Abstract
The first official wording of the HUL approach was The Vienna Memorandum, which emerged from an international conference in 2005. Vienna played a crucial role not only in the organizing of this paradigmatic event of urban heritage management but also in the definition of HUL. This rare opportunity is used to explore the convergence of universal and local levels of contemporary urban heritage management and discourse. The contemporary history of the Vienna World Heritage Sites reveals the reasons for the emergence of HUL and the subtleties of its professional reception; it also helps to understand why HUL failed to fulfill the integrating role which was originally attributed to it, and how it is related and comparable to other contemporary concepts of urban heritage protection.
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Sonkoly, G. (2017). Vienna and The Vienna Memorandum. In: Historical Urban Landscape. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49166-0_3
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