Skip to main content

Theories of Migrancy and Media

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Internet and Formations of Iranian American-ness
  • 370 Accesses

Abstract

Building on the central questions posed in the Introduction, this chapter presents a discussion of the theories of migration and media that are essential to developing an understanding of contemporary Iranian American identity formation that goes beyond the concept of exile. It makes a case for using a transnational theoretical frame for studying the identity formation processes that implicate the Iranian American second generation within border-crossing social contexts and local interconnections, rather than using the nation as a unit of analysis. The chapter also points out the lack in migration studies—and second-generation studies more specifically—when it comes to understanding the role of emergent media technologies in the formation of diasporic identifications. In addressing this lack, it outlines what media anthropological approaches offer for understanding digitally mediated identity formation processes, thus presenting the theoretical and methodological rationale that underpins the ethnographic analysis presented in the chapters that follow.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Ahmed, S., Castaneda, C., Fortier, A.-M., & Sheller, M. (2003). Uprootings/regroundings: Questions of home and migration. Oxford: New York. Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alba, R. D. (1985). The twilight of ethnicity among Americans of European ancestry: The case of Italians. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 8, 134–158. doi:10.1080/01419870.1985.9993478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alba, R. D., & Nee, V. (2005). Remaking the American mainstream: Assimilation and contemporary immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexanian, J. (2008). Poetry and polemics: Iranian literary expression in the digital age. MELUS, 33, 129–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alinejad, D. (2013). Locating home in a “Digital age”: An ethnographic case study of second-generation Iranian Americans in LA and their use of internet media. Iranian Studies, 46, 95–113. doi:10.1080/00210862.2012.743309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso, A., & Oiarzabal, P. J. (2010). Diasporas in the new media age: Identity, politics, and community. Reno: University of Nevada Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined communities. London and New York: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthias, F. (2002). Where do I belong? Narrating collective identity and translocational positionality. Ethnicities, 2, 491–514. doi:10.1177/14687968020020040301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anthias, F. (2009). Translocational belonging, identity and generation: Questions and problems in migration and ethnic studies. Finnish Journal of Ethnicity and Migration, 4, 6–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakardjieva, M. (2005). Internet society: The internet in everyday life. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakardjieva, M. (2011). Contributions of diverse approaches. In M. Consalvo & C. Ess (Eds.), The Handbook of Internet Studies. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basch, L. G., Schiller, N. G., & Blanc, C. S. (1994). Nations unbound: Transnational projects, postcolonial predicaments, and deterritorialized nation-states. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauböck, R., & Faist, T. (2010). Diaspora and transnationalism: Concepts, theories and methods. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=WWBuLV9L8WoC&pgis=1.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, Z. (2013). Liquid modernity. Cambridge: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, E. (2013). From fan practice to mediated moments: The value of practice theory in the understanding of media audiences. In B. Bräuchler & J. Postill (Eds.), Theorising media and practice (p. 352). New York: Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boczkowski, P. (1999). Mutual shaping of users and technologies in a national virtual community. The Journal of Communication, 49, 86–108. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02795.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boellstorff, T. (2008). Coming of age in second life: An anthropologist explores the virtually human. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boellstorff, T. (2012). Rethinking digital anthropology. In H. Horst & D. Miller (Eds.), Digital anthropology. New York and London: Berg Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brah, A. (1996). Cartography of diaspora: Contesting identities. London: Routledge. http://books.google.com/books?id=bxKJUhHhLT0C&pgis=1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bräuchler, B., & Postill, J. (2010). Theorising media and practice. New York: Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinkerhoff, J. M. (2009). Digital diasporas: Identity and transnational engagement (1st ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Buckingham, D. (2006). Children and new media. In L. A. Lievrouw & S. Livingstone (Eds.), Handbook of new media (Student ed., p. 475). London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. (2000). The rise of the network society: The information age: Economy, society and culture. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, J. (1992). Traveling cultures. In L. Grossberg, C. Nelson, & P. Treichler (Eds.), Cultural studies. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, J. (1994). Diasporas. Cultural Anthropology, 9, 302–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R. (1997). Global diasporas: An introduction. London: University of Washington Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, E. G. (2010). Ethnographic approaches to digital media. Annual Review of Anthropology, 39, 487–505. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104945.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cormode, G., & Krishnamurthy, B. (2008). Key differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0. First Monday, 13(6).

    Google Scholar 

  • Couldry, N. (2008). Mediatization or mediation? Alternative understandings of the emergent space of digital storytelling. New Media and Society, 10, 373–391. doi:10.1177/1461444808089414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Couldry, N. (2010). Media ethics: Towards a framework for media producers and media consumers. In S. J. A. Ward & H. Wasserman (Eds.), Media ethics beyond borders: A global perspective (p. 182). New York: Routledge

    Google Scholar 

  • Crul, M., & Vermeulen, H. (2006). The second generation in Europe. International Migration Review, 37, 965–986. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00166.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dayan, D. (2002). Particularistic media and diasporic communications. In J. Curran & T. Liebes (Eds.), Media, ritual and identity (p. 280). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeNicola, L. (2012). Geomedia: The reassertion of space within digital culture. In D. Miller & H. Horst (Ed.), Digital Anthropology. London and New York: Berg Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diminescu, D. (2008). The connected migrant: An epistemological manifesto. Social Science Information, 47, 565–579. doi:10.1177/0539018408096447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Everett, A. (2009). Digital diaspora. A race for cyberspace. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faist, T., Fauser, M., & Reisenauer, E. (2013). Transnational migration. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Featherstone, M., & Burrows, R. (1995). Cyberspace/Cyberbodies/Cyberpunk: Cultures of technological embodiment. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gans, H. J. (1979). Symbolic ethnicity: The future of ethnic groups and cultures in America. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2, 1–20. doi:10.1080/01419870.1979.9993248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gans, H. J. (1992). Comment: Ethnic invention and acculturation, a bumpy-line approach. Journal of American Ethnic History, 12, 42–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, M. (2000). Transnational communications and diaspora communities. In S. Cottle (Ed.), Ethnic minorities & the media: Changing cultural boundaries. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilroy, P. (1993). The black atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsburg, F. (2008). Rethinking the digital age. In D. Hesmondhalgh & J. Toynbee (Eds.), The media and social theory (p. 312). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glick Schiller, N., & Caglar, A. (2013). Locating migrant pathways of economic emplacement: Thinking beyond the ethnic lens. Ethnicities, 13(4), 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glick Schiller, N., & Fouron, G. E. (2001). Georges woke up laughing: Long-distance nationalism and the search for home. American Encounters/Global Interactions. Durham, NC: Duke University Press Books. http://www.amazon.com/Georges-Woke-Laughing-Long-Distance-Interactions/dp/0822327910

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, M., & Khosravi, S. (2002). Reordering public and private in iranian cyberspace: Identity, politics, and mobilization. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 9, 219–246. doi:10.1080/10702890212204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, A., & Ferguson, J. (1992). Beyond “Culture”: Space, identity, and the politics of difference. Cultural Anthropology, 7, 6–23. doi:10.1525/can.1992.7.1.02a00020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, A., & Ferguson, J. (1997). Culture, power, place: Explorations in critical anthropology. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Haddon, L. (2004). Information and communication technologies in everyday life: A concise introduction and research guide. Oxford, England: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S. (2003). Cultural identity and diaspora. In J. E. Braziel & A. Mannur (Eds.), Theorizing diaspora: A reader. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepp, A., Bozdag, C., & Suna, L. (2012). Diasporic media as the ‘docus’ of communicative networking among migrants. In I. Rigoni & E. Saitta (Eds.), Mediating cultural diversity in a globalized public sphere. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepp, A., & Krotz, F. (2014). Introduction. In Mediatized worlds: Culture and society in a media age (p. 356). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hine, C. (2000). Virtual ethnography. London: Sage Publications.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hine, C. (2008). Virtual ethnography: Modes, varieties, affordances. In N. G. Fielding, R. M. Lee, & G. Blank (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of online research methods (p. 592). London: SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hjavard, S. (2013). The mediatization of culture and society. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobart, M. (2010). What do we mean by “Media Practices”? In B. Brauchler & J. Postill (Eds.), Theorizing media and practice. Oxford: Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horst, H. A. (2006). The blessings and burdens of communication: Cell phones in Jamaican transnational social fields. Global Networks, 6, 143–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horst, H., & Miller, D. (2006). The cell phone: An anthropology of communication. Oxford: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horst, H. A., Miller, D. (Eds.). (2012). Digital anthropology (English ed.). London and New York: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchby, I. (2001). Technologies, texts and affordances. Sociology, 35, 441–456. doi:10.1177/S0038038501000219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasinitz, P. (2004). Race, assimilation, and “Second Generations,” past and present. In N. Foner., G. M. Fredrickson (Eds.), Not just black and white: Historical and contemporary perspectives on immigration, race, and ethnicity in the United States (p. 390). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasinitz, P., Mollenkopf, J. H., & Waters, M. C. (2006). Worlds of the second generation. In Becoming New Yorkers: Ethnographies of the new second generation (pp. 1–19). New York: Russel Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khagram, S., & Levitt, P. (2007). The transnational studies reader: Intersections and innovations. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. (1994). Spaces of dispersal. Cultural Anthropology, 9, 339–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraidy, M. (2007). Hybridity, OR the cultural logic of globalization. New Delhi, India: Pearson Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krotz, F., & Hepp, A. (2011). A concretization of mediatization: How “mediatization works” and why mediatized worlds are a helpful concept for empirical mediatization research. Empedocles: European Journal for the Philosophy of Communication, 3, 137–152. doi:10.1386/ejpc.3.2.137_1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lam, W. S. E. (2006). Culture and learning in the context of globalization: Research directions. Review of Research in Education, 30, 213–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landzelius, K. (2004). Native on the net: Indigenous and diasporic peoples in the virtual age. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leurs, K. (2016). Digital passages: Migrant Youth 2.0: Diaspora, gender and youth cultural intersections. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, P. (2009). Roots and routes: Understanding the lives of the second generation transnationally. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35, 1225–1242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, P., & Glick Schiller, N. (2004). Conceptualizing simultaneity: A transnational social fields perspective on society. International Migration Review, 38, 595–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, P., & Jaworsky, B. N. (2007). Transnational migration studies: Past developments and future trends. Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 129–156. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131816.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, P., & Schiller, N. G. (2006). Conceptualizing simultaneity: A transnational social field perspective on society. International Migration Review, 38, 1002–1039. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00227.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, P., & Waters, M. (2002). Introduction in the changing face of home: The transnational lives of the second generation. New York: Russel Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, P., & Waters, M. (2006). The changing face of home: The transnational lives of the second generation. In P. Levitt & M. Waters (Eds.), The changing face of home: The transnational lives of the second generation (p. 367). New York: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lievrouw, L. A. (2009). New media, mediation, and communication study. Information, Communication and Society, 12, 303–325. doi:10.1080/13691180802660651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lievrouw, L., & Livingstone, S. (2006). Handbook of new media (Student ed.). London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lister, M., Dovey, J., Giddings, S., et al. (2003). New media: A critical introduction. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, S. (2006). The changing nature of audiences. In A. N. Valdivia (Ed.), A companion to media studies. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madianou, M., & Miller, D. (2012). Migration and new media: Transnational families and polymedia. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malkki, L. H. (1995). Purity and exile: Violence, memory, and national cosmology among Hutu refugees in Tanzania. Chicago, MA: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mannheim, K. (1952). The problem of generations. In Essays on the sociology of knowledge (Vol. 1, p. 327) by Karl Mannheim. London: Routledge & K. Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massey, D. B. (1994). Space, place, and gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazzarella, W. (2004). Culture, globalization, mediation. Annual Review of Anthropology, 33, 345–367. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143809.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAuliffe, C. (2007a). A home far away? Religious identity and transnational relations in the Iranian diaspora. Global Networks, 7(3), 307–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAuliffe, C. (2007b). Visible minorities: Constructing and deconstructing the Muslim Iranian diaspora. In C. Aitchison, P. Hopkins, & M.-P. Kwan (Eds.), Geographies of Muslim identities: Diaspora, gender and belonging. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited. http://books.google.com/books?hl=nl&lr=&id=llQg9SDnMy4C&pgis=1

    Google Scholar 

  • McVeigh-Schultz, J., & Baym, N. K. (2015). Thinking of you: Vernacular affordance in the context of the microsocial relationship app, couple. Social Media+ Society, 1, 2056305115604649. doi:10.1177/2056305115604649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, B. (2009). Aesthetic formations: Media, religion, and the senses. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, B. (2013). Material mediations and religious practices of world-making. In K. Lundby (Ed.), Religion across media: From early antiquity to late modernity. New York: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D. (2011). Tales from Facebook. Cambridge, UK: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D., & Slater, D. (2000). The Internet: An ethnographic approach. Oxford: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nibbs, F. G. (2016). “Too white and didn’t belong”: The intra-ethnic consequences of second-generation digital diaspora. In F. G. Nibbs & C. B. Brettell (Eds.), Identity and the second generation: How children of immigrants find their space. Nashville and Tennessee, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nibbs, F. G., & Brettell, C. B. (Eds.). (2016). Identity and the second generation: How children of immigrants find their space. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oiarzabal, P. J., & Reips, U.-D. (2012). Migration and diaspora in the age of information and communication technologies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38, 1333–1338. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2012.698202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ong, A., & Nonini, D. (1996). Ungrounded empires: The cultural politics of modern Chinese transnationalism. New York: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panagakos, A. (2003). Downloading new identities: Ethnicity, technology, and media in the global Greek village. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 10, 201–219. doi:10.1080/10702890304326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panagakos, A. N., & Horst, H. A. (2006). Return to Cyberia: Technology and the social worlds of transnational migrants. Global Networks, 6, 109–124. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0374.2006.00136.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plaza, D. (2010). Maintaining transnational identity: A content analysis of web pages constructed by second-generation Caribbeans. In P. J. Oiarzabal (Ed.), Diasporas in the new media age: Identity, politics, and community. Reno: University of Nevada Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portes, A. (1997). Immigration theory for a new century: Some problems and opportunities. International Migration Review, 31, 799–825.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2001). Legacies: The story of the immigrant second generation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portes, A., & Zhou, M. (1993). The new second generation: Segmented assimilation and its variants. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 530, 74–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Portes, A., Guarnizo, L. E., & Landolt, P. (1999). The study of transnationalism: Pitfalls and promises of an emergent social field. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 217–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Postill, J. (2010). Introduction. In J. Postill & B. Bräuchler (Eds.), Theorising media and practice (p. 351). New York: Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purkayastha, B. (2005). Negotiating ethnicity: Second-Generation south asians traverse a transnational world. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rheingold, H. (1993). A slice of my life in my virtual community. In L. M. Harasim (Ed.), Global networks: Computers and international communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouse, R. (1991). Mexican migration and the social space of postmodernism. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 1, 8–23. doi:10.1353/dsp.1991.0011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sassen, S. (1999). Globalization and its discontents: Essays on the new mobility of people and money. New York: New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selwyn, N. (2009). The digital native—myth and reality. ASLIB Proceedings, 61, 364–379. doi:10.1108/00012530910973776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silverstone, R. (2005). The sociology of mediation and communication. In C. Calhoun, C. Rojek, & B. Turner (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of sociology. London: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverstone, R., & Haddon, L. (1996). Design and the domestication of information and communication technologies: Technical change and everyday life. In R. Mansell & R. Silverstone (Eds.), Communication by design. The politics of information and communication technologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skrbiš, Z., Baldassar, L., & Poynting, S. (2007). Introduction—Negotiating belonging: Migration and generations. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 28, 261–269. doi:10.1080/07256860701429691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slater, D. (1998). Trading sexpics on IRC: Embodiment and authenticity on the internet. Body and Society, 4, 91–117. doi:10.1177/1357034X98004004005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slater, D. (2002). Making things real: Ethics and order on the internet. Theory, Culture and Society, 19, 227–245. doi:10.1177/026327640201900513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. P., & Guarnizo, L. (1998). Transnationalism from below. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sreberny, A. (2000). Media and diasporic consciousness: An exploration among Iranians in London. In S. Cottle (Ed.), Ethnic minorities and the media: Changing cultural boundaries (p. 251). London: McGraw-Hill International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, M., & Crul, M. (2007). The second generation in Europe and the United States: How is the transatlantic debate relevant for further research on the European second generation? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33, 1025–1041. doi:10.1080/13691830701541556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tölölyan, K. (1996). Rethinking diaspora(s): Stateless power in the transnational moment. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 5, 3–36. doi:10.1353/dsp.1996.0000.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vertovec, S. (2001). Transnationalism and identity. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27, 573–582. doi:10.1080/13691830120090386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vertovec, S. (2006). Migration and other modes of transnationalism: Towards conceptual cross-fertilization. International Migration Review, 37, 641–665. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00153.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waldinger, R., & Perlmann, J. (1998). Second generations: Past, present, future. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 24, 5–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, M. C., Tran, V. C., Kasinitz, P., & Mollenkopf, J. H. (2010). Segmented assimilation revisited: Types of acculturation and socioeconomic mobility in young adulthood. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33, 1168–1193. doi:10.1080/01419871003624076.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wellman, B. (2002). Little boxes, glocalization, and networked individualism? In Digital cities II: Computational and sociological approaches (pp. 10–25). Second Kyoto Workshop on Digital Cities. Kyoto, Japan, October 18–20, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellman, B., & Gulia, M. (1999). Virtual communities as communities: Net surfers don’t ride alone. In P. Collock & M. Smith (Eds.), Communities in cyberspace. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werbner, P. (2002). Imagined diasporas among Manchester muslims: The public performance of Pakistani transnational identity politics. Oxford: James Currey Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilding, R. (2006). “Virtual” intimacies? Families communicating across transnational contexts. Global Networks, 6, 125–142. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0374.2006.00137.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wimmer, A., & Glick Schiller, N. (2002). Methodological nationalism and beyond: Nation–state building, migration and the social sciences. Global Networks, 2, 301–334. doi:10.1111/1471-0374.00043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, D. L. (2006). There’s no place like “home”: Emotional transnationalism and the struggles of second-generation Filipinos. In P. Levitt & M. C. Waters (Eds.), The changing face of home: The transnational lives of the second generation. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, M. M. (2002). Mass media and transnational subjectivity in Shanghai: Notes on (Re)Cosmopolitanism in a Chinese metropolis. In F. D. Ginsberg, L. Abu-Lughod, & B. Larkin (Eds.), Media worlds: Anthropology on new terrain. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, M. (1997). Segmented assimilation: Issues, controversies, and recent research on the new second generation. International Migration Review, 31, 975–1008. doi:10.2307/2547421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, M., & Bankston, C. L. (2016). The rise of the new second generation. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Alinejad, D. (2017). Theories of Migrancy and Media. In: The Internet and Formations of Iranian American-ness. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47626-1_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47626-1_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-47625-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-47626-1

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics