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Nipah Virus Infection

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Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases of Livestock

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Abstract

Nipah virus (NiV) infection is a highly fatal zoonotic disease caused by a newly identified Paramyxovirus of biosafety level 4 category reported from Malaysia, Singapore, India, and Bangladesh. The virus has the ability to infect many mammalian species including fruit bats of Pteropidae and other families; however, the bats are symptomless carriers and excrete the virus intermittently. Apart from fruit bat as a natural host, Nipah virus host range includes swine, humans, cattle, goat, cat, and dog, as well as horses as indicated by serological studies. The virus shedding from bats through saliva and urine contaminate food and water sources; consumption of such NiV-contaminated material results in setting up of infection. Person-to-person transmission has been reported after close direct contact with either NiV patients or even with cadavers of the patients died of Nipah. Nosocomial transmission has also been demonstrated. There is no approved or licensed therapeutics or effective treatment for NiV infection and a vaccine for prevention of disease in human or livestock populations does not exist; however, antiviral therapy with ribavirin or passive immunotherapy with polyclonal or monoclonal antibody specific for the NiV envelope glycoproteins are being tried with variable efficacy. NiV infection can be prevented by avoiding exposure to bats and sick pigs in endemic areas; by avoiding drinking of raw date palm sap; by providing training to relatives of the patients and to persons with occupational risk for handling clinical cases, sampling and laboratory operations, and nursing the sick; and by public awareness through mass education.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bhopal, India

    Diwakar D. Kulkarni, Chakradhar Tosh, Sandeep Bhatia & Ashwin A. Raut

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  1. Diwakar D. Kulkarni
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  2. Chakradhar Tosh
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  3. Sandeep Bhatia
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  4. Ashwin A. Raut
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Correspondence to Diwakar D. Kulkarni .

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  1. INSERM, Paris, France

    Jagadeesh Bayry

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Kulkarni, D.D., Tosh, C., Bhatia, S., Raut, A.A. (2017). Nipah Virus Infection. In: Bayry, J. (eds) Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases of Livestock. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47426-7_12

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