Abstract
Energy storage is a critical component of any initiative to make electric power and mobility more sustainable. As more solar and wind power generation are added to the electric grid, a mismatch between the periods of peak generation and peak demand necessitate some way to store energy and buffer transient fluctuations in the grid. Similarly, to transition from petroleum-based energy for transportation requires renewable technologies for storing energy with high energy density. This chapter addresses energy storage for smart grid systems, with a particular focus on the design aspects of electrical energy storage in lithium ion batteries.
Grid-tied energy storage projects can take many different forms with a variety of requirements. Commercially available technologies such as flywheel energy storage, pumped hydro, ice-based thermal energy storage, and lead acid or lithium ion batteries are already in widespread use. The energy storage industry is rapidly developing, introducing newer technologies such as compressed air energy storage and flow batteries in pilot project demonstrations. The appropriate selection of a particular technology depends on the system requirements for the type of energy to be stored/used, discharge rate, capacity, lifetime, and cost. Lithium ion batteries are a prominent candidate for smart grid applications due to their high specific energy and power, long cycle life, and recent reductions in cost.
Lithium ion system design is truly interdisciplinary. At a cell level, the specific type of Li-ion chemistry affects the feasible capacity, power, and longevity. Electrical, thermal, and mechanical engineering is required to ensure the battery system meets performance requirements while not exceeding safe operating temperatures. During normal operation, battery heat generation can increase temperatures and accelerate degradation mechanisms that shorten the usable lifespan. If heated above a certain threshold or mechanically damaged, the battery can enter a thermal runaway reaction leading to severe fires and safety hazards. Since these two thermal issues are some of the most significant for Li-ion batteries, a considerable portion of this chapter discusses the various thermal management strategies for avoiding high temperatures and preventing the propagation of thermal runaway.
Lastly, this chapter provides a brief case study of a lithium ion battery to provide energy storage for a solar power farm, to buffer the grid when the farm goes on- or off-line. This example illustrates the many aspects involved in the cell selection, battery sizing, and thermal management.
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Al-Hallaj, S., Wilke, S., Schweitzer, B. (2017). Energy Storage Systems for Smart Grid Applications. In: Murad, S., Baydoun, E., Daghir, N. (eds) Water, Energy & Food Sustainability in the Middle East. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48920-9_8
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