Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Electrochemically Monitored Photoluminescence of Conjugated Polymers

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Luminescence in Electrochemistry

Abstract

The coupling of different spectroscopic techniques such as UV–Vis, Raman or FTIR to electrochemical methods became a useful strategy to study structure, kinetics and dynamics at electrochemical interfaces during the past two decades. However, the application of fluorescence spectroscopy to electrochemistry emerged more recently. The so-called in situ electrochemical fluorescence can be successfully applied to study photophysical processes of conjugated polymers in the electrochemical environment. The present chapter reviews the major optical and electrochemical characteristics of these materials and focuses, particularly, on the relation between electronic structure and chemical characteristics by means of the oligomer approach. In situ electrochemical fluorescence is highly sensitive to the redox state of the explored polymers. Owing to this key feature, it is possible to obtain information from their photoluminescent processes even at very low doping levels. Apart from the study of electrochemical phenomena, it will be emphasized that in situ fluorescence constitutes an exceptional tool to examine relevant interactions between electric charges and photoexcited states.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Saxman, A.M., Liepins, R., Aldissi, M.: Polyacetylene: its synthesis. Doping and structure. Prog. Polym. Sci. 11(1–2), 57–89 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Salaneck: Science and applications of conducting polymers. Papers from the Sixth European Industrial Workshop. CRC Press, Boca Raton (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  3. MacDiarmid, A.G., Epstein, A.J.: “Synthetic Metals”: a novel role for organic polymers. Makromol. Chemie. Macromol. Symp. 51(1), 11–28 (1991)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Heeger, A.J.: Semiconducting and metallic polymers: the fourth generation of polymeric materials. J. Phys. Chem. B 105(36), 8475–8491 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Basescu, N., Liu, Z.-X., Moses, D., Heeger, A.J., Naarmann, H., Theophilou, N.: High electrical conductivity in doped polyacetylene. Nature 327(6121), 403–405 (1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Tsukamoto, J.: Recent advances in highly conductive polyacetylene. Adv. Phys. 41(6), 509–546 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Skotheim, T.A., Reynolds, J.R. (eds.): Conjugated Polymers: Processing and Applications, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Schubert, E.F.: Light-Emitting Diodes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Grem, G., Leditzky, G., Ullrich, B., Leising, G.: Blue electroluminescent device based on a conjugated polymer. Synth. Met. 51(1–3), 383–389 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Colladet, K., Fourier, S., Cleij, T.J., Lutsen, L., Gelan, J., Vanderzande, D., Huong Nguyen, L., Neugebauer, H., Sariciftci, S., Aguirre, A., et al.: Low band gap donor—acceptor conjugated polymers toward organic solar cells applications. Macromolecules 40(1), 65–72 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Beaujuge, P.M., Amb, C.M., Reynolds, J.R.: Spectral engineering in π-conjugated polymers with intramolecular donor-acceptor interactions. Acc. Chem. Res. 43(11), 1396–1407 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. van Mullekom, H.A.M., Vekemans, J.A.J.M., Meijer, E.W.: Band-gap engineering of donor-acceptor-substituted π-conjugated polymers. Chem. A Eur. J. 4(7), 1235–1243 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Sariciftci, N.S., Smilowitz, L., Heeger, A.J., Wudl, F.: Photoinduced electron transfer from a conducting polymer to buckminsterfullerene. Science 258(5087), 1474–1476 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Sirringhaus, H., Tessler, N., Friend, R.H.: Integrated optoelectronic devices based on conjugated polymers. Science 280(5370), 1741–1744 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Tessler, N., Denton, G.J., Friend, R.H.: Lasing from conjugated-polymer microcavities. Nature 382(6593), 695–697 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Sirringhaus, H., Brown, P.J., Friend, R.H., Nielsen, M.M., Bechgaard, K., Langeveld-Voss, B.M.W., Spiering, A.J.H., Janssen, R.A.J., Meijer, E.W., Herwig, P., et al.: Two-dimensional charge transport in self-organized, high-mobility conjugated polymers. Nature 401(6754), 685–688 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Singh, T.B., Sariciftci, N.S.: Progress in plastic electronic devices. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 36(1), 199–230 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Facchetti, A.: π-conjugated polymers for organic electronics and photovoltaic cell applications. Chem. Mater. 23(3), 733–758 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Nguyen, T.-Q., Martini, I.B., Liu, J., Schwartz, B.J.: Controlling on exciton–exciton annihilation and aggregation in interchain interactions in conjugated polymers: the effects of chain morphology MEH–PPV films. J. Phys. Chem. B 104(2), 237–255 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hodgkiss, J.M., Albert-Seifried, S., Rao, A., Barker, A.J., Campbell, A.R., Marsh, R.A., Friend, R.H.: Exciton-charge annihilation in organic semiconductor films. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22(8), 1567–1577 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Howard, I.A., Hodgkiss, J.M., Zhang, X.P., Kirov, K.R., Bronstein, H.A., Williams, C.K., Friend, R.H., Westenhoff, S., Greenham, N.C.: Charge recombination and exciton annihilation reactions in conjugated polymer blends. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132(1), 328–335 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. List, E.J.W., Kim, C.H., Naik, A.K., Scherf, U., Leising, G., Graupner, W., Shinar, J.: Interaction of singlet excitons with polarons in wide band-gap organic semiconductors: a quantitative study. Phys. Rev. B 64(15) (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Shaw, P.E., Ruseckas, A., Peet, J., Bazan, G.C., Samuel, I.D.W.: Exciton-exciton annihilation in mixed-phase polyfluorene films. Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(1), 155–161 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Müllen, K., Wegner, G.: Electronic materials: the oligomer approach. Wiley, Weinheim (1998)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  25. Zade, S.S., Bendikov, M.: From oligomers to polymer: convergence in the HOMO-LUMO gaps of conjugated oligomers. Org. Lett. 8(23), 5243–5246 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bidan, G., De Nicola, A., Enée, V., Guillerez, S.: Synthesis and UV-visible properties of soluble regioregular oligo(3-octylthiophenes), monomer to hexamer. Chem. Mater. 10(4), 1052–1058 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gierschner, J., Cornil, J., Egelhaaf, H.J.: Optical bandgaps of π-conjugated organic materials at the polymer limit: experiment and theory. Adv. Mater. 19(2), 173–191 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gierschner, J., Mack, H.G., Lüer, L., Oelkrug, D.: Fluorescence and absorption spectra of oligophenylenevinylenes: vibronic coupling, band shapes, and solvatochromism. J. Chem. Phys. 116(19), 8596–8609 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Schwartz, B.J.: Conjugated polymers as molecular materials: how chain conformation and film morphology influence energy transfer and interchain interactions. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 54, 141–172 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kim, D.Y., Grey, J.K., Barbara, P.F.: A detailed single molecule spectroscopy study of the vibronic states and energy transfer pathways of the conjugated polymer MEH-PPV. Synth. Met. 156(2–4), 336–345 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Fakis, M., Polyzos, I., Tsigaridas, G., Giannetas, V., Persephonis, P.: Excited state dynamics of a partially conjugated polymer studied by femtosecond fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. Lett. 394(4–6), 372–376 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Schindler, F., Lupton, J.M., Feldmann, J., Scherf, U.: A universal picture of chromophores in Pi-conjugated polymers derived from single-molecule spectroscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101(41), 14695–14700 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Mirzov, O., Scheblykin, I.G.: Photoluminescence spectra of a conjugated polymer: from films and solutions to single molecules. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8(47), 5569–5576 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Dykstra, T.E., Kovalevskij, V., Yang, X., Scholes, G.D.: Excited state dynamics of a conformationally disordered conjugated polymer: a comparison of solutions and film. Chem. Phys. 318(1–2), 21–32 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Barbara, P.F., Gesquiere, A.J., Park, S.-J., Lee, Y.J.: Single-molecule spectroscopy of conjugated polymers. Acc. Chem. Res. 38(7), 602–610 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Offermans, T., van Hal, P.A., Meskers, S.C.J., Koetse, M.M., Janssen, R.A.J.: Exciplex dynamics in a blend of π-conjugated polymers with electron donating and accepting properties: MDMO-PPV and PCNEPV. Phys. Rev. B 72(4), 045213 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hsu, J.