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Light-Duty Vehicles

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Book cover Driving and Engine Cycles

Abstract

This chapter presents the most important driving cycles used for testing passenger cars and light-duty trucks, which are all of the chassis-dynamometer type. European, U.S., Japanese, Australian and worldwide modal and transient cycles are presented, including those intended for battery and electric vehicles, with graphic illustration of the speed profiles together with a detailed historical background. Main technical specifications are provided, as well as identification of the shortcomings, and representative results from real vehicles operation. An extensive comparison of the most important legislated cycles is also presented and discussed at the end of the chapter.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    EU directives and regulations can be accessed online through http://eur-lex.europa.eu.

  2. 2.

    Regulation No. 15 was replaced by No. 83, which introduced the extra urban segment of the cycle, No. 84 as regards fuel consumption measurement, and No. 101 as regards CO2 emission and fuel consumption measurement. The above UN regulations, as well as the respective EU documents, provide detailed information on the driving cycle, i.e., the exact gear-shift strategy, guidelines for the measuring procedure, calibration of the test equipment, reference fuels as well as detailed description of all the applicable type-approval documents.

  3. 3.

    The Motor Vehicle Emissions Group—MVEG, has been an expert working group that played a central role in the development of the European automobile emission regulations.

  4. 4.

    For the type approval in the EU, the tests conducted are: Type I (tailpipe emissions after a cold start), Type II (CO emission at idling speed—gasoline, LPG and natural gas PI engines), Type III (emission of crankcase gases—PI engines only), Type IV (evaporative emissions—gasoline PI engines only), Type V (durability of anti-pollution control devices), Type VI (low temperature CO and HC tailpipe emissions after a cold start—gasoline PI engines only).

  5. 5.

    Reportedly, the European Commission preferred in the mid 2000s to put forward the Euro 5/6 legislation and develop a new procedure at a later stage, over the alternative scenario of adopting at that time a more realistic test cycle and put the Euro 5/6 stricter levels on hold (European Parliament’s Committee of Inquiry into Emission Measurements in the Automotive Sector-EMIS).

  6. 6.

    Accessible via http://www.acea.be/publications/article/access-to-euro-6-rde-monitoring-data.

  7. 7.

    MODeling of EMissions and fuel consumption in urban areas research project within the DRIVE initiative (Dedicated Road Infrastructure for Vehicle Safety in Europe), funded by the EC, DG XIII.

  8. 8.

    European development of HYbrid vehicle technology approaching efficient Zero Emission Mobility research project of BRITE/EURAM 2, EC-DG XII.

  9. 9.

    During work performed in the late 60s within the APRAC (Air Pollution Research Advisory Committee) project CAPE-10 of the Coordinating Research Council (CRC), it was found that vehicles in Los Angeles were used on average for 4.7 trips per day. From these, two were cold-started (one in the morning) and the rest hot-started. Hence, the cold weighting factor resulted as 2:4.7 = 0.43, and the hot one 2.7:4.7 = 0.53. These factors became part of the test procedure as of model year 1975 [2].

  10. 10.

    Results from a later (2004–2005) survey conducted by the EPA in Kansas City confirmed these findings. Based on instrumented vehicle studies in Kansas City and chase car in California, it was found that 28 % of driving (vehicle miles traveled) is at speeds greater than 60 mph. About 33 % of real-world driving was found outside of the FTP/HFET speed and acceleration activity region [49, 50].

  11. 11.

    32 % of the total time is spent with the vehicle at zero velocity and acceleration; for 41 % of the time during the NYCC, vehicle speed is lower than 1 km/h.

  12. 12.

    The extra-high segment was developed based on a combination of different sub-segments, defined as take-off, cruise and slow-down.

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  1. Department of Thermal Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Evangelos G. Giakoumis

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Giakoumis, E.G. (2017). Light-Duty Vehicles. In: Driving and Engine Cycles. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49034-2_2

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