Abstract
In contemporary architectural design and conservation, digital media has increasingly been used to generate, visualize and manage new and existing architecture. Digital 3D architectural models play different roles in the design process, project management and the relationship with the client. The flourishing 3D industry has given rise to various 3D documentation and modeling software and techniques, resulting in numerous types and formats. Starting from the analysis of the state of the art and the international recommendations such as the London Charter (2006), Seville Charter (2010) and Venice Charter (1964), this contribution presents emerging issues and challenges in sensor-based 3D documentation, such as the relationship with end users, visualization platforms and interpretation of digital 3D models. Two different practical applications, a designated heritage private building in Guadalajara, Mexico and a religious educational institution in Ottawa, Canada, are presented to illustrate various digital techniques for 3D documentation, such as Electronic Distance Meter (EDM), photogrammetry, 3D laser scanning and building information modeling (BIM). In the first case, the clients were architects and professionals in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) and conservation sector. Therefore, an information-oriented approach was taken. In the second case, the client was not AEC related. Hence, a visually oriented approach was chosen for straightforward information interpretation and dissemination tailored to the client’s needs. We conclude with some recommendations, tackling several issues including the need for standards and common methodologies in 3D documentation, to improve strategies of knowledge management, education and engagement through 3D modeling.
While the three authors contributed equally to the paper, Davide Mezzino wrote the introduction and sections 1, 2.1 and 2.2; Clohe Weiyi Pei wrote sections 1.1, 2, and 2.2; and Mario E. Santana-Quintero wrote sections 3 and 4.
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Notes
- 1.
“I have often conceived of projects in the mind that seemed quite commendable at the time; but when I translated them into drawings, I found several errors in the very parts that delighted them into drawings, I found several errors in the very parts that delighted me most […] finally, when I pass from the drawings to the model, I sometimes notice further mistakes in the individual parts, even over the numbers” [2].
- 2.
On virtual reconstructions, see [1].
- 3.
Such as total station survey, GPS, etc.
- 4.
Ibidem.
- 5.
Using the software Agisoft Photoscan it was possible to process all the photos generating a point cloud model (c.f. Fig. 2). In the same software orthophotos were generated. These were then imported into AutoCAD 2014 as raster images and then traced producing 2D drawings that later became the reference of geometrical 3D models.
- 6.
The scan registration has been developed into two steps. The first one included a manual automatic raw alignment using the targets surveyed with the Total Station. The last step consisted of a global alignment based on iterative closest points.
- 7.
Three-dimensional geometric models can also be used to generate high-quality still or animated scenes. Movies are often successfully used to present what would otherwise be large quantities of data requiring specialist viewing software and hardware. This does serve a useful purpose in presenting an object or structure to a non-specialist group. Source: [14].
- 8.
In this step the software used was Agisoft Photoscan.
- 9.
In this step the software used was AutoCAD 2014.
- 10.
In this step the software used was Autodesk Revit 2014.
- 11.
The outputs included 2D metric line drawings. These were obtained generating orthophotos from the point cloud using the software Agisoft Photoscan. The orthophotos were then imported into AutoCAD 2014 where they were traced.
- 12.
According to Principle 4.6 of the London Charter “Documentation of the evaluative, analytical, deductive, interpretative and creative decisions made in the course of computer-based visualization should be disseminated in such a way that the relationship between research sources, implicit knowledge, explicit reasoning, and visualization-based outcomes can be understood” [19].
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Mezzino, D., Pei, C.W., Santana-Quintero, M.E. (2016). Interpretation of Sensor-Based 3D Documentation. In: Münster, S., Pfarr-Harfst, M., Kuroczyński, P., Ioannides, M. (eds) 3D Research Challenges in Cultural Heritage II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10025. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47647-6_6
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