Abstract
The central and peripheral components of the nervous system exhibit extensive integration and interaction with the immune system in both health and disease. Components of the adaptive immune system touch all systems in the body through the blood and lymphatic vascular system, as was described in the chapter on immunobiology in Part I of this book. The nervous system is no exception to adaptive immune system interface. The immunobiology described in this chapter focuses on features of the innate and adaptive immune systems which are specific to the nervous system, and which are especially critical to health and diseases of the central nervous system. Selected immune conditions of the nervous system are explored in more detail to examine the complex interactions of the immune system with the nervous system and the consequences of imbalance between these systems on human health.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aaltonen R, Heikkinen T, Hakala K, Laine K, Alanen A (2005) Transfer of proinflammatory cytokines across term placenta. Obstet Gynecol 106(4):802–807. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000178750.84837.ed
Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Lim NG, Janvin C, Karlsen K, Tandberg E, Cummings JL (1999) Range of neuropsychiatric disturbances in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 67(4):492–496
Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Kragh-Sorensen P (2003) Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: an 8-year prospective study. Arch Neurol 60(3):387–392
Aarsland D, Bronnick K, Alves G, Tysnes OB, Pedersen KF, Ehrt U, Larsen JP (2009) The spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with early untreated Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 80(8):928–930. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.166959
Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G, Verkhratsky A, Zimmermann H (2009) Purinergic signalling in the nervous system: an overview. Trends Neurosci 32(1):19–29. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.10.001
Abernethy LJ, Palaniappan M, Cooke RW (2002) Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in survivors of very low birth weight. Arch Dis Child 87(4):279–283
Adessi C, Frossard MJ, Boissard C, Fraga S, Bieler S, Ruckle T, Vilbois F, Robinson SM, Mutter M, Banks WA, Soto C (2003) Pharmacological profiles of peptide drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 278(16):13905–13911. doi:10.1074/jbc.M211976200
Adorini L, Gregori S, Magram J, Trembleau S (1996a) The role of IL-12 in the pathogenesis of Th1 cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 795:208–215
Adorini L, Guery JC, Trembleau S (1996b) Manipulation of the Th1/Th2 cell balance: an approach to treat human autoimmune diseases? Autoimmunity 23(1):53–68
Aga-Mizrachi S, Cymerblit-Sabba A, Gurman O, Balan A, Shwam G, Deshe R, Miller L, Gorodetsky N, Heinrich N, Tzezana O, Zubedat S, Grinstein D, Avital A (2014) Methylphenidate and desipramine combined treatment improves PTSD symptomatology in a rat model. Transl Psychiatry 4:e447. doi:10.1038/tp.2014.82
Aharoni R, Eilam R, Domev H, Labunskay G, Sela M, Arnon R (2005) The immunomodulator glatiramer acetate augments the expression of neurotrophic factors in brains of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(52):19045–19050. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509438102
Aid S, Bosetti F (2011) Targeting cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 in neuroinflammation: Therapeutic implications. Biochimie 93(1):46–51. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.09.009
Aiyaz M, Lupton MK, Proitsi P, Powell JF, Lovestone S (2012) Complement activation as a biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease. Immunobiology 217(2):204–215. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2011.07.023
Akbarian S, Bunney WE Jr, Potkin SG, Wigal SB, Hagman JO, Sandman CA, Jones EG (1993) Altered distribution of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase cells in frontal lobe of schizophrenics implies disturbances of cortical development. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50(3):169–177
Akhondzadeh S, Tabatabaee M, Amini H, Ahmadi Abhari SA, Abbasi SH, Behnam B (2007) Celecoxib as adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Schizophr Res 90(1-3):179–185. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.11.016
Akhondzadeh S, Jafari S, Raisi F, Nasehi AA, Ghoreishi A, Salehi B, Mohebbi-Rasa S, Raznahan M, Kamalipour A (2009) Clinical trial of adjunctive celecoxib treatment in patients with major depression: a double blind and placebo controlled trial. Depress Anxiety 26(7):607–611. doi:10.1002/da.20589
