Skip to main content

Abstract

The genus Ehrlichia consists of tick-transmitted bacteria that infect leukocytes and endothelial cells in mammals and different tissues in ticks. Ehrlichiosis is considered an emerging infectious disease in both humans and animals. Bovine ehrlichiosis in the Americas is caused by an obligate intracellular organism of the genus Ehrlichia closely related to Ehrlichia canis, the etiologic agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME). The proposed name for this species is Ehrlichia minasensis (Cabezas-Cruz et al. 2016).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aguiar DM, Ziliani TF, Zhang X, Melo ALT, Braga IA, Witter R et al (2014) A novel Ehrlichia genotype strain distinguished by the TRP36 gene naturally infects cattle in Brazil and causes clinical manifestations associated with ehrlichiosis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 5:537–544. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.03.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aguiar DM, Cavalcante GT, Pinter A, Gennari SM, Camargo LM, Labruna MB (2007) Prevalence of Ehrlichia canis (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) in dogs and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks from Brazil. J Med Entomol 44:126-132. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/41.5.126

  • Allsopp BA (2010) Natural history of Ehrlichia ruminantium. Vet Parasitol 167:123–135. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.014

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cabezas-Cruz A, Zweygarth E, Ribeiro MF, da Silveira JA, de la Fuente J, Grubhoffer L et al (2012) New species of Ehrlichia isolated from Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus shows an ortholog of the E. canis major immunogenic glycoprotein gp36 with a new sequence of tandem repeats. Parasit Vectors 5:291. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cabezas-Cruz A, Vancová M, Zweygarth E, Ribeiro MF, Grubhoffer L, Passos LM (2013) Ultrastructure of Ehrlichia mineirensis, a new member of the Ehrlichia genus. Vet Microbiol 167:455–458. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cabezas-Cruz A, Zweygarth E, Vancová M, Broniszewska M, Grubhoffer L, Passos LM et al (2016) Ehrlichia minasensis sp. nov., a new species within the genus Ehrlichia isolated from the tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.000895

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castro MB, Machado RZ, de Aquino LP, Alessi AC, Costa MT (2004) Experimental acute canine monocytic ehrlichiosis: clinicopathological and immunopathological findings. Vet Parasitol 119:73–86

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn LA (2003) Ehrlichiosis and related infections. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 33:863–884

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Vos AJ, McGregor W, Stewart NP, Dalgliesh RJ, Barry DN (1987) Influence of imidocarb prophylaxis on the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of Anaplasma marginale infections in cattle. Aust Vet J 64:83–85

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dumler JS, Bakken JS (1995) Ehrlichial diseases of humans: emerging tick-borne infections. Clin Infect Dis 20:1102–1110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dumler JS, Barbet AF, Bekker CP, Dasch GA, Palmer GH, Ray SC et al (2001) Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and 'HGE agent' as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:2145–2165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eddlestone SM, Neer TM, Gaunt SD, Corstvet R, Gill A, Hosgood G et al (2006) Failure of imidocarb dipropionate to clear experimentally induced Ehrlichia canis infection in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 20:840–844

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Estrada-Peña A, Bouattour A, Camicas JL, Guglielmone A, Horak I, Jongejan F et al (2006) The known distribution and ecological preferences of the tick subgenus Boophilus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Africa and Latin America. Exp Appl Acarol 38:219–235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gajadhar AA, Lobanov V, Scandrett WB, Campbell J, Al-Adhami B (2010) A novel Ehrlichia genotype detected in naturally infected cattle in North America. Vet Parasitol 173:324–329

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gregson JD (1956) The Ixodoidea of Canada. Science Service, Entomology Division of Canada Department of Agriculture. Queen's Printer, Ottawa. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.58947

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves MG, Dennis GL, Amyx HL, Huxsoll DL (1975) Transmission of Ehrlichia canis to dogs by ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). Am J Vet Res 36:937–940

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrus S, Waner T (2011) Diagnosis of canine monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis): an overview. Vet J 187:292–296. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.02.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrus S, Waner T, Aizenberg I, Foley JE, Poland AM, Bark H (1998) Amplification of ehrlichial DNA from dogs 34 months after infection with Ehrlichia canis. J Clin Microbiol 36:73–76

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Labruna MB (2009) Ecology of rickettsia in South America. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1166:156–166. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04516.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lobanov VA, Gajadhar AA, Al-Adhami B, Schwantje HM (2012) Molecular study of free-ranging mule deer and white-tailed deer from British Columbia, Canada, for evidence of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. Transbound Emerg Dis 59:233–243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loftis AD, Levin ML, Spurlock JP (2008) Two USA Ehrlichia spp. cause febrile illness in goats. Vet Microbiol 130:398–402

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Massard CA (1984) Ehrlichia bovis (Donatien & Letosquard, 1936) diagnostico, cultivo in vitro, e aspectos epidemiolĂłgicos em bovinos no Brasil. http://r1.ufrrj.br/wp/ppgcv/wp-content/themes/PPGCV/pdf/R060.pdf. Accessed 20 Oct 2015

  • Massard CA, Massard CL (1982) Ehrlichia bovis (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) em gado de leite no Brasil. Arq Univ Fed Rur Rio de J 5:237–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Melo OA Jr, Albernaz AP, Thiebaut JTL, Miranda FJB, Machado JA, Silva ACF (2010) OcorrĂŞncia de Anaplasma bovis (Donatien & Lestoquard, 1936, Dumler et al. 2001) na regiĂŁo de Bom Jesus do Itabapoana, RJ. Ci Anim Bras 11:888–891. doi:10.5216/cab.v11i4.5575

    Google Scholar 

  • Neer TM, Eddlestone SM, Gaunt SD, Corstvet R (1999) Efficacy of enrofloxacin for the treatment of experimentally induced Ehrlichia canis infection. J Vet Intern Med 13:501–504

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira MC, Labruna MB, SzabĂł MPJ, Klafe GM (2008) Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: biologia, controle e resistĂŞncia, 1st edn. Medvet Livros, SĂŁo Paulo

    Google Scholar 

  • Popov VL, Han VC, Chen SM, Dumler JS, Feng HM, Andreadis TG et al (1998) Ultrastructural differentiation of the genogroups in the genus Ehrlichia. J Med Microbiol 47:235–251

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pritt BS, Sloan LM, Johnson DK, Munderloh UG, Paskewitz SM, McElroy KM et al (2011) Emergence of a new pathogenic Ehrlichia species, Wisconsin and Minnesota, 2009. N Engl J Med 365:422–429

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Qurollo BA, Davenport AC, Sherbert BM, Grindem CB, Birkenheuer AJ, Breitschwerdt EB (2013) Infection with Panola Mountain Ehrlichia sp. in a dog with atypical lymphocytes and clonal T-cell expansion. J Vet Intern Med 5:1251–1255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rar VA, Pukhovskaya NM, Ryabchikova EI, Vysochina NP, Bakhmetyeva SV, Zdanovskaia NI et al (2015) Molecular-genetic and ultrastructural characteristics of 'Candidatus Ehrlichia khabarensis', a new member of the Ehrlichia genus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 6:658–667. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.05.012

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves WK, Loftis AD, Nicholson WL, Czarkowski AG (2008) The first report of human illness associated with the Panola Mountain Ehrlichia species: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2:139. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-2-139

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rudoler N, Baneth G, Eyal O, van Straten M, Harrus S (2012) Evaluation of an attenuated strain of Ehrlichia canis as a vaccine for canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. Vaccine 31:226–233. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santos CF, Carvalho CB (2006) Primeiro relato de Anaplasma bovis (Donatien & Lestoquard, 1936, Dumler et al. 2001) na microrregiĂŁo de Campos dos Goytacazes, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: nota de pesquisa. Rev Bras Parasit Vet 15:126–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Shibata S, Kawahara M, Rikihisa Y, Fujita H, Watanabe Y, Suto C et al (2000) New Ehrlichia species closely related to Ehrlichia chaffeensis isolated from Ixodes ovatus ticks in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 38:1331–1338

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stich RW, Schaefer JJ, Bremer WG, Needham GR, Jittapalapong S (2008) Host surveys, ixodid tick biology and transmission scenarios as related to the tick-borne pathogen Ehrlichia canis. Vet Parasitol 158:256–273. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zweygarth E, Schöl H, Lis K, Cabezas-Cruz A, Thiel C, Silaghi C et al (2013) In vitro culture of a novel genotype of Ehrlichia sp. from Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 60 Suppl 2:86–92. doi:10.1111/tbed.12122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel Moura de Aguiar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

de Aguiar, D.M. (2017). Ehrlichiosis. In: Bayry, J. (eds) Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases of Livestock. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47426-7_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics