Abstract
We propose that representations for structured models of human and social history need to go beyond traditional ontologies to the combination of rich semantic ontologies with programming languages. We base our approach on the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) and then consider how to extend it beyond traditional approaches to ontology with higher-level structures. For instance, we propose the need for composite entities that allow transitions in the configuration of component entities. We then explore the relationship of these composite entities to notion of systems and consider how they may provide a definition of “causal unity” and be related to models of social systems. We identify some challenges in defining the nature of social entities. Finally, we introduce structured applied epistemology as a framework for managing historical evidence, analysis, and argumentation.
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Notes
- 1.
From E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Chap. 1: The Extent of the Empire In The Age Of The Antonines.—Part III. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/731/731-h/731-h.htm#link22HCH0002.
- 2.
The Norfolk Weekly News Journal (Norfolk, Neb.), 29 March 1900. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn95070060/1900-03-29/ed-1/seq-7/
The Norfolk Weekly News-Journal. (Norfolk, Neb.), 04 Sept. 1903. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn95070058/1903-09-04/ed-1/seq-6/.
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Allen, R.B. (2016). Issues for the Direct Representation of History. In: Morishima, A., Rauber, A., Liew, C. (eds) Digital Libraries: Knowledge, Information, and Data in an Open Access Society. ICADL 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10075. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49304-6_26
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