Akiyama H, Barger S, Barnum S, Bradt B, Bauer J, Cole GM, Cooper NR, Eikelenboom P, Emmerling M, Fiebich BL, Finch CE, Frautschy S, Griffin WS, Hampel H, Hull M, Landreth G, Lue L, Mrak R, Mackenzie IR, McGeer PL, O'Banion MK, Pachter J, Pasinetti G, Plata-Salaman C, Rogers J, Rydel R, Shen Y, Streit W, Strohmeyer R, Tooyoma I, Van Muiswinkel FL, Veerhuis R, Walker D, Webster S, Wegrzyniak B, Wenk G, Wyss-Coray T (2000) Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 21(3):383–421
Alexander GE (2004) Biology of Parkinson’s disease: pathogenesis and pathophysiology of a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 6(3):259–280
Alexander KS, Wu HQ, Schwarcz R, Bruno JP (2012) Acute elevations of brain kynurenic acid impair cognitive flexibility: normalization by the alpha7 positive modulator galantamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 220(3):627–637. doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2539-2
Alexander KS, Pocivavsek A, Wu HQ, Pershing ML, Schwarcz R, Bruno JP (2013) Early developmental elevations of brain kynurenic acid impair cognitive flexibility in adults: reversal with galantamine. Neuroscience 238:19–28. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.063
Al-Hakeim HK, Al-Rammahi DA, Al-Dujaili AH (2015) IL-6, IL-18, sIL-2R, and TNFalpha proinflammatory markers in depression and schizophrenia patients who are free of overt inflammation. J Affect Disord 182:106–114. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.044
Alldred MJ, Lee SH, Petkova E, Ginsberg SD (2015) Expression profile analysis of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in aged Ts65Dn mice, a model of Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Brain Struct Funct 220(5):2983–2996. doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0839-0
Allin M, Matsumoto H, Santhouse AM, Nosarti C, AlAsady MH, Stewart AL, Rifkin L, Murray RM (2001) Cognitive and motor function and the size of the cerebellum in adolescents born very pre-term. Brain 124(Pt 1):60–66
Alzahrani H, Venneri A (2015) Cognitive and neuroanatomical correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. J Neurol Sci 356(1-2):32–44. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.06.037
Aman MG, Arnold LE, McDougle CJ, Vitiello B, Scahill L, Davies M, McCracken JT, Tierney E, Nash PL, Posey DJ, Chuang S, Martin A, Shah B, Gonzalez NM, Swiezy NB, Ritz L, Koenig K, McGough J, Ghuman JK, Lindsay RL (2005a) Acute and long-term safety and tolerability of risperidone in children with autism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 15(6):869–884. doi:10.1089/cap.2005.15.869
Aman MG, Lam KS, Van Bourgondien ME (2005b) Medication patterns in patients with autism: temporal, regional, and demographic influences. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 15(1):116–126. doi:10.1089/cap.2005.15.116
American Psychiatric Association A (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5), 5th edn. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Amir RE, Van den Veyver IB, Wan M, Tran CQ, Francke U, Zoghbi HY (1999) Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2. Nat Genet 23(2):185–188. doi:10.1038/13810
Amor S, Woodroofe MN (2014) Innate and adaptive immune responses in neurodegeneration and repair. Immunology 141(3):287–291. doi:10.1111/imm.12134
Anand K, Sabbagh M (2015) Early investigational drugs targeting tau protein for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 24(10):1355–1360. doi:10.1517/13543784.2015.1075002
Ashhurst TM, van Vreden C, Niewold P, King NJ (2014) The plasticity of inflammatory monocyte responses to the inflamed central nervous system. Cell Immunol 291(1-2):49–57. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.07.002
Ashwood P, Krakowiak P, Hertz-Picciotto I, Hansen R, Pessah I, Van de Water J (2011) Elevated plasma cytokines in autism spectrum disorders provide evidence of immune dysfunction and are associated with impaired behavioral outcome. Brain Behav Immun 25(1):40–45. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.003
Ashwood P, Wills S, Van de Water J (2006) The immune response in autism: a new frontier for autism research. J Leukoc Biol 80(1):1–15. doi:10.1189/jlb.1205707
Ashwood P, Anthony A, Pellicer AA, Torrente F, Walker-Smith JA, Wakefield AJ (2003) Intestinal lymphocyte populations in children with regressive autism: evidence for extensive mucosal immunopathology. J Clin Immunol 23(6):504–517
Auburtin M, Wolff M, Charpentier J, Varon E, Le Tulzo Y, Girault C, Mohammedi I, Renard B, Mourvillier B, Bruneel F, Ricard JD, Timsit JF (2006) Detrimental role of delayed antibiotic administration and penicillin-nonsusceptible strains in adult intensive care unit patients with pneumococcal meningitis: the PNEUMOREA prospective multicenter study. Crit Care Med 34(11):2758–2765. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000239434.26669.65
Authier A, Farrand KJ, Broadley KW, Ancelet LR, Hunn MK, Stone S, McConnell MJ, Hermans IF (2015) Enhanced immunosuppression by therapy-exposed glioblastoma multiforme tumor cells. Int J Cancer 136(11):2566–2578. doi:10.1002/ijc.29309
Bagga V, Dunnett SB, Fricker RA (2015) The 6-OHDA mouse model of Parkinson’s disease – terminal striatal lesions provide a superior measure of neuronal loss and replacement than median forebrain bundle lesions. Behav Brain Res 288:107–117. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.058
Bailey KR, Crawley JN (2009) Anxiety-related behaviors in mice. In: Buccafusco JJ (ed) Methods of behavior analysis in neuroscience. Frontiers in neuroscience, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
Baker D, Gerritsen W, Rundle J, Amor S (2011) Critical appraisal of animal models of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 17(6):647–657. doi:10.1177/1352458511398885
Ball G, Boardman JP, Rueckert D, Aljabar P, Arichi T, Merchant N, Gousias IS, Edwards AD, Counsell SJ (2012) The effect of preterm birth on thalamic and cortical development. Cereb Cortex 22(5):1016–1024. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr176
Balu R (2014) Inflammation and immune system activation after traumatic brain injury. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 14(10):484. doi:10.1007/s11910-014-0484-2
Bamberger ME, Harris ME, McDonald DR, Husemann J, Landreth GE (2003) A cell surface receptor complex for fibrillar beta-amyloid mediates microglial activation. J Neurosci 23(7):2665–2674
Banks WA (1999) Physiology and pathology of the blood-brain barrier: implications for microbial pathogenesis, drug delivery and neurodegenerative disorders. J Neurovirol 5(6):538–555
Baptista MA, Dave KD, Sheth NP, De Silva SN, Carlson KM, Aziz YN, Fiske BK, Sherer TB, Frasier MA (2013) A strategy for the generation, characterization and distribution of animal models by The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research. Dis Model Mech 6(6):1316–1324. doi:10.1242/dmm.011940
Baranek GT (2002) Efficacy of sensory and motor interventions for children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 32(5):397–422
Barch DM, Braver TS, Carter CS, Poldrack RA, Robbins TW (2009) CNTRICS final task selection: executive control. Schizophr Bull 35(1):115–135. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn154
Barnes LL, Leurgans S, Aggarwal NT, Shah RC, Arvanitakis Z, James BD, Buchman AS, Bennett DA, Schneider JA (2015) Mixed pathology is more likely in black than white decedents with Alzheimer dementia. Neurology 85(6):528–534. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001834
Barrett EC, McBurney MI, Ciappio ED (2014) omega-3 fatty acid supplementation as a potential therapeutic aid for the recovery from mild traumatic brain injury/concussion. Adv Nutr 5(3):268–277. doi:10.3945/an.113.005280
Bartlett R, Stokes L, Sluyter R (2014) The P2X7 receptor channel: recent developments and the use of P2X7 antagonists in models of disease. Pharmacol Rev 66(3):638–675. doi:10.1124/pr.113.008003
Bartolomucci A (2007) Social stress, immune functions and disease in rodents. Front Neuroendocrinol 28(1):28–49. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.02.001
Bartolomucci A, Palanza P, Gaspani L, Limiroli E, Panerai AE, Ceresini G, Poli MD, Parmigiani S (2001) Social status in mice: behavioral, endocrine and immune changes are context dependent. Physiol Behav 73(3):401–410
Basta-Kaim A, Szczesny E, Leskiewicz M, Glombik K, Slusarczyk J, Budziszewska B, Regulska M, Kubera M, Nowak W, Wedzony K, Lason W (2012) Maternal immune activation leads to age-related behavioral and immunological changes in male rat offspring - the effect of antipsychotic drugs. Pharmacol Rep 64(6):1400–1410
Bauer M, Kolsch U, Kruger R, Unterwalder N, Hameister K, Kaiser FM, Vignoli A, Rossi R, Botella MP, Budisteanu M, Rosello M, Orellana C, Tejada MI, Papuc SM, Patat O, Julia S, Touraine R, Gomes T, Wenner K, Xu X, Afenjar A, Toutain A, Philip N, Jezela-Stanek A, Gortner L, Martinez F, Echenne B, Wahn V, Meisel C, Wieczorek D, El-Chehadeh S, Van Esch H, von Bernuth H (2015) Infectious and immunologic phenotype of MECP2 duplication syndrome. J Clin Immunol 35(2):168–181. doi:10.1007/s10875-015-0129-5
Baxter AG (2007) The origin and application of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat Rev Immunol 7(11):904–912. doi:10.1038/nri2190
Bedoui S, Kuhlmann S, Nave H, Drube J, Pabst R, von Horsten S (2001) Differential effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on leukocyte subsets in the blood: mobilization of B-1-like B-lymphocytes and activated monocytes. J Neuroimmunol 117(1-2):125–132
Benarroch EE (2013) Microglia: Multiple roles in surveillance, circuit shaping, and response to injury. Neurