Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Springer Handbook of Petroleum Technology pp 931–953Cite as

Carbon Dioxide Mitigation

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Stringent regulations on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial sources (in general) and petroleum refineries (in particular) are being enforced world wide. Low-sulfur clean fuels enhance the demand for petroleum refinery utility gases (e. g., hydrogen, H2), which in turn leads to an increase in carbon-emission-intensive processes. This will ultimately force refineries to start implementing CO2 mitigation measures, which are increasingly evident in the strategies of industrial countries. In this work, we describe the major processes that contribute to a typical petroleum refinery's global CO2 emissions. Typical sources include unit utilities (i. e., heaters, boilers, and furnaces), fluid catalytic cracking units, hydrogen production (HP) units, flaring, and acid gas removal. A case study for a mega refinery structure is also given detailing a methodology for estimating CO2 emissions from various processes. The carbon footprint and specific emissions of various sources being considered are also reported.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. C. Patel, P. Lettieri, S.J.R. Simons, A. Germanà: Techno-economic performance analysis of energy production from biomass at different scales in the UK, Chem. Eng. J. 171, 986–996 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. A. Thernesz, G. Szalmas, P. Dinka, T. Simon: CO2 capture-new challenge in refinery industry, MOL Scientific Mag. (Challenges) 3, 12–24 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  3. J. van Straelen, F. Geuzebroek, N. Goodchild, G. Protopapas, L. Mahoney: CO2 capture for refineries, a practical approach, Int. J. Greenh. Gas Contr. 4, 316–320 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. IEA: Prospects for CO2 capture and storage. Energy technology analysis (International Energy Agency and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2004)

    Google Scholar 

  5. A. Samanta, A. Zhao, G.K.H. Shimizu, P. Sarkar, R. Gupta: Post-combustion CO2 capture using solid sorbents: A review, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51, 1438–1463 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. F. Dong, H. Lou, M. Goto, T. Hirose: The petlyuk PSA process for separation of ternary gas mixtures: Exemplification by separating a mixture of CO2-CH4-N2, Sep. Purif. Technol. 15, 31–40 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. E.S. Kikkindes, R.T. Yang: Concentration and recovery of CO2 from flue gas by pressure swing adsorption, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 32, 2714–2720 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. R.V. Sirwardance, M.S. Shen, E.P. Fisher, J.A. Poston: Adsorption of CO2 on molecular sieves and activated carbon, Energy Fuels 15, 279–284 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. D.D. Do, K. Wang: A new model for the description of adsorption kinetics in heterogeneous activated carbon, Carbon 36, 1539–1554 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. M. Andrei, M. De Simoni, A. Delbianco, P. Cazzani, L. Zanibelli: Enhanced oil recovery with CO2 capture and sequestration. In: Proc. 21st World Energ. Congr., Montréal (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  11. H. Al-Muslim, I. Dincer: Thermodynamic analysis of crude oil distillation systems, Int. J. Energ. Res. 29, 637–655 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. D. Bonaquist: Analysis of CO 2 Emissions, Reductions and Capture for Large Scale Hydrogen Production Plants (Prazair, Daubury 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  13. MathPro Inc.: An introduction to petroleum refining and the production of ultralow sulfur gasoline and diesel fuel, theicct.org (2011) Report prepared for the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT)

    Google Scholar 

  14. I. Staffell: The Energy and Fuel Data Sheet (Univ. Birmingham 2011) http://www.academia.edu/1073990/The_Energy_and_Fuel_Data_Sheet

  15. Hydrocarbon Publishing Company: Refinery CO 2 Management Strategies (Hydrocarbon, Frazer 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  16. M.A. Fahim, T.A. Al-Sahaf, A.S. Elkilani: Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining (Elsevier, Amsterdam 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  17. EIA: US Energy Information Agency Annex 4: IPCC Reference Approach for Estimating CO 2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion (EIA, Washington 2011)

    Google Scholar 

  18. EIA: US Energy Information Agency, Appendix N. Emission Factors for Steam and Chilled/Hot Water (EIA, Washington 2013)

    Google Scholar 

  19. EIA: US Energy Information Agency, http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=9130 (EIA, Washington 2014)

  20. J.H. Gary, G.E. Handwerk: Petroleum Refining: Technology and Economics, 3rd edn. (Marcel Dekker, New York 1994)

    Google Scholar 

  21. J. McKetta Jr.: Petroleum Processing Handbook, 1st edn. (Marcel Decker, New York 1992)

    Google Scholar 

  22. G. Collodi, F. Wheeler: Hydrogen production via steam reforming with CO2 capture, Chem. Eng. Trans. 19, 37–42 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  23. L.M. Wolschlag, K.A. Couch, F.X. Zhu, J. Alves: UOP FCC Design Advancements to Reduce Energy Consumption and CO 2 Emissions (UOP LLC, Des Plaines 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  24. K. Nillson, L. Zetterberg, M. Ahman: Allowance Allocation and CO 2 Intensity of the EU15 and Norwegian Refineries (IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm 2005)

    Google Scholar 

  25. I. Moore: Reducing CO2 emissions, Pet. Technol. Q. Q2, 1–6 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  26. C.C. Wear: The concept of delta coke, Catalagram 106, 3–9 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  27. U.T. Turaga, R. Ramanathan: Catalytic naphtha reforming: Revisiting its importance in the modern refinery, J. Scientific Ind. Res. 62, 963–978 (2003)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. J.G. Speight: Gas Processing: Environmental Aspects and Methods (Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford 1993)

    Google Scholar 

  29. S. Mokhatab, W.A. Poe, J.G. Speight: Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing (Elsevier, Amsterdam 2006) pp. 261–294

    Google Scholar 

  30. B. Jiang, X. Wang, M.L. Gray, Y. Duan, D. Luebke, B. Li: Development of amino acid and amino acid-complex based solid sorbents for CO2 capture, Appl. Energ. 109, 112–118 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. C. Wein, G. Puxty, P. Feron: Amino acid salts for CO2 capture at flue gas temperatures, Chem. Eng. Sci. 107, 218–226 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. H. Mounzer: Reducing CO2 emissions from refineries through amine chemistry upgrade. In: Proc. 3rd Kuwait Chem. Conf., Kuwait City (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  33. M. Stockle, T. Bullen: Integrating refinery CO2 reduction strategies into your refinery. In: Proc. 31st ERTC Sustainable Refining Conf., Brussels (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  34. J. van Straelen, F. Geuzebroek, N. Goodchild, G. Protopapas, L. Mahoney: CO2 capture for refineries: A practical approach, Energ. Procedia 1, 179–185 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. US EPA: Available and Merging Technologies for Reducing Greenhouse gas Emissions from the Petroleum Refining Industry (Office of air and radiation, Research Triangle Park 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ecofys: Methodology for the free allocation of emission allowances in the EU: ETS post 2012 (Sector report for the refinery industry 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  37. J. Martin, J. Lumbreras, M.E. Rodríguez: Testing flare emission factors for flaring in refineries, http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/conference/ei12/poster/martin.pdf (2014)

  38. Code of Federal Regulations: Calculating GHG emissions. Title 40, CFR 98.253, http://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/98.233

  39. I. Al-Hajri: Integration of Hydrogen and CO 2 Management Within Refinery Planning, Ph.D. Thesis (Chemical Engineering Department, Univ. Waterloo, Waterloo 2008)

    Google Scholar 

  40. A. Szklo, R. Schaeffer: Fuel specification, energy consumption and CO2 emission in oil refineries, Energy 32, 1075–1092 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. M. Petrick, J. Pellegrino: The Potential for Reducing Energy Consumption in the Refining Industry, Report No. ANL/ESD/TM-158 (Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont 1999)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Liberty Gases: CO2 fact sheet, http://www.libertygases.com/carbon-dioxide.html (2011)

  43. IPIECA: Oil and gas industry guidance on voluntary sustainability reporting. Appendix D: Measurements units and conversion factors, 2014, http://www.ipieca.org/system/files/uploads/IPIECA_Reporting_Guidance_Measurement_units.pdf (London, 2014)

  44. D. Johansson, P. Franck, T. Berntsson: CO2 capture in oil refineries: Assessment of the capture avoidance costs associated with different heat supply options in a future energy market, Energ. Convers. Manag. 66, 127–142 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. D. Johansson, P. Franck, K. Pettersson, T. Berntsson: Comparative study of Fischer–Tropsch production and post-combustion CO2 capture at an oil refinery: Economic evaluation and GHG (greenhouse gas emissions) balances, Energy 59, 387–401 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. D. Johansson, J. Rootze, T. Berntsson, F. Johnsson: Assessment of strategies for CO2 abatement in the European petroleum refining industry, Energy 42, 375–386 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. S.M. Al-Salem: Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission sources in Kuwait from the downstream industry: Critical analysis with a current and futuristic view, Energy 81, 575–587 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) for funding project PF060K. The contribution from Dr. A.R. Khan of KISR (ELSRC) is gratefully appreciated. Parts of this chapter were previously published in Al-Salem [32.47].

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), 13109, Safat, Kuwait

    Sultan M. Al-Salem & Mubarak M. Al-Mujaibel

  2. Petroleum Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), 13109, Safat, Kuwait

    Xiaoliang Ma

Authors
  1. Sultan M. Al-Salem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xiaoliang Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mubarak M. Al-Mujaibel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University/Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer St., FL 32310, Tallahassee, USA

    Chang Samuel Hsu   (許強)

  2. China University of Petroleum - Beijing College of Chemical Engineering, Changping, China

    Chang Samuel Hsu   (許強)

  3. Petro Bio Consulting LLC, Tallahassee, USA

    Chang Samuel Hsu   (許強)

  4. Katy Institute for Sustainable Energy, 3418 Clear Water Park Dr., TX 77450, Katy, USA

    Paul R. Robinson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Al-Salem, S.M., Ma, X., Al-Mujaibel, M.M. (2017). Carbon Dioxide Mitigation. In: Hsu, C.S., Robinson, P.R. (eds) Springer Handbook of Petroleum Technology. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_32

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation