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Human Retrotransposons in Health and Disease pp 29–61Cite as

L1 Regulation in Mouse and Human Germ Cells

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Abstract

One of the most illuminating discoveries emerging from genome sequencing is the abundance of transposable elements in mammalian genomes. The single largest group by mass in the human and mouse genomes is the long interspersed element type 1 (LINE-1, or L1). Among different groups of transposable elements, L1s are unique in that not only do they possess all of the machinery necessary to mobilize themselves, but they are also still actively replicating in the human genome. In order to survive, L1s must pass new insertions to future generations through the germline. Meanwhile, germ cells have evolved elaborate mechanisms to suppress excessive L1 activities. In the past decade, following the initial discovery of mammalian Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in 2006, remarkable progress has been made in our understanding of L1 regulation during germ cell development. This review will focus on retrotransposons, especially L1s, and how they are regulated in the mouse and human germlines. We will summarize recent insights into transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms, including fetal and pachytene piRNAs, DNA methylation, and histone modifications, and provide a synopsis of the interplay between L1s and the host during germ cell development.

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Acknowledgments

Research in our laboratory is supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R21OD017965, R21HD080143, and P50GM107632. SN was supported, in part, by NIH award T32GM008336. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

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  1. School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA

    Simon J. Newkirk

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA

    Simon J. Newkirk & Wenfeng An

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  1. Simon J. Newkirk
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  2. Wenfeng An
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Correspondence to Wenfeng An .

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  1. Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Université Côte d’Azur (UCA), Nice, France

    Gael Cristofari

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Newkirk, S.J., An, W. (2017). L1 Regulation in Mouse and Human Germ Cells. In: Cristofari, G. (eds) Human Retrotransposons in Health and Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48344-3_2

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