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Chemical Setting and Biogeochemical Reactions in Meromictic Lakes

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Ecology of Meromictic Lakes

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 228))

Abstract

The chemical composition of meromictic lake waters varies widely. Concentrations of total dissolved substances (TDS ) range from very low (<20 mg L−1) to very high (>300 g L−1), i.e. saturated with respect to particular salts. pH varies from acidic (<3) to alkaline (>10), and redox conditions range from well oxygenated and dominated by high concentrations of dissolved ferric iron (Eh about 600 mV in iron-rich acidic pit lakes) to strongly reduced (Eh < −100 mV). While the ranges of TDS and pH apply to both mixolimnion and monimolimnion, redox conditions are typically oxic for mixolimnion (except for hypolimnion in some meromictic lakes during thermal stratification) and permanently anoxic for monimolimnion. Concentrations of reduced chemical species, e.g. ferrous iron, hydrogen sulphide and ammonia, vary over a wide range in monimolimnia. Chemical differences between mixolimnion and monimolimnion are the reason for density differences that keep the stratification stable. Several processes occur in the water column of meromictic lakes that are known from sediments of holomictic lakes. Permanently anoxic conditions above the monimolimnetic sediments of meromictic lakes provide better conditions for the conservation of settling organic material and prevent disturbance by bioturbation . Based on these special conditions, we divide Chap. 3 into four sections. After a brief introduction, we present ten selected examples to illustrate the variety of chemical conditions in meromictic lakes in Sect. 3.2. We refer also to appropriate case studies presented in Chaps. 5–12. Section 3.3 is devoted to biogeochemical processes that have the potential for creating and sustaining meromixis and that occur in the water column of meromictic lakes but usually not in the water column of holomictic lakes. Special biogeochemical aspects of monimolimnetic sediments in meromictic lakes are presented in Sect. 3.4 from a palaeolimnologic point of view.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Michael Moncur (Calgary, Canada) for providing detailed data from figures published in Moncur et al. (2006), Pierangela Cristiani (Milano, Italy) for unpublished data completing the dataset for Lake Idro in Table 3.1, John Zachara and his colleagues (Richland, WA, USA) for providing detailed data for Hot Lake (USA) in addition to those available in Zachara et al. (2016) and the Kärntner Institut für Seenforschung, in particular Roswitha Fresner (Klagenfurt, Austria), for providing unpublished data for Längsee from the state monitoring programme of Austria.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department Lake Research, UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Magdeburg, Germany

    Martin Schultze, Bertram Boehrer & Katrin Wendt-Potthoff

  2. Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA

    Sergei Katsev & Erik T. Brown

  3. Department of Physics, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA

    Sergei Katsev

  4. Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA

    Erik T. Brown

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  1. Martin Schultze
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Correspondence to Martin Schultze or Bertram Boehrer .

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  1. Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO), Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Ramesh D. Gulati

  2. SB RAS Institute of Biophysics, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

    Egor S. Zadereev

  3. SB RAS Institute of Biophysics, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

    Andrei G. Degermendzhi

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Schultze, M., Boehrer, B., Wendt-Potthoff, K., Katsev, S., Brown, E.T. (2017). Chemical Setting and Biogeochemical Reactions in Meromictic Lakes. In: Gulati, R., Zadereev, E., Degermendzhi, A. (eds) Ecology of Meromictic Lakes. Ecological Studies, vol 228. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49143-1_3

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