Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Global Hypoxia-Ischemia and Critical Care Seizures

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Seizures in Critical Care

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Neurology ((CCNEU))

  • 1746 Accesses

Abstract

Seizures after cardiopulmonary arrest are a common problem in the intensive care unit, occurring in as many as one-third of these patients during the hospitalization. The etiology, treatment, and prognostic importance of seizures in this setting have been the focus of research in post-cardiac arrest care within the past several years. Historically post-cardiac arrest status epilepticus has carried an ominous prognosis. As studies have examined the occurrence of seizures in this patient population, the outcome may not be as poor as initially thought. Additional consideration should be given to the “self-fulfilling prophecy” that has burdened patients, their families, and practitioners. When the prognosis remains uncertain, generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) status epilepticus should be treated in the conventional manner described elsewhere in this book. Targeted temperature management (TTM), which includes therapeutic hypothermia (TH) and avoidance of fever, has become a standard part of post-cardiac arrest care and raises new considerations for this patient population. These patients often have seizures earlier, and their neurologic exam may be obscured by paralytics, sedation, and altered metabolism of medications. Finally, the role of electroencephalography should not be overlooked, as it can be used not only to diagnose seizure activity but also prognosticate neurologic outcome.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Nielsen N, Sunde K, Hovdenes J, Riker RR, Rubertsson S, Stammet P, Nilsson F, Friberg H, Network H. Adverse events and their relation to mortality in out-of –hospital cardiac arrest patients treated with hypothermia. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:57–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Krumholz A, Stern BJ, Weiss HD. Outcome from coma after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: relation to seizures and myoclonus. Neurology. 1988;38:401–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Snyder BD, Ramirez-Lassepas M, Lippert DM. Neurologic status and prognosis after cardiopulmonary arrest: I. a retrospective study. Neurology. 1977;27:807–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Snyder BD, Hauser WA, Loewenson RB, Leppik IE, Ramirez-Lassepas M, Gumnit RJ. Neurologic prognosis after cardiopulmonary arrest: III. seizure activity. Neurology. 1980;30:1292–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Levy DE, Caronna JJ, Singer BH, Lapinski RH, Frydman H, Plum F. Predicting outcome from hypoxic-ischemic coma. JAMA. 1985;253:1420–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Lance JW, Adams RD. The syndrome of intention or action myoclonus as a sequel to hypoxic encephalopathy. Brain. 1963;86:111–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mani R, Schmitt SE, Mazer M, Putt ME, Gaieski DF. The frequency and timing of epileptiform activity on continuous electroencephalogram in comatose post-cardiac arrest syndrome patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation. 2012;83:840–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Rittenberger JC, Popescu A, Brenner RP, Guyette FX, Callaway CW. Frequency and timing of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in comatose post-cardiac arrest subjects treated with hypothermia. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16(1):114–22.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Yamada K, Ji JJ, Yuan H, Miki T, Sato S, Horimoto N, Shimizu T, Seino S, Inagaki N. Protective role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in hypoxia-induced generalized seizure. Science. 2001;292:1543–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Meldrum BS. Epileptic brain damage: a consequence and cause of seizures. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1997;23:185–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Novelli A, Reilly JA, Lysko PG, Henneberry RC. Glutamate becomes neurotoxic via the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor when intracellular energy levels are reduced. Brain Res. 1988;451:205–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fariello RG, Golden GT, Smith GG, Reyes PF. Potentiation of kainic acid epileptogenicity and sparing from neuronal damage by an NMDA receptor antagonist. Epilepsy Res. 1989;3:206–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Norman RM. The neuropathology of status epilepticus. Med Sci Law. 1964;4:46–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Meldrum BS, Brierley JB. Prolonged epileptic seizures in primates: ischemic cell change and its relation to ictal physiological events. Arch Neurol. 1973;28:10–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. O’Connell BK, Towfighi J, Kofke WA, Hawkins RA. Neuronal lesions in mercaptopropionic acid-induced status epilepticus. Acta Neuropathol. 1988;77:47–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Nevander G, Ingvar M, Auer R, Siesjö BK. Status epilepticus in well-oxygenated rats causes neuronal necrosis. Ann Neurol. 1985;18:281–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Brierley JB. Cerebral hypoxia. In: Blackwood W, Corsellis JAN, editors. Greenfield’s neuropathology. Edinburgh: Edward Arnold; 1976. p. 43–85.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Young RSK, During MJ, Aquila WJ, Tendler D, Ley E. Hypoxia increases extracellular concentrations of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in subsequently induced seizure: in vivo microdialysis study in the rabbit. Exp Neurol. 1992;117:204–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cataltepe O, Vannucci RC, Heitjan DF, Towfighi J. Effect of status epilepticus on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the immature rat. Pediatr Res. 1995;38:251–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hayakawa T, Higuchi Y, Nigami H, Hattori H. Zonisamide reduces hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats irrespective of its anticonvulsant effect. Eur J Pharmacol. 1994;257:131–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Towfighi J, Housman C, Mauger D, Vannucci RC. Effect of seizures on cerebral hypoxic-ischemic lesions in immature rats. Dev Brain Res. 1999;113:83–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wirrell EC, Armstrong EA, Osman LD, Yager JY. Prolonged seizures exacerbate perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Pediatr Res. 2001;50:445–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Young GB, Gilbert JJ, Zochodne DW. The significance of myoclonic status epilepticus in postanoxic coma. Neurology. 1990;40:1843–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Wijdicks EFM, Parisi JE, Sharbrough FW. Prognostic value of myoclonus status in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol. 1994;35:239–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Celesia GG, Grigg MM, Ross E. Generalized status myoclonicus in acute anoxic and toxic-metabolic encephalopathies. Arch Neurol. 1988;45:781–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Guilleminault C, Tharp BR, Cousin D. HVA and 5-HIAA CSF measurements and 5-HTP trials in some patients with involuntary movements. J Neurol Sci. 1973;18:435–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Chadwick D, Hallet M, Harris R, Jenner P, Reynolds EH, Marsden CD. Clinical, biochemical, and physiological features distinguishing myoclonus responsive to 5-HTP, tryptophan with monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and clonazepam. Brain. 1977;100:455–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Jaw SP, Hussong MJ, Matsumoto RR, Truong DD. Involvement of 5-HT2 receptors in posthypoxic stimulus-sensitive myoclonus in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1994;49:129–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Pappert EJ, Goetz CG, Vu TQ, Ling ZD, Leurgans S, Raman R, Carvey PM. Animal model of posthypoxic myoclonus: effects of serotonergic antagonists. Neurology. 1999;52:16–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Truong DD, Matsumoto RR, Schwartz PH, Hussong MJ, Wasterlain CG. Novel rat cardiac arrest model of posthypoxic myoclonus. Mov Disord. 1994;9:201–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. De Lean J, Richardson JC, Hornykiewicz O. Beneficial effect of serotonin precursors in postanoxic action myoclonus. Neurology. 1976;26:863–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gimenez-Roldan S, Mateo D, Muradas V, De Yeben JG. Clinical, biochemical, and pharmacologic observation in a patient with postasphyxic myoclonus: association with serotonin hyperactivity. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1988;11(2):151–60.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Jumao-as A, Brenner RP. Myoclonic status epilepticus: a clinical and electroencephalographic study. Neurology. 1990;40:1199–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Niedermeyer E, Bauer G, Burnite R, Reichenbach D. Selective stimulus-sensitive myoclonus in acute cerebral anoxia. Arch Neurol. 1977;34:365–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Van Cott AC, Blatt I, Brenner RP. Stimulus-sensitive seizures in postanoxic coma. Epilepsia. 1996;37:868–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wolf P. Periodic synchronous and stereotyped myoclonus with postanoxic coma. J Neurol. 1977;215(1):39–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kanemoto K, Ozawa K. A case of post-anoxic encephalopathy with initial massive myoclonic status followed by alternating Jacksonian seizures. Seizure. 2000;9:352–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wijdicks EFM, Young GB. Myoclonus status in comatose patients after cardiac arrest. The Lancet. 1994;343:1642–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Arnoldus EPJ, Lammers GJ. Postanoxic coma: good recovery despite myoclonus status. Ann Neurol. 1995;38:697–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hanakawa T, Hashimoto S, Iga K, Segawa Y, Shibasaki H. Carotid brainstem myoclonus after hypoxic brain damage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69:672–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Hallett M. The pathophysiology of myoclonus. TINS. 1987;10:69–73.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Harper SJ, Wilkes RG. Posthypoxic myoclonus (the Lance-Adams syndrome) in the intensive care unit. Anaesthesia. 1991;46:199–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Werhahn KJ, Brown P, Thompson PD, Marsden CD. The clinical features and prognosis of chronic posthypoxic myoclonus. Mov Disord. 1997;12:216–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hallett M, Chadwick D, Adam J, Marsden CD. Reticular reflex myoclonus: a physiological type of human post-hypoxic myoclonus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1977;40:253–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Brown P, Thompson PD, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Marsden CD. A case of postanoxic encephalopathy with cortical action and brainstem reticular reflex myoclonus. Mov Disord. 1991;6:139–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Witte OW, Niedermeyer E, Arendt G, Freund HJ. Post-hypoxic action (intention) myoclonus: a clinico-electroencephalographic study. J Neurol. 1988;235:214–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Lance JW, Adams RD. Negative myoclonus in posthypoxic patients: historical note. Mov Disord. 2001;16:162–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Fahn S. Posthypoxic action myoclonus: literature review update. Adv Neurol. 1986;43:157–69.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Varelas PN, Spanaki MV, Hacein-Bey L, Hether T, Terranova B. Emergent EEG: indications and diagnostic yield. Neurology. 2003;61:702–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hirsch LJ, LaRoche SM, Gaspard N, Gerard E, Svoronos A, Herman ST, Mani R, Arif H, Jette N, Minazad Y, Kerrigan JF, Vespa P, Hantus S, Claassen J, Young GB, So E, Kaplan PW, Nuwer MR, Fountain NB, Drislane FW. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society's Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology: 2012 version. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;30:1–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Gaspard N, Hirsch LJ, LaRoche SM, Hahn CD, Westover MB, Critical Care EEG Monitoring Research Consortium. Interrater agreement for critical care EEG terminology. Epilepsia. 2014;9:1366–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Herman ST, Abend NS, Bleck TP, Chapman KE, Drislane FW, Emerson RG, Gerard EE, Hahn CD, Husain AM, Kaplan PW, LaRoche SM, Nuwer MR, Quigg M, Riviello JJ, Schmitt SE, Simmons LA, Tsuchida TN, Hirsch LJ, Critical Care Continuous EEG Task Force of the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society. Consensus statement on continuous EEG in critically ill adults and children, part I: indications. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;32:87–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Callaway CW, Donnino MW, Fink EL, Geocadin RG, Golan E, Kern KB, Leary M, Meurer WJ, Peberdy MA, Thompson TM, Zimmerman JL. Part 8: post-cardiac arrest care: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2015;132:S465–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Longstreth WT, Fahrenbruch CE, Olsufka M, Walsh TR, Copass MK, Cobb LA. Randomized clinical trial of magnesium, diazepam, or both after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Neurology. 2002;59:506–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Tomte O, Draegni T, Mangschau A, Jacobsen D, Auestad B, Sunde K. A comparison of intravascular and surface cooling techniques in comatose cardiac arrest survivors. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:443–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Beydoun A, Yen CE, Drury I. Variance of interburst intervals in burst suppression. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1991;79:435–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Chen R, Bolton CF, Young GB. Prediction of outcome in patients with anoxic coma: a clinical and electro-physiologic study. Crit Care Med. 1996;24:672–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Binnie CD, Prior PF, Lloyd DSL, Scott DF, Margison JH. Electroencephalographic prediction of fatal anoxic brain damage after resuscitation for cardiac arrest. Br Med J. 1970;4:265–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Møller M, Holm B, Sindrup E, Lyager NB. Electroencephalographic prediction of anoxic brain damage after resuscitation from cardiac arrest in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Acta Med Scand. 1978;203:31–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Zandbergen EGJ, de Haan RJ, Stoutenbeek CP, Koelman JHTM, Hijdra A. Systematic review of early prediction of poor outcome in anoxic-ischaemic coma. The Lancet. 1998;352:1808–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Ahmed I. Use of somatosensory evoked responses in the prediction of outcome from coma. Clin Electroencephalogr. 1988;19:78–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Bassetti C, Bomio F, Mathis J, Hess CW. Early prognosis in coma after cardiac arrest: a prospective clinical, electrophysiological, and biochemical study of 60 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;61:610–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Brunko E, Zegers de Beyl D. Prognostic value of early cortical somatosensory evoked potentials after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1987;66:14–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Kano T, Shimoda O, Morioka T, Yagishita Y, Hashiguchi A. Evaluation of the central nervous function in resuscitated comatose patients by multilevel evoked potentials. Resuscitation. 1992;23:235–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Rothstein TL, Thomas EM, Sumi SM. Predicting outcome in hypoxic-ischemic coma. A prospective clinical and electrophysiologic study. Electoencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1991;79:101–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Walser H, Mattle H, Keller HM, Janzer R. Early cortical median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials. Prognostic value in anoxic coma. Arch Neurol. 1985;42:32–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Madl C, Kramer L, Yeganehfar W. Detection of nontraumatic comatose patients with no benefit of intensive care treatment by recording of sensory evoked potentials. Arch Neurol. 1996;53:512–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Torbey MT, Selim M, Knorr J, Bigelow C, Recht L. Quantitative analysis of the loss of distinction between gray and white matter in comatose patients after cardiac arrest. Stroke. 2000;31:2163–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Greer DM, Scripko PD, Wu O, Edlow BL, Bartscher J, Sims JR, Camargo EE, Singhal AB, Furie KL. Hippocampal magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in cardiac arrest are associated with poor outcome. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;22:899–905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Arbelaez A, Castillo M, Mukherji SK. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of global cerebral anoxia. Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20:999–1007.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Kim JA, Chung JI, Yoon PH, Kim DI, Chung TS, Kim EJ, Jeong EK. Transient MR signal changes in patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizure or status epilepticus: periictal diffusion-weighted imaging. Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22:1149–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ye JH, Ren J, Krnjevic K, Liu PL, McArdle JJ. Cocaine and lidocaine have additive inhibitory effects on GABA A current of acutely dissociated hippocampal pyramidal cells. Brain Res. 1999;821:26–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Barat SA, Abdel-Rahman MS. Decreased cocaine- and lidocaine-induced seizure response by dextromethorphan and DNQX in rat. Brain Res. 1997;756:179–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. DeToledo JC. Lidocaine and seizures. Ther Drug Monit. 2000;22:320–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kerns W, English B, Ford M. Propafenone overdose. Ann Emerg Med. 1994;81:35–9.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Caramelli P, Mutarelli EG, Caramelli B, Tranchesi B, Pileggi F, Schaff M. Neurological complications after thrombolytic treatment for acute myocardial infarction: emphasis on unprecedented manifestations. Acta Neurol Scand. 1992;85:331–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Cooling DS. Theophylline toxicity. J Emerg Med. 1993;11:415–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Hollander JE. The management of cocaine-associated myocardial ischemia. N Eng J Med. 1995;333:1267–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Koppel BS, Samkoff L, Daras M. Relation of cocaine use to seizures and epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1996;37:875–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Tam MK, Irwin MG, Tse ML, Lui YW, Law KI, Ng PW. Prolonged myoclonus after a single bolus dose of propofol. Anesthesia. 2009;64:1254–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Goh WC, Heath PD, Ellis SJ, Oakley PA. Neurological outcome prediction in a cardiorespiratory arrest survivor. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88:719–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Fugate JE, Wijdicks EFM, Mandrekar J, Claassen DO, Manno EM, White RD, Bell MR, Rabinstein AA. Predictors of neurologic outcome in hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol. 2010;68:907–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Samaniego EA, Mlynash M, Caulfield AF, Eyngorn I, Wijman CA. Sedation confounds outcome prediction in cardiac arrest survivors treated with hypothermia. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15:113–99.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Zandbergen EG, Hijdra A, Koelman JH, Hart AA, Vos PE, Verbeek MM, de Haan RJ, PROPAC Study Group. Prediction of poor outcome within the first 3 days of post anoxic coma. Neurology. 2006;66:62–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, Alldredge B, Bleck TP, Glauser T, LaRoche SM, Riviello JJ, Shutter L, Sperling MR, Treiman DM, Vespa PM, Neurocritical Care Society Status Epilepticus Guideline Writing Committee. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2012;17:2–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial I Study Group. Randomized clinical study of thiopental loading in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. N Eng J Med. 1986;314:397–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Nolan JP, Soar J, Cariou A, Cronberg T, Moulaert VR, Deakin CD, Bottiger BW, Friberg H, Sunde K, Sandroni C. European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine 2015 guidelines for post-resuscitation care. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:2039–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Wijdicks EFM, Hijdra A, Young GB, Bassetti CL, Wiebe S. Practice parameter: prediction of outcome in comatose survivors after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2006;67:203–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Sandroni C, Geocadin RG. Neurological prognostication after cardiac arrest. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2015;21:209–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. The Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Study Group. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Eng J Med. 2002;346:549–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, et al. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Eng J Med. 2002;346:557–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Nolan JP, Morley PT, Vanden Hoek TL, Hickey RW. Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: ILCOR advisory statement. Resuscitation. 2003;57:231–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Rundgren M, Rosén I, Friberg H. Amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) predicts outcome after cardiac arrest and induced hypothermia. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:836–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Hovland A, Nielsen EW, Kluver J, Salvesen R. EEG should be performed during induced hypothermia. Resuscitation. 2006;68:143–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Amorim E, Rittenberger JC, Baldwin ME, Callaway CW, Popescu A, Post Cardiac Arrest Service. Malignant EEG patterns in cardiac arrest patients treated with targeted temperature management who survive to hospital discharge. Resuscitation. 2015;90:127–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Oddo M, Rossetti AO. Early multimodal outcome prediction after cardiac arrest in patients treated with hypothermia. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:1340–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Friberg H, Westhall E, Rosen I, Rundgren M, Nielsen N, Cronberg T. Clinical review: continuous and simplified electroencephalography to monitor brain recovery after cardiac arrest. Critical Care. 2013;17:233.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Geocadin RG, Ritzl EK. Seizures and status epilepticus in post cardiac arrest syndrome: therapeutic opportunities to improve outcome or basis to withhold life sustaining therapies? Resuscitation. 2012;83:791–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Ernst Niedermeyer and Dr. Peter Kaplan for their helpful suggestions and EEG tracings.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Lauren Koffman & Romergryko Geocadin

  2. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Lauren Koffman & Romergryko Geocadin

  3. Neuroscience Institute, The Queens Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Matthew A. Koenig

Authors
  1. Lauren Koffman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Matthew A. Koenig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Romergryko Geocadin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lauren Koffman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA

    Panayiotis N. Varelas

  2. Neurocritical Care, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

    Jan Claassen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Koffman, L., Koenig, M.A., Geocadin, R. (2017). Global Hypoxia-Ischemia and Critical Care Seizures. In: Varelas, P., Claassen, J. (eds) Seizures in Critical Care. Current Clinical Neurology. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49557-6_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49557-6_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-49555-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-49557-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation