Abstract
Drought stress is the most threatening environmental effect which limits the growth and productivity of plants globally. It is considered to cause oxidative stress in plants which results in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between antioxidants and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to any environmental stress. The antioxidant defence machinery protects plants against oxidative stress damages. Plants possess very efficient enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; polyphenol oxidase; guaiacol peroxidase), non-enzymatic (ascorbic acid, ASH; glutathione, GSH; phenolic compounds), and osmolyte (proline and soluble sugars) antioxidant defence systems which work in concert to control the cascades of uncontrolled oxidation and protect plant cells from oxidative damage by scavenging of ROS. Various soil microorganisms such as arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi or plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are the obligate symbionts that can improve plant tolerance to drought stress by increasing both plant nutrition and antioxidant defence system against the oxidative stress produced by water scarcity. In a natural soil, rhizosphere competence needs to be considered for successful interactions between these microorganisms and plants to overcome the environmental stress problem. In this chapter, we centred the assay/protocols to evaluate this relationship of antioxidant machinery and rhizospheric microbes by various spectrophotometric biochemical assays.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agati G, Azzarello E, Pollastri S, Tattini M (2012) Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: location and functional significance. Plant Sci 196:67–76
Al-Ghamdi AA (2009) Evaluation of oxidative stress tolerance in two wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars in response to drought. Int J Agric Biol 11:7–12
Anjum SA, Xie XY, Wang LC, Saleem MF, Man C, Lei W (2011) Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. Afr J Agric Res 6:2026–2032
Arnon DI (1949) Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol 24:1–15
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205–207
Bohnert HJ, Gong Q, Li P, Ma S (2006) Unraveling abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms–getting genomics going. Curr Opin Plant Biol 9:180–188
Bolouri-Moghaddam MR, Le Roy K, Xiang L, Rolland F, Van den Ende W (2010) Sugar signalling and antioxidant network connections in plant cells. FEBS J 277:2022–2037
Bors W, Heller W, Michel C, Saran M (1990) Radical chemistry of flavonoid antioxidants. In: Emerit I (ed) Antioxidants in therapy and preventive medicine. Springer, New York, pp 165–170
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254
Bray HG, Thorpe WV (1954) Analysis of phenolic compounds of interest in metabolism. Methods Biochem Anal 1:27–52
Camejo D, Martà MC, Olmos E, Torres W, Sevilla F, Jiménez A (2012) Oligogalacturonides stimulate antioxidant system in alfalfa roots. Biol Plant 56:537–544
Cavalcanti FR, Resende MLV, Carvalho CPS, Silveira JAG, Oliveira JTA (2007) An aqueous suspension of Crinipellis perniciosa mycelium activates tomato defence responses against Xanthomonas vesicatoria. Crop Prot 26:729–738
Daie J, Patrick JW (1988) Mechanism of drought-induced alterations in assimilate partitioning and transport in crops. Crit Rev Plant Sci 7:117–137
Farooq M, Wahid A, Kobayashi N, Fujita D, Basra SMA (2009) Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. In: Lichtfouse E, Navarrete M, Debaeke P, Véronique S, Alberola C (eds) Sustainable agriculture. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 153–188
Flexas J, Ribas-Carbo MIQUEL, Diaz-Espejo ANTONIO, Galm ESJ, Medrano H (2008) Mesophyll conductance to CO2: current knowledge and future prospects. Plant Cell Environ 31:602–621
Foyer C, Rowell J, Walker D (1983) Measurement of the ascorbate content of spinach leaf protoplasts and chloroplasts during illumination. Planta 157:239–244
Gauillard F, Richardforget F, Nicolas J (1993) New spectrophotometric assay for polyphenol oxidase activity. Anal Biochem 215:59–65
Gill SS, Tuteja N (2010) Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 48:909–930
Grace SC, Logan BA (2000) Energy dissipation and radical scavenging by the plant phenylpropanoid pathway. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 355:1499–1510
Han Y, Mhamdi A, Chaouch S, Noctor G (2013) Regulation of basal and oxidative stress-triggered jasmonic acid-related gene expression by glutathione. Plant Cell Environ 36:1135–1146
Hare PD, Cress WA, Van Staden J (1998) Dissecting the roles of osmolyte accumulation during stress. Plant Cell Environ 21:535–553
Hasanuzzaman M, Hossain MA, da Silva JAT, Fujita M (2012) Plant response and tolerance to abiotic oxidative stress: antioxidant defense is a key factor. In: Bandi V, Shanker AK, Shanker C, Mandapaka M (eds) Crop stress and its management: perspectives and strategies. Springer, Berlin, pp 261–315
Hayat R, Ali S, Amara U, Khalid R, Ahmed I (2010) Soil beneficial bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion: a review. Ann Microbiol 60:579–598
Hiscox JT, Israelstam GF (1979) A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissue without maceration. Can J Bot 57:1332–1334
Hodges DM, DeLong JM, Forney CF, Prange RK (1999) Improving the thiobarbituric acid-reactive-substances assay for estimating lipid peroxidation in plant tissues containing anthocyanin and other interfering compounds. Planta 207:604–611
Horemans N, Foyer CH, Asard H (2000) Transport and action of ascorbate at the plant plasma membrane. Trends Plant Sci 5:263–267
Kocsy G, Brunner M, Ruegsegger A, Stamp P, Brunold C (1996) Glutathione synthesis in maize genotypes with different sensitivities to chilling. Planta 198:365–370
Luck H (1974) Methods of enzymatic analysis. Academic, New York, pp. 885–894
Marin Velazquez JA, Andreu Puyal P, Carrasco A, Arbeloa Matute A (2010) Determination of proline concentration, an abiotic stress marker, in root exudates of excised root cultures of fruit tree rootstocks under salt stress. Rev Rég Arides 24:722–727
Marklund S, Marklund G (1974) Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur J Biochem 47:469–474
Moron MS, Depierre JW, Mannervik B (1979) Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat lung and liver. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 582:67–78
Noctor G, Foyer CH (1998) Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control. Annu Rev Plant Biol 49:249–279
Noctor G, Veljovic-jovanovic SONJA, Driscoll S, Novitskaya L, Foyer CH (2002) Drought and oxidative load in the leaves of C3 plants: a predominant role for photorespiration? Ann Bot 89:841–850
Ordonez AAL, Gomez JD, Vattuone MA (2006) Antioxidant activities of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz extracts. Food Chem 97:452–458
Paknejad F, Majidi HE, Nourmohammadi G, Siadat A, Vazan S (2006) Effects of drought stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll content and grain yield in some wheat cultivars. Iran J Agric Sci 37:481–492
Pang CH, Wang BS (2008) Oxidative stress and salt tolerance in plants. In: Lüttge U, Beyschlag W, Murata J (eds) Progress in botany. Springer, Berlin, pp 231–245
Paradiso A, Berardino R, de Pinto MC, di Toppi LS, Storelli MM, Tommasi F, De Gara L (2008) Increase in ascorbate–glutathione metabolism as local and precocious systemic responses induced by cadmium in durum wheat plants. Plant Cell Physiol 49:362–374
Peeva V, Cornic G (2009) Leaf photosynthesis of Haberlea rhodopensis before and during drought. Environ Exp Bot 65:310–318
Potters G, De Gara L, Asard H, Horemans N (2002) Ascorbate and glutathione: guardians of the cell cycle, partners in crime? Plant Physiol Biochem 40:537–548
Ramanjulu S, Bartels D (2002) Drought-and desiccation-induced modulation of gene expression in plants. Plant Cell Environ 25:141–151
Saito K, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Nakabayashi R, Higashi Y, Yamazaki M, Tohge T, Fernie AR (2013) The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis: structural and genetic diversity. Plant Physiol Biochem 72:21–34
Sawhney V, Singh DP (2002) Effect of chemical desiccation at the post-anthesis stage on some physiological and biochemical changes in the flag leaf of contrasting wheat genotypes. Field Crop Res 77:1–6
Scandalios JG (2005) Oxidative stress: molecular perception and transduction of signals triggering antioxidant gene defenses. Braz J Med Biol Res 38:995–1014
Sheng M, Tang M, Chen H, Yang B, Zhang F, Huang Y (2008) Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on photosynthesis and water status of maize plants under salt stress. Mycorrhiza 18:287–296
Tanaka A, Christensen MJ, Takemoto D, Park P, Scott B (2006) Reactive oxygen species play a role in regulating a fungus–perennial ryegrass mutualistic interaction. Plant Cell 18:1052–1066
Tausz M, Wonisch A, Peters J, Jimenez MS, Morales D, Grill D (2001) Short-term changes in free radical scavengers and chloroplast pigments in Pinus canariensis needles as affected by mild drought stress. J Plant Physiol 158:213–219
Wu QS, Xia RX (2006) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence growth, osmotic adjustment and photosynthesis of citrus under well-watered and water stress conditions. J Plant Physiol 163:417–425
Wu QS, Srivastava AK, Zou YN (2013) AMF-induced tolerance to drought stress in citrus: a review. Sci Hortic 164:77–87
Zhang S, Lu S, Xu X, Korpelainen H, Li C (2010) Changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and isozyme profiles in leaves of male and female Populus cathayana infected with Melampsora larici-populina. Tree Physiol 30:116–128
Acknowledgment
RNP gratefully acknowledges the funding under Start-up Research Grant (Life Sciences) by Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (SB/FT/LS-104/2012). The authors declare no financial or commercial conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tyagi, J., Pudake, R.N. (2017). Spectrophotometric Assays to Evaluate the Rhizospheric Microbes Mediated Drought Tolerance in Plants. In: Varma, A., Sharma, A. (eds) Modern Tools and Techniques to Understand Microbes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49197-4_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49197-4_26
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-49195-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-49197-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)