Abstract
“Thinking” is a semiautobiographical narrative inquiry into doing research on ecological thought in “dragon times”; an inquiry into the types of figurations that might teach us to relate otherwise and the types of stories that might allow us to think otherwise. The author attempts, through this chapter, to push, drag, coax, trick, or pull ecological thought outside the boundaries of western metaphysics, outside the territories of systems theory, into the muddy and mucky world of everyday creatures, into the realm of a post-Newtonian, complex, embodied, creative, indeterminate, un/in/folding world. Exploring the various shifts in thinking that ecological thought requires outside the limits of the western metaphysics. This chapter is also a semiautobiographical narrative inquiry that documents the author’s own metamorphosis in thinking and learning, exploring how past personal experiences inform new understandings of teaching, learning, and research.
We are at stake to each other, I think, in more powerful and more humble ways.
Donna Haraway
Direct quote from a presentation Haraway gave on March 24, 2014 at the University of Alberta titled, “SF: String Figures, Multispecies Muddles, Staying with the Trouble.” Reprinted with permission by author, Donna Haraway.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Similar to Haraway (2004, 333): “I like layered meanings, and I like to write a sentence in such a way that, by the time you get to the end of it, it has at some level questioned itself.” Definitions of terms are palimpsestic, multimodal, multidisciplinary, historically situated, and often (mis)translated. My hope in this book is to search for polysemies, and hold together the multiple definitions of terms to create a deeper, richer, and more complex understanding(s). My goal is to create thick meanings, messy meanings, that drawing on multiple fields/planes/modes of thought; to create generative (re)interpretations and translations. The definitions scattered throughout the book are not intended to be conclusive static definitions; they are simply the current gathering of descriptions that shape my understanding.
- 2.
As quoted in Elizabeth St. Pierre’s (1997) essay “Methodology in the Fold and the Irruption of Transgressive Data.”
- 3.
Ibid.
- 4.
This paper was presented with Julia Ostertag at the 2012 American Educational Research Association (AERA) Conference held in Vancouver, BC on the traditional, ancestral, unceded territories of the Musqueam Peoples.
- 5.
As quoted in Haraway’s (2008) When Species Meet.
- 6.
According to Schrader (2010) because of the Pfiesteria’s complex life cycle no causational relationship has been scientifically identified between human-induced environmental change (due to an increase of agricultural run-off) and harmful algal blooms.
- 7.
Throughout this book I utilize the term “thick” drawing on Haraway’s interpretation, infliction, and influence in wanting to highlight (by using this term) that the in-between spaces, separations, dead zones, or seemly “empty” spaces really are not empty at all. They are filled with ideas/beings/concepts, material and immaterial, that simply cannot be seen/touched/comprehend/identified within our current frame or sensual abilities. Or they are occupied by beings/ideas/concepts that are not accepted or acknowledged by the dominant normalizing/colonizing social entities/states and thus these unvalued dead zones are erased, ignored, and given no value. They are ghostly. But all ghosts have a presence, an affect, a mattering. Haraway (1997a) also uses the word “thick” to draw the “material” back through into the discursive; she describes words “as thick, living, physical objects that do unexpected things.”
- 8.
The conflict between atomistic and holistic theories can also be seen in a number of other fields including animal behavior (Leahey 2003) and developmental biology (or embryology), a theory known as organicism (Haraway 1976). Organicism, or materialistic holism (Gilbert and Sarkar 2000, 1), is very similar to the theory of gestalt in that it holds that “complex wholes are inherently greater than the sum of their parts in the sense that the properties of each part are dependent upon the context of the part within the whole in which they operate.” However, organicism still focused on the identification of forms by focusing on/identifying “levels, hierarchies, and holist oppositions to fragmentation” (Haraway 1976, xix).
- 9.
In his book Wandering God, Morris Berman (2000, 200) describes Wittgenstein as a nomad, a wanderer, “a spokesman for a variable, nomadic truth,” pointing to Wittgenstein as creating some of the key philosophical ground work for the “emergence of nomadic consciousness” (ibid., 191), describing this shift (from vertical to horizontal and rhizomatic) in Wittgenstein’s work in which he “attacks the (vertical) search for essence as an example of a misguided scientific ‘craving for generality’” (ibid., 197). But he explains that many scholars misunderstood and misinterpreted Wittgenstein’s works, others “argued that Wittgenstein’s work was not philosophy but rather ‘schizophrenese,’ a kind of insane German poetry” (ibid., 200). Wittgenstein himself struggled between the striated and smooth spaces of philosophy, declaring that the “depths are on the surface” (ibid., 199). Berman (2000, 211) continued by stating that it “takes a certain shift of perception to recognize how extraordinary this [work] really is.” Berman also identifies a number of other twentieth-century thinkers who resonate with and utilize a nomadic consciousness including Virginia Woolf, an author that Braidotti (2002) draws heavily on.
- 10.
According to McManus et al. (2010, 167) the original drawing appeared in the “humorous German magazine Fliegende Blatter on October 23, 1892” without attribution. This image is a scan from the original document which is no longer under copyright law because it was originally published over 50 years ago.
- 11.
- 12.
Kuhn’s theory of scientific revolutions was greatly influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution (Kuhn himself described his work as developing an evolutionary view of science), including a rejection of a teleological explanation—or as Kuhn (1962, 172–173) explains, scientific knowledge “may have occurred, as we now suppose biological evolution did, without the benefit of a set goal, a permanent fixed scientific truth”—as well as the focus on the individual as the level at which evolution functions (which also influenced the concept of autopoiesis, thought through the sciences of the modern evolutionary synthesis). However, many feminist science studies scholars are attempting to (re)read Darwin in transverse, oblique, and/or sideways approaches. As Carla Hustak and Natasha Myers (2012, 77) explain, such researchers work “against the grain of neo-Darwinism” rejecting the deterministic readings of evolutionary theory based around competition, selfish genes, efficiency, and maximizing reproductive fitness. Instead they are focusing on co-evolution and “the creative, improvisational, and fleeting practices through which [species] involve themselves in one another’s lives” (ibid.).
- 13.
In 1962 (the same year Kuhn published his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions) Paul Feyerabend also used the notion of incommensurability (initially used by the Greeks in mathematic studies to describe irrational numbers) to describe the relationship between two competing scientific theories (Oberheim and Paul Hoyningen-Huene 2013).
- 14.
The term “transversal assemblages” refers to, as Braidotti (2012, 136) describes, how the “nonsemiotic codes (the DNA or all genetic material) intersect with complex assemblages of affects, embodied practices, and other performances that include but are not confined to the linguistic realm.” Originally coined by Deleuze and Guattari (1987), Braidotti uses the term to highlight the creative form(s) of evolution; differentiation as an internal practice of assemblage. Haraway (2014) explains this through Carla Hustak and Natasha Myers’s (2012) notion of involution (or involutionary momentum), exploring an affective ecology or the practices that bring beings/species together in “an affectively charged, multisensory partnership” in/through which becoming-withs “take shape in the thickness of the space between bodies, where affects and sensations are transduced through excitable tissues” (Hustak and Myers 2012, 78, emphasis in original).
- 15.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death, the tightly collectively regulated practice of cell suicide which regulates cell numbers and is the process of digitation, or the formation of fingers through the apoptosis of tissue cells between the digits (generative cuts as Barad [2007] would describe). Apoptosis is death for the sake of ongoing flourishing.
- 16.
Transduction is a multimodal/multidisciplined term used to describe the transformations that occur when things (DNA, energy, ideas, data, meanings) are passed/exchanged/transferred between different entities/modes/languages. The word stems from the Latin word trādūcĕre, which is to lead across, transport, or transfer (OED). In the biological realm transduction refers to how cells convert/interpret signals or stimulus in order to respond; in physics transduction refers to the conveyance of energy resulting in a change in class/form/quality of the energy (such as in photosynthesis); in genetics transduction is the transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to another by a virus. Gunther Kress (1997) in his book Before Writing: Rethinking the Paths to Literacy uses the term to explore the social semiotic aspects of multimodality (how meaning changes between modes of expression), and Adrian Mackenzie (2002) in his book Transductions: Bodies and Machines at Speed uses the term in a post-human interpretation in order to break down the organic/technical divide.
- 17.
I am attempting to engage with the multiple meanings/matterings/interpretations of the term “conjunction” in my specific reference. In a grammatical interpretation, conjunction is a discourse connective—a grammatical particle—that is used to connect words, phrases, sentences or ideas, coordinate shared meanings, and correlate understandings. In an astronomical sense conjunction is a visual phenomenon in which two bodies/objects/planets, although possibly light-years apart, appear to be close or on the same plane/field. Conjunction, from the Latin coniūnctiō or “to join,” was used in reference to the act of sexual intercourse, the joining of two bodies (OED). In the field of chemistry, conjunction refers to a system of connections or overlaps, multiple bonds allowing decentralization, resulting in a conjugate. Thus conjunction is both the joining practices (and perspectives) as well as the effects of such practices.
- 18.
As Celia Deane-Drummond (2014, 44) in her book The Wisdom of the Liminal: Evolution and Other Animals in Human Becoming explains, Haraway discusses four decenterings (or wounds) to human exceptionalism: first is the “decentering of the earth following the Copernican revolution,” second is the “Darwinian revolution that placed humanity in the midst of other creatures,” third is the “additional primacy to the unconscious in human psychology given by Freud,” and the fourth is the notion of the hybrid which “mixes up human and material reality.”
- 19.
As Haraway (2008) states we are creatures of the mud not creatures of the sky.
- 20.
Barad (2014, n.p.) describes matter as “not a thing but a doing, a congealing of agency; it is morphologically active, responsive, generative, articulate and alive.”
References
Badiou, Alain. 1994. “Gilles Deleuze. The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque.” In Gilles Deleuze and the Theater of Philosophy: Critical Essays, edited by Constantin V. Boundas and Dorothea Olkowski, 51–69. New York, NY: Routledge.
Barad, Karen M. 2003. “Posthuman Performativity: Toward an Understanding of How Matter Comes to Matter.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 28(3): 801–812. doi:10.1086/345321.
Barad, Karen M. 2007. Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Barad, Karen M. 2012a. “‘Matter Feels, Converses, Suffers, Desires, Yearns and Remembers’ Interview with Karen Barad.” In New Materialism: Interviews and Cartographies, edited by Rick Dolphijn and Iris Van Der Tuin, 48–71. Ann Arbor, MI: Open Humanitites Press.
Barad, Karen M. 2012b. “On Touching—The Inhuman That Therefore I Am.” Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 23(3): 206–223. doi:10.1215/10407391-1892943.
Barad, Karen M. 2014. “Re-Membering the Future, Re(con)figuring the Past: Temporality, Materiality, and Justice-to-Come.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cS7szDFwXyg: Womens Studies Duke.
Bell, Nanci. 1991. “Gestalt Imagery: A Critical Factor in Language Comprehension.” Annals of Dyslexia 41(1): 246–260. doi:10.1007/BF02648089.
Berman, Morris. 2000. Wandering God: A Study in Nomadic Spirituality. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Bhabha, Homi K. 1994. The Location of Culture. New York, NY; London: Routledge.
Braidotti, Rosi. 2002. Metamorphoses: Towards a Materialist Theory of Becoming. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Braidotti, Rosi. 2006. Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics. Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA: Polity Press.
Braidotti, Rosi. 2011. Nomadic Subjects: Embodiment and Sexual Difference in Contemporary Feminist Theory. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Braidotti, Rosi. 2012. Nomadic Theory: The Portable Rosi Braidotti. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Braidotti, Rosi. 2014. “Writing as a Nomadic Subject.” Comparative Critical Studies 11(2–3): 163–184. doi:10.3366/ccs.2014.0122.
Capra, Fritjof. 1996. The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems. 1st Anchor Books ed. New York, NY: Anchor Books.
Clifford, James. 1997. Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Deane-Drummond, Celia. 2014. The Wisdom of the Liminal: Evolution and Other Animals in Human Becoming. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
Deleuze, Gilles. 1993. The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. 1987. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Deleuze, Gilles, and Seán Hand. 1988. Foucault. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Dempster, Beth. 2007. “Boundarylessness: Introducing a Systems Heuristic for Conceptualizing Complexity.” In Nature’s Edge: Boundary Explorations in Ecological Theory and Practice, edited by Chrales S. Brown and Ted Toadvine, 93–110. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Diaz, Robert J., and Rutger Rosenberg. 2008. “Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems.” Science 321(5891): 926–929. doi:10.1126/science.1156401.
Diehm, Christian. 2003. “The Self of Stars and Stones: Ecofeminism, Deep Ecology and the Ecological Self.” The Trumpeter 19(3): 31–45.
Diehm, Christian. 2006. “Arne Naess and the Task of Gestalt Ontology.” Environmental Ethics 28(1): 21–35. doi:10.5840/enviroethics200628137.
Ellsworth, Elizabeth A. 2005. Places of Learning: Media, Architecture, Pedagogy. New York, NY: Routledge.
Fine, Michelle. 1998. “Working the Hyphens: Reinventing Self and Other in Qualitative Research.” In The Landscape of Qualitative Research: Theories and Issues, edited by Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, 70–82. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Forster, Malcolm. 1998. “Guide to Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.” Malcolm R. Forster: Articles Online, March 19. http://philosophy.wisc.edu/forster/220/kuhn.htm.
Gilbert, Scott F. 2002. “The Genome in Its Ecological Context: Philosophical Perspectives on Interspecies Epigenesis.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 981(1): 202–218. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04919.x.
Gilbert, Scott F., and Sahotra Sarkar. 2000. “Embracing Complexity: Organicism for the 21st Century.” Developmental Dynamics: An Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists 219(1): 1–9. doi:10.1002/1097-0177(2000)9999:9999<:: AID-DVDY1036>3.0.CO;2-A.
Gilles, Carol. 2006. “The Future of Whole Language.” International Journal of Progressive Education 2(2): 43–61.
Gordon, Jeffrey, Nancy Knowlton, David A. Relman, Forest Rohwer, and Merry Youle. 2013. “Superorganisms and Holobionts: Looking for a Term for the Functional Entity Formed by a Macrobe and its Associated Symbiotic Microbes and Viruses? The Term is ‘Holobiont’.” Microbe Magazine 8(4): 152–153.
Grosz, Elizabeth A. 2008. Chaos, Territory, Art: Deleuze and the Framing of the Earth. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Haraway, Donna J. 1976. Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields: Metaphors That Shape Embryos. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.
Haraway, Donna J. 1988. “Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective.” Feminist Studies 14(3): 575–599.
Haraway, Donna J. 1997a. “enlightenment@science_wars.com: A Personal Reflection on Love and War.” Social Text 15(1): 123–129. doi:10.2307/466820.
Haraway, Donna J. 1997b. Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.FemaleMan©_Meets_OncoMouse: Feminism and Technoscience. New York, NY; London: Routledge.
Haraway, Donna J. 2003. The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness. Chicago, IL: Prickly Paradigm.
Haraway, Donna J. 2004. The Haraway Reader. New York, NY: Routledge.
Haraway, Donna J. 2008. When Species Meet. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Haraway, Donna J. 2011. “SF: Science Fiction, Speculative Fabulation, String Figures, So Far.” Science Fiction Research Association, Lublin, Poland, July 7.
Haraway, Donna J. 2012. “Cosmopolitical critters: Companion species, SF, and staying with the trouble.” Institute of English Studies, University of London. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMIm0SeRRY4.
Haraway, Donna J. 2013. “Sowing Worlds: A Seed Bag for Terraforming with Earth Others.” In Beyond the Cyborg: Adventures with Donna Haraway, edited by Margret Grebowicz and Helen Merrick, 183–195. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Haraway, Donna J. 2014. “SF: String Figures, Multispecies Muddles, Staying with the Trouble.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1uTVnhIHS8.
Haraway, Donna J. 2016. Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene (Experimental Futures). Durham, NC: Duke University Press Books.
Harste, Jerome C. 1989. “The Future of Whole Language.” The Elementary School Journal 90(2): 242–249.
Hayles, Katherine N. 1995. “Making the Cut: The Interplay of Narrative and System, or What Systems Theory Can’t See.” Cultural Critique 30(30): 71–100. doi:10.2307/1354433.
Hufkens, Koen, Paul Scheunders, and Reinhart Ceulemans. 2009. “Ecotones in Vegetation Ecology: Methodologies and Definitions Revisited.” Ecological Research 24(5): 977–986. doi:10.1007/s11284-009-0584-7.
Hustak, Carla, and Natasha Myers. 2012. “Involutionary Momentum: Affective Ecologies and the Sciences of Plant/Insect Encounters.” Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 23(3): 74–118.
Irwin, Rita L., and Stephanie Springgay. 2008. “A/r/tography as Practice-Based Research.” In Being with A/r/tography, edited by Stephanie Springgay, Rita Irwin, Carl Leggo, and Peter Gouzouasis. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Jackson, Jeremy B. C. 2008. “Ecological Extinction and Evolution in the Brave New Ocean.” Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium of the National Academy of Sciences, Irvine, CA.
Kress, Gunther R. 1997. Before Writing: Rethinking the Paths to Literacy. New York, NY: Routledge.
Kuhn, Thomas S. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Lather, Patti. 2006. “Paradigm Proliferation as a Good Thing to Think With: Teaching Research in Education as a Wild Profusion.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 19(1): 35–57. doi:10.1080/09518390500450144.
Latour, Bruno. 1999. Pandora’s Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Latour, Bruno. 2003. “What If We Talked Politics a Little?” Contemporary Political Theory 2(2): 143–164. doi:10.1057/palgrave.cpt.9300092.
Leahey, Thomas. 2003. “Gestalt Psychology.” In The Cambridge History of Philosophy 1870–1945, edited by Thomas Baldwin, 649–657. New York, NY; Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Lesica, Peter, and Fred W. Allendorf. 1995. “When Are Peripheral Populations Valuable for Conservation?” Conservation Biology 9(4): 753–760. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09040753.x.
Lettvin, Jerome Y., Humberto R. Maturana, Warren S. McCulloch, and Walter H. Pitts. 1959. “What the Frog’s Eye Tells the Frog’s Brain.” Proceedings of the IRE 47(11): 1940–1951. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1959.287207.
Lewkowich, David. 2012. “Poaching in the Chords of Reading: Dwelling in the Murky Spaces of Literary Landwash.” In Reconsidering Canadian Curriculum Studies: Provoking Historical, Present, and Future Perspectives, edited by Nicholas Ng-A-Fook and Jennifer Rottmann, 207–217. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mackenzie, Adrian. 2002. Transductions: Bodies and Machines at Speed. New York, NY: Continuum.
Massumi, Brian. 2002. Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation, Post-Contemporary interventions. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Maturana, Humberto R., and Francisco J. Varela. 1980. Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Dordrecht, Holland; Boston, MA: D. Reidel Pub. Co.
McManus, I. C., Matthew Freegard, James Moore, and Richard Rawles. 2010. “Science in the Making: Right Hand, Left Hand. II: The Duck-Rabbit Figure.” Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition 15(1–2): 166–185. doi:10.1080/13576500802564266.
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. 1963. Structure of Behavior. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Miller, Jonathan, and Van Loon Borin. 1982. Darwin for Beginners. 1st American ed. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
Morin, Edgar. 2008. “On Complexity.” In Advances in Systems Theory, Complexity, and the Human Sciences. Translated by Robin Postel. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Næss, Arne. 1989. Ecology, Community, and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy. Translated by David Rothenberg. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Næss, Arne. 2004. “Here I Stand: An Interview with Arne Næss.” Environmental Philosophy, 1(2): 6–19. doi:10.5840/envirophil2004122.
Næss, Arne 2005. The Selected Works of Arne Næss. Edited by Harold Glasser and Alan R. Drengson. Vol. 1–10. Netherlands: Springer.
Nancy, Jean-Luc. 2000. Being Singular Plural. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Oberheim, Eric, and Paul Hoyningen-Huene. 2013. “The Incommensurability of Scientific Theories.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N Zalta. Stanford, CA: The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University.
OED Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://www.oed.com.
Ostertag, Julia, and Chessa A. Adsit-Morris. 2012. “Twisting, Turning, and Folding More-Than-Human Methodologies.” American Educational Research Association (AERA) Conference.
Oyama, Susan. 1985. The Ontogeny of Information: Developmental Systems and Evolution. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Plumwood, Val. 1993. Feminism and the Mastery of Nature, Feminism for Today. New York, NY: Routledge.
Pratt, Mary Louise. 1992. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. New York, NY: Routledge.
Rheinberger, Hans-Jorg. 1997. Towards a History of Epistemic Things: Synthesizing Proteins in the Test Tube. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Rogoff, Irit. 2000. Terra Infirma: Geography’s Visual Culture. New York, NY: Routledge.
Roy, Kaustuv. 2003. Teachers in Nomadic Spaces: Deleuze and Curriculum. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing.
Safriel, Uriel N., Sergei Volis, and Salit Kark. 1994. “Core and Peripheral Populations and Global Climate Change.” Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 42: 331–345.
Schrader, Astrid. 2008. “Dinos & Demons: The Politics of Temporality and Responsibility in Science.” Ph.D., University of California, Santa Cruz (3323959).
Schrader, Astrid. 2010. “Responding to Pfiesteria piscicida (the Fish Killer): Phantomatic Ontologies, Indeterminacy, and Responsibility in Toxic Microbiology.” Social Studies of Science 40(2): 275–306. doi:10.1177/0306312709344902.
Simondon, Gilbert. 1995. L’individu et sa genèse physico-biologique. Grenoble, France: Editions Jérôme Millon.
Smith, Tovia. 2012. “When Hyphen Boy Meets Hyphen Girl, Names Pile Up.” NPR, July 19, Around the Nation. http://www.npr.org/2012/07/19/156923573/when-hyphen-boy-meets-hyphen-girl-names-pile-up.
St. Pierre, Elizabeth. 1997. “Methodology in the Fold and the Irruption of Transgressive Data.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 10(2): 175–189. doi:10.1080/095183997237278.
Toadvine, Ted. 2009. Merleau-Ponty’s Philosophy of Nature, Northwestern University Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Weinberg, Gerald M. 1975. An Introduction to General Systems Thinking, Wiley Series on Systems Engineering and Analysis. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
Whatmore, Sarah. 1997. “Dissecting the Autonomous Self: Hybrid Cartographies for a Relational Ethics.” Environmental Planning D: Society and Space 15(1): 37–53. doi:10.1068/d150037.
Whatmore, Sarah. 2002. Hybrid Geographies: Natures, Cultures, Spaces. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication Ltd.
Whatmore, Sarah. 2006. “Materialist Returns: Practicing Cultural Geography in and for a More-Than-Human World.” Cultural Geographies 13(4): 600–609. doi:10.1191/1474474006cgj377oa.
Zilber-Rosenberg, Ilana, and Eugene Rosenberg. 2008. “Role of Microorganisms in the Evolution of Animal and Plants: The Hologenome Theory of Evolution.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews 32(5): 723–735. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00123.x.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Adsit-Morris, C. (2017). Thinking: A Narrative Inquiry into Possible Figurations and Multiple Modes of Ecological Thought. In: Restorying Environmental Education. Curriculum Studies Worldwide. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48796-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48796-0_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48795-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-48796-0
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)