Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of Surface Tension for the NaNO3-KNO3-Ca(NO3)2 System and its Sub-System

  • Chapter
Energy Technology 2015

  • 1006 Accesses

Abstract

Molten Nitrates salts have been used as thermal energy storage media for solar energy applications. Solar salt NaNO3-KNO3-Ca(NO3)2 (trade name HitecXL) is one of the most popular thermal energy storage medium. And the surface tension of nitrate salts is very useful for optimizing of the energy storage process. On the basis of Butler’s equation, the thermodynamic model for determining the surface tension of molten ionic mixtures was extended to NaNO3-KNO3-Ca(NO3)2 system and its sub-system. The composition dependence of the surface tension in binary and ternary systems with different temperature were evaluated with the present model using information based on the surface tension and molar volume of the pure nitrates components, and on the anionic and cationic radii. Compared with the calculated values of surface tension as well as the data available in the literature, the results showed that the present model is working well.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Reference

  1. M. Thirugnanasambandam, S. Iniyan and R. Goic, “A review of solar thermal technologies” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(2010), 312–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. J.C. Gomez, N. Calvet, A.K. Starace and G.C. Glatzmaier, “Ca(NO3)2-NaNO3-KNO3 molten salt mixtures for direct thermal energy storage systems in parabolic trough plants” Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 135(2013), 021016-1-8.

    Google Scholar 

  3. A.W.C. Menzies and N.N. Dutt, “The liquidus surface of the ternary system composed of the nitrates of Potassium, Sodium, and Calcium” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 33(1911). 1366–1375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. P. I. Protsenko and A.G. Bergman, “Binary system KNO3-Ca(NO3)2” Zh. Obshch. Khim., 20(1950), 1365–1375.

    Google Scholar 

  5. P. I. Protsenko and A.G. Bergman, “Binary system Ca(NO3)2-NaNO3” Russ. J. Gen. Chem. (English Transl.), 20(1950), 1421–1431.

    Google Scholar 

  6. G.J. Janz, U. Krebs, H.F. Siegenthaler and R.P.T. Tomkins, “Molten salts: volume 3, Nitrates, Nitrites, and mixtures electrical conductance, density, viscosity and surface tension data” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1(1972), 581–746.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. T. Tanaka, T. Kitamura and I.A. Back, “Evaluation of surface tension of molten ionic mixtures” ISIJ Int., 46 (2006), 400–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. J.A.V. Butler, “The thermodynamics of the surfaces of solutions”, Proc. R. Soc. A, 135(1932), 348–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. R. Speiser, D.R. Poirier and K. Yeum, “Surface tension of binary liquid alloys”, Scr. Metall., 21 (1987), 687–692.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. R.D. Shannon, “Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides”, Acta Crystallogr. A., A32 (1976), 751–767.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. G.J. Janz, Molten Salt Handbook, (New York: Academic Press, 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  12. W.R. Bradshaw, “Effect of composition on the density of multi-component molten nitrate salts”, (Report SAND2009–8221, Sandia National Laboratories, 2009).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  13. T. Bauer, D. Laing and R. Tamme, “Characterization of sodium nitrate as phase change material”, Int J Thermophys, 33(2011), 91–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. E.M. Levin, H.F. McMurdie and F.P. Hall, Phase Diagrams for Ceramists (Columbus: The American Ceramic Society, 1956).

    Google Scholar 

  15. C.Y. Zhao and Z.G. Wu “Thermal property characterization of a low melting-temperature ternary nitrate salt mixture for thermal energy storage systems”, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 95 (2011), 3341–3346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shagang School of Iron and Steel, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, P. R. China

    Jifang Xu, Jingjing Zhao & Kang Wan

  2. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Metallurgy & Material Processing, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China

    Jixu Wang

  3. Material Department, Vocational, Industry Institute of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050091, P. R. China

    Jianchao Li

Authors
  1. Jifang Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jingjing Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jixu Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jianchao Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kang Wan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeastern University, USA

    Cong Wang (professor) (professor)

  2. Group Lead in the Advanced Process & Decision Systems, Department at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Idaho, USA

    Donna P. Guillen (Distinguished) (Distinguished)

  3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, USA

    Li Li (Senior Research Associate) (Senior Research Associate)

  4. TMS Extraction and Processing, USA

    Cynthia K. Belt (Vice-Chair) (Vice-Chair)

  5. MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub, USA

    Randolph Kirchain (co-director) (co-director)

  6. Argonne National Laboratory, Iowa State University, USA

    Jeffrey S. Spangenberger (senior engineering specialist) (senior engineering specialist)

  7. College of Engineering at Lamar, University in Beaumont, Texas, USA

    Andrew Jewel Gomes (Associate Professor) (Associate Professor)

  8. Rolls Royce LG Fuel Cell Systems, Inc., Ohio, USA

    Amit Pandey (working as a development lead in reliability) (working as a development lead in reliability)

  9. University of California Berkeley in the department of Nuclear Engineering, USA

    Peter Hosemann (Associate Professor) (Associate Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Xu, J., Zhao, J., Wang, J., Li, J., Wan, K. (2015). Evaluation of Surface Tension for the NaNO3-KNO3-Ca(NO3)2 System and its Sub-System. In: Jha, A., et al. Energy Technology 2015. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48220-0_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation