduct the literature reviews for this chapter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA

    Idia B. Thurston, Kristina Decker & Robin Hardin

Authors
  1. Idia B. Thurston
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kristina Decker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Robin Hardin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Idia B. Thurston .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of South Florida St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA

    Tiffany Chenneville

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Thurston, I.B., Decker, K., Hardin, R. (2016). Antiretroviral Medication Adherence and Disease Management in Pediatric Populations. In: Chenneville, T. (eds) A Clinical Guide to Pediatric HIV. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49704-4_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation