Abstract
Lithium-ion Batteries (LiBs) are today used in significant quantities in the automotive industry. As these batteries are expected to last the lifetime of the vehicle, they will not be ending their useful lives in large numbers for another 10-15 years. An opportunity does therefore exist to prepare for some of the roadblocks that might arise during the development of technologies for environmentally sound recycling of LiBs. In view of this, there is a need for reliable thermodynamic and kinetic data so that a secondary product of high enough metal value, as well as quality, can be produced making it possible to find a market for its purpose.
In the present study the equilibrium conditions for obtaining the best conditions possible for recovering the metal content through the aluminum recycling process were studied. All thermodynamic calculations were performed using the FactSage™ software, and the chosen chemical compositions represent the two main families of LiBs, i.e. LiNiCOAlO2 and LiFePO4. The possible production of PH3 and P4 (white phosphor) during the recycling process is also briefly discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
H. Wang, D. Friedmann, M. Vest, and B. Friedrich, “Innovative recycling of Li-based electric vehicle batteries,” presented at the 7th European Metallurgical Conference, 2013.
E. Gratz, Q. Sa, D. Apelian, and Y. Wang, “A closed loop process for recycling spent lithium ion batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 262, pp. 255–262, 2014.
L. Li, L. Zhai, X. Zhang, J. Lu, R. Chen, F. Wu, and K. Amine, “Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithiumion batteries by ultrasonic-assisted leaching process,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 262, pp. 380–385, 2014.
X. Zeng, J. Li, and L. Liu, “Solving spent lithiumion battery problems in China: Opportunities and challenges,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 52, pp. 1759–1767, 2015.
T. Georgi-Maschler, B. Friedrich, R. Weyhe, H. Heegn, and M. Rutz, “Development of a recycling process for Li-ion batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 207, pp. 173–182, 2012.
X. Zhang, Y. Xie, X. Lin, H. Li, and H. Cao, “An overview on the processes and technologies for recycling cathodic active materials from spent lithium-ion batteries,” Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, vol. 15, pp. 420–430, 2013.
X. Zeng, J. Li, and N. Singh, “Recycling of spent lithium-ion battery: A critical review,” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 44, pp. 1129–1165, 2013.
J. B. Dunn, L. Gaines, M. Barnes, J. Sullivan, and M. Wang, “Material and energy flows in the materials production, assembly, and end of life stages of the automotive lithium ion battery life cycle,” 2012.
J. Tytgat, “EV battery recycling: resource recovery,” presented at the Plug-in 2011, Raleigh, NC, US, 2011.
S. Al-Thyabat, T. Nakamura, E. Shibata, and A. Iizuka, “Adaptation of minerals processing operations for lithium-ion (LiBs) and nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries recycling: Critical review,” Minerals Engineering, vol. 45, pp. 4–17, 2013.
K. Verscheure, M. Campforts, and C. M. Van, “Process for the valorization of metals from hev or ev batteries,” ed: Google Patents, 2011.
L. Gaines, J. Sullivan, A. Burnham, and I. Belharouak, “Life-cycle analysis for lithiumion battery production and recycling,” in Transportation Research Board 90th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, 2011, pp. 23–27.
L. Gaines, “The future of automotive lithium-ion battery recycling: Charting a sustainable course,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies, vol. 1–2, pp. 2–7, 2014.
S. Brouwer, J. Heulens, and H. D. Van, “Process for recycling li-ion batteries,” ed: Google Patents, 2015.
R. Beheshti, J. Moosberg-Bustnes, S. Akhtar, and R. E. Aune, “Black Dross: Processing Salt Removal from Black Dross by Thermal Treatment,” JOM, vol. 66, pp. 2243–2252, 2014.
W.J. Bruckard and J.T. Woodcock, “Characterisation and treatment of australian salt cakes by aqueous leaching,” Minerals engineering vol. 20, pp. 1376–1390, 2007.
M. Davies, P. Smith, W.J. Bruckard, and J.T. Woodcock, “Treatment of salt cakes by aqueous leaching and bayer-type digestion,” Minerals Engineering, vol. 21, pp. 605–612, 2008.
N. Akhtar, W. Akhtar, and S. J. Wu, “Melting and casting of lithium containing aluminium alloys,” International Journal of Cast Metals Research, vol. 28, pp. 1–8, 2015.
M. Zinkevich, T. Velikanova, M. Turchanin, and Z. Du. (2006, 01–10-2015). Partial isothermal section at 615°C. Available: http://materials.springer.com/msi/phase-diagram/docs/sm_msi_r_10_015854_02_full_LnkDia8
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Beheshti, R., Aune, R.E. (2016). Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: A Theoretical Evaluation. In: Kirchain, R.E., et al. REWAS 2016. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48768-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48768-7_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48618-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-48768-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)