-H., Fann, W., Meng, H.-F., Chen, E.-S., Chang, E.-C., Chen, S.-A., To, K.-W.: Decay dynamics of interchain excited states in luminescent conjugated polymer CN-PPV. Chem. Phys. 269(1–3), 367–379 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Aguiar, M., Fugihara, M.C., Hümmelgen, I.A., Péres, L.O., Garcia, J.R., Gruber, J., Akcelrud, L.: Interchain luminescence in poly(acetoxy-P-phenylene vinylene). J. Lumin. 96(2–4), 219–225 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Vacha, M., Ha, J., Ito, Y., Shimada, T., Mo Son, J., Sato, H.: Excimer emission in electroluminescence and photoluminescence of polyfluorene derivatives: effects of local heating and exciton density. J. Appl. Phys. 97(2), 023514 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Peteanu, L.A., Sherwood, G.A., Wildeman, J., Werner, J.H., Goodwin, P.M., Shreve, A.P.: Effects of aggregation on the emission spectra and dynamics of electrolumine scent materials. Adv. Mater. 1(c), 1–2 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Samuel, I.D.W., Rumbles, G., Collison, C.J.: Efficient interchain photoluminescence in a high-electron-affinity conjugated polymer. Phys. Rev. B 52(16), R11573–R11576 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Samuel, I.D.W., Rumbles, G., Collison, C.J., Crystall, B., Moratti, S.C., Holmes, A.B.: Luminescence efficiency and time dependence in a high electron affinity conjugated polymer. Synth. Met. 76(1–3), 15–18 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Conwell, E.M.: Excimers in poly(phenylene vinylene) and its derivatives. Synth. Met. 85(1–3), 995–999 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Micaroni, L., Nart, F.C., Hummelgen, I.A.: Considerations about the electrochemical estimation of the ionization potential of conducting polymers. J. Solid State Electrochem. 7(1), 55–59 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Johansson, T., Mammo, W., Svensson, M., Andersson, M.R., Inganas, O.: Electrochemical bandgaps of substituted polythiophenes. J. Mater. Chem. 13(6), 1316–1323 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Cardona, C.M., Li, W., Kaifer, A.E., Stockdale, D., Bazan, G.C.: Electrochemical considerations for determining absolute frontier orbital energy levels of conjugated polymers for solar cell applications. Adv. Mater. 23(20), 2367–2371 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Elandaloussi, E.H., Frère, P., Richomme, P., Orduna, J., Garin, J., Roncali, J.: Effect of chain extension on the electrochemical and electronic properties of π-conjugated soluble thienylenevinylene oligomers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119(44), 10774–10784 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Heinze, J., Tschuncky, P., Smie, A.: The oligomeric approach—the electrochemistry of conducting polymers in the light of recent research. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2(2), 102–109 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Heinze, J., Frontana-Uribe, B.A., Ludwigs, S.: Electrochemistry of conducting polymers-persistent models and new concepts. Chem. Rev. 110(8), 4724–4771 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Chi, C.Y., Wegner, G.: Chain-length dependence of the electrochemical properties of conjugated oligofluorenes. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 26(19), 1532–1537 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Jiang, X., Harima, Y., Zhu, L., Kunugi, Y., Yamashita, K., Sakamoto, M., Sato, M.: Mobilities of charge carriers hopping between π-conjugated polymer chains. J. Mater. Chem. 11(12), 3043–3048 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Shimotani, H., Diguet, G., Iwasa, Y.: Direct comparison of field-effect and electrochemical doping in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene). Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(2), 022104 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Laquai, F., Wegner, G., Bässler, H.: What determines the mobility of charge carriers in conjugated polymers? Philos. Trans. A. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 365(1855), 1473–1487 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Vanmaekelbergh, D., Houtepen, A.J., Kelly, J.J.: Electrochemical gating: a method to tune and monitor the (opto)electronic properties of functional materials. Electrochim. Acta 53(3), 1140–1149 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Plieth, W., Wilson, G.S., de la Fe, C.G.: Spectroelectrochemistry: a survey of in situ spectroscopic techniques (technical report). Pure Appl. Chem. 70(7), 1395–1414 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Pflug, J.S., Faulkner, L.R.: Simultaneous electrochemical and fluorometric monitoring of zinc tetraphenylporphyrin deposited on indium oxide and pyrolytic graphite electrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102(19), 6143–6144 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Pflug, J.S., Faulkner, L.R., Seitz, W.R.: Electrochemical modulation of fluorescence from zinc tetraphenylporphyrin on electrode surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105(15), 4890–4896 (1983)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Rubim, J.C., Gutz, I.G.R., Sala, O.: Cyclic-fluorovoltammetry as a technical tool in the study of passivating films generated on electrode surfaces. J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 190(1–2), 55–63 (1985)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kakiuchi, T., Takasu, Y., Senda, M.: Voltage-scan fluorometry of rose bengal ion at the 1,2-dichloroethane-water interface. Anal. Chem. 64(24), 3096–3100 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Kakiuchi, T., Takasu, Y.: Differential cyclic voltfluorometry and chronofluorometry of the transfer of fluorescent ions across the 1,2-dichloroethane-water interface. Anal. Chem. 66(11), 1853–1859 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Bonazzola, C., Brust, M., Calvo, E.J.: Electrochemical fluorescence modulation at a redox hydrogel modified electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem. 407(1–2), 203–207 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Yu, J.S., Yang, C., Fang, H.Q.: Variable thickness thin-layer cell for electrochemistry and in situ UV-VIS absorption, luminescence and surface-enhanced raman spectroelectrochemistry. Anal. Chim. Acta 420(1), 45–55 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Dias, M., Hudhomme, P., Levillain, E., Perrin, L., Sahin, Y., Sauvage, F.X., Wartelle, C.: Electrochemistry coupled to fluorescence spectroscopy: a new versatile approach. Electrochem. Commun. 6(3), 325–330 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kim, Y., Kim, E., Clavier, G., Audebert, P.: New tetrazine-based fluoroelectrochromic window; modulation of the fluorescence through applied potential. Chem. Commun. (Camb.) (34), 3612–3614 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  65. Kim, Y., Do, J., Kim, E., Clavier, G., Galmiche, L., Audebert, P.: Tetrazine-based electrofluorochromic windows: modulation of the fluorescence through applied potential. J. Electroanal. Chem. 632(1–2), 201–205 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Yoo, J., Kwon, T., Sarwade, B.D., Kim, Y., Kim, E.: Multistate fluorescence switching of S-triazine-bridged p-phenylene vinylene polymers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(24), 1–4 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kwon, T., Sarwade, B.D., Kim, Y., Yoo, J., Kim, E.: A P-phenylene vinylene polymer bridged by a triazine for electro-fluorescence switching. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 486(1), 101/[1143]–109/[1151] (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  68. Kuo, C.-P., Lin, Y.-S., Leung, M.: Electrochemical fluorescence switching properties of conjugated polymers composed of triphenylamine, fluorene, and cyclic urea moieties. J. Polym. Sci. Part A-Polymer Chem. 50(24), 5068–5078 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kuo, C.-P., Chuang, C.-N., Chang, C.-L., Leung, M., Lian, H.-Y., Wu, K.C.-W.: White-light electrofluorescence switching from electrochemically convertible yellow and blue fluorescent conjugated polymers. J. Mater. Chem. C 1(11), 2121–2130 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kuo, C.-P., Chang, C.-L., Hu, C.-W., Chuang, C.-N., Ho, K.-C., Leung, M.: Tunable electrofluorochromic device from electrochemically controlled complementary fluorescent conjugated polymer films. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6(20), 17402–17409 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Audebert, P., Miomandre, F.: Electrofluorochromism: from molecular systems to set-up and display. Chem. Sci. 4(2), 575–584 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Kaval, N., Seliskar, C.J., Heineman, W.R.: Spectroelectrochemical sensing based on multimode selectivity simultaneously achievable in a single device. 16. Sensing by fluorescence. Anal. Chem. 75(22), 6334–6340 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Andria, S.E., Seliskar, C.J., Heineman, W.R.: Spectroelectrochemical sensing based on multimode selectivity simultaneously achievable in a single device. 21. Selective chemical sensing using sulfonated polystyrene-blockpoly(ethylene-ran-butylene)block-polystyrene thin films. Anal. Chem. 81(23), 9599–9606 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Pinyayev, T.S., Seliskar, C.J., Heineman, W.R.: Fluorescence spectroelectrochemical sensor for 1-hydroxypyrene. Anal. Chem. 82(23), 9743–9748 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Wilson, R.A., Seliskar, C.J., Talaska, G., Heineman, W.R.: Spectroelectrochemical sensing of pyrene metabolites 1-hydroxypyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide. Anal. Chem. 83(10), 3725–3729 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Ding, G., Zhou, H., Xu, J., Lu, X.: Electrofluorochromic detection of cyanide anions using a benzothiadiazole-containing conjugated copolymer. Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 50(6), 655–657 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Reineke, S., Thomschke, M., Lüssem, B., Leo, K.: White organic light-emitting diodes: status and perspective. Rev. Mod. Phys. 85(3), 1245–1293 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Hayashi, S., Kaneto, K., Yoshino, K.: Quenching of photoluminescence in poly(thiophene) films by electrochemical doping. Solid State Commun. 61(4), 249–251 (1987)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kaneto, K., Hayashi, S., Yoshino, K.: Kinetics of photoluminescent excitons in polythiophene films during electrochemical doping. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 57(3), 1119–1126 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Balaei, S., Aaron, J.J., Desbenemonvernay, A., Lacaze, P.C.: Exsitu and insitu fluorescence studies of electrosynthesized poly(N-vinylcarbazole) in the presence of various electrolytes. Synth. Met. 53(1), 95–107 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Jennings, P., Jones, A.C., Mount, A.R.: In situ spectroelectrochemical studies of the fluorescence of 5-substituted indole trimer films. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2(6), 1241–1248 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Antonel, P.S., Molina, F.V., Andrade, E.M.: Fluorescence of polyaniline films on platinum surfaces. Influence of redox state and conductive domains. J. Electroanal. Chem. 599(1), 52–58 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Antonel, P.S.S., Andrade, E.M.M., Molina, F.V.V.: Potential and film thickness dependence of the photoluminescence of aryl amine polymers. Electrochim. Acta 49(22–23), 3687–3692 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Antonel, P.S., Völker, E., Molina, F.V.: Photophysics of polyaniline: sequence-length distribution dependence of photoluminescence quenching as studied by fluorescence measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. Polymer (U.K.) 53(13), 2619–2627 (2012)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Soledad Antonel, P., Andrade, E.M., Molina, F.V.: Fluorescence of polyaniline films on electrode surfaces: thickness dependence and surface influence. J. Electroanal. Chem. 632(1–2), 72–79 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Suarez, I.J., Otero, T.F., Marquez, M.: Diffusion coefficients in swelling polypyrrole: ESCR and Cottrell models. J. Phys. Chem. B 109(5), 1723–1729 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Mazeikiene, R., Malinauskas, A.: A study into electrochemical slow relaxation of polyaniline. Synth. Met. 129(1), 61–66 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Malinauskas, A., Holze, R.: Suppression of the “first cycle effect” in self-doped polyaniline. Electrochim. Acta 43(5–6), 515–520 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Marmisolle, W.A., Posadas, D., Florit, M.I.: An experimental study of the intrinsic fluorescence emission and electrochemically induced ageing in poly-O-methylaniline films. Electrochim. Acta 109, 894–900 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Gesquiere, A.J., Park, S.J., Barbara, P.F.: Photochemistry and kinetics of single organic nanoparticles in the presence of charge carriers. Eur. Polym. J. 40(5), 1013–1018 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Borchardt, J.K.: Developments in organic displays. Mater. Today 7(9), 42–46 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Yu, Z., Barbara, P.F.: Low-temperature single-molecule spectroscopy of MEH-PPV conjugated polymer molecules. J. Phys. Chem. B 108(31), 11321–11326 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Holt, A.L., Leger, J.M., Carter, S.A.: Electrochemical and optical characterization of P- and N-doped poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene]. J. Chem. Phys. 123(4) (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  94. Palacios, R.E., Chang, W.S., Grey, J.K., Chang, Y.L., Miller, W.L., Lu, C.Y., Henkelman, G., Zepeda, D., Ferraris, J., Barbara, P.F.: Detailed single-molecule spectroelectrochemical studies of the oxidation of conjugated polymers. J. Phys. Chem. B 113(44), 14619–14628 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Montilla, F., Mallavia, R.: In situ electrochemical fluorescence studies of PPV. J. Phys. Chem. B 110(51), 25791–25796 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Otero, T.F., Boyano, I.: Comparative study of conducting polymers by the ESCR model. J. Phys. Chem. B 107(28), 6730–6738 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Esquembre, R., Pastor, I., Mallavia, R., Mateo, C.R.: Fluorometric detection of nitric oxide using 2,3-diaminonaphthalene incorporated in beta-cyclodextrin. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem. 173(3), 384–389 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Wu, C., Yan, C.-Y.: Studies of the swelling and drying kinetics of thin gelatin gel films by in situ interferometry. Macromolecules 27(16), 4516–4520 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. van Reenen, S., Vitorino, M.V., Meskers, S.C.J., Janssen, R.A.J., Kemerink, M.: Photoluminescence quenching in films of conjugated polymers by electrochemical doping. Phys. Rev. B 89(20) (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  100. Kervella, Y., Armand, M., Stephan, O.: Organic light-emitting electrochemical cells based on polyfluorene—investigation of the failure modes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 148(11), H155–H160 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Pei, Q.B., Yang, Y.: Efficient photoluminescence and electroluminescence from a soluble polyfluorene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118(31), 7416–7417 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Craig, M.R., de Kok, M.M., Hofstraat, J.W., Schenning, A.P.H.J., Meijer, E.W.: Improving color purity and stability in a blue emitting polyfluorene by monomer purification. J. Mater. Chem. 13(12), 2861–2862 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Kim, J.S., Friend, R.H., Cacialli, F.: Improved operational stability of polyfluorene-based organic light-emitting diodes with plasma-treated indium-tin-oxide anodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(21), 3084–3086 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Wallace, J.U., Chen, S.H.: Fluorene-based conjugated oligomers for organic photonics and electronics. Polyfluorenes 212, 145–186 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Kulkarni, A.P., Jenekhe, S.A.: Blue light-emitting diodes with good spectral stability based on blends of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene): interplay between morphology, photophysics, and device performance. Macromolecules 36(14), 5285–5296 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Akcelrud, L.: Electroluminescent polymers. Prog. Polym. Sci. 28(6), 875–962 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Montilla, F., Pastor, I., Mateo, C.R., Morallon, E., Mallavia, R., Morallón, E., Mallavia, R.: Charge transport in luminescent polymers studied by in situ fluorescence spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B 110(12), 5914–5919 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Montilla, F., Mallavia, R.: On the origin of green emission bands in fluorene-based conjugated polymers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 17(1), 71–78 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Technical papers|Cambridge Display Technology. https://www.cdtltd.co.uk/technology/technical-papers/. Accessed 26 Aug 2015

  110. Palacios, R.E., Fan, F.R.F., Bard, A.J., Barbara, P.F.: Single-molecule spectroelectrochemistry (SMS-EC). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128(28), 9028–9029 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Gesquiere, A.J., Park, S.J., Barbara, P.F.: Single molecule charge transfer probed by cyclic voltammetry-single molecule spectroscopy. Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 227, U260-U260 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  112. Palacios, R.E., Fan, F.R.F., Grey, J.K., Suk, J., Bard, A.J., Barbara, P.F.: Charging and discharging of single conjugated-polymer nanoparticles. Nat. Mater. 6(9), 680–685 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Palacios, R.E., Chang, W.-S., Grey, J.K., Chang, Y.-L., Miller, W.L., Lu, C.-Y., Henkelman, G., Zepeda, D., Ferraris, J., Barbara, P.F.: Detailed single-molecule spectroelectrochemical studies of the oxidation of conjugated polymers. J. Phys. Chem. B 113(44), 14619–14628 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Gesquiere, A.J., Uwada, T., Asahi, T., Masuhara, H., Barbara, P.F.: Single molecule spectroscopy of organic dye nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 5(7), 1321–1325 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Chang, Y.L., Palacios, R.E., Chen, J.T., Stevenson, K.J., Guo, S., Lackowski, W.M., Barbara, P.F.: Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of soliton waves in conjugated polymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(40), 14166–+ (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  116. Montilla, F., Esquembre, R., Gomez, R., Blanco, R., Segura, J.L.: Spectroelectrochemical study of electron and energy transfer in poly(fluorene-alt-phenylene) with perylenediimide pendant groups. J. Phys. Chem. C 112(42), 16668–16674 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Montilla, F., Frutos, L.M., Mateo, C.R., Mallavia, R.: Fluorescence emission anisotropy coupled to an electrochemical system: study of exciton dynamics in conjugated polymers. J. Phys. Chem. C 111(49), 18405–18410 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Furukawa, Y.: Electronic absorption and vibrational spectroscopies of conjugated conducting polymers. J. Phys. Chem. 100(39), 15644–15653 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Montilla, F., Ruseckas, A., Samuel, I.D.W.: Absorption cross-sections of hole polarons in glassy and beta-phase polyfluorene. Chem. Phys. Lett. 585, 133–137 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Valeur, B.: Molecular Fluorescence: Principles and Applications, 1st edn. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  121. Ward, A.J., Ruseckas, A., Samuel, I.D.W.: A shift from diffusion assisted to energy transfer controlled fluorescence quenching in polymer-fullerene photovoltaic blends. J. Phys. Chem. C 116(45), 23931–23937 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Lakowicz, J.R.: Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Plenum Press, New York (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  123. Gosele, U., Hauser, M., Klein, U.K.A., Frey, R.: Diffusion and long-range energy-transfer. Chem. Phys. Lett. 34(3), 519–522 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Castanho, M.A.R., Prieto, M.J.: Fluorescence quenching data interpretation in biological systems. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr. 1373(1), 1–16 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Tuladhar, S.M., Poplavskyy, D., Choulis, S.A., Durrant, J.R., Bradley, D.D.C., Nelson, J.: Ambipolar charge transport in films of methanofullerene and poly(phenylenevinylene)/methanofullerene blends. Adv. Funct. Mater. 15(7), 1171–1182 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Blom, P.W.M., de Jong, M.J.M., van Munster, M.G.: Electric-field and temperature dependence of the hole mobility in poly(p-phenylene vinylene). Phys. Rev. B 55(2), R656–R659 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Arkhipov, V.I., Emelianova, E.V., Heremans, P., Bässler, H.: Analytic model of carrier mobility in doped disordered organic semiconductors. Phys. Rev. B 72(23), 235202 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Mikhnenko, O.V., Blom, P.W.M., Nguyen, T.-Q.: Exciton diffusion in organic semiconductors. Energy Environ. Sci. 8(7), 1867–1888 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Scully, S.R., McGehee, M.D.: Effects of optical interference and energy transfer on exciton diffusion length measurements in organic semiconductors. J. Appl. Phys. 100(3), 034907 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Lewis, A.J., Ruseckas, A., Gaudin, O.P.M., Webster, G.R., Burn, P.L., Samuel, I.D.W.: Singlet exciton diffusion in MEH-PPV films studied by exciton-exciton annihilation. Org. Electron. 7(6), 452–456 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Química Física e Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. de Correos 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain

    Francisco Montilla

  2. Departamento de Ingenieria Textil y Papelera, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Plaza Ferrandiz y Carbonell, 1, 03801, Alcoy, Spain

    Francisco Huerta

Authors
  1. Francisco Montilla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Francisco Huerta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francisco Montilla .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ecole Normale Superiecure de Cachan, PPSM, Cedex, France

    Fabien Miomandre

  2. Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, PPSM, Cachan, France

    Pierre Audebert

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Montilla, F., Huerta, F. (2017). Electrochemically Monitored Photoluminescence of Conjugated Polymers. In: Miomandre, F., Audebert, P. (eds) Luminescence in Electrochemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49137-0_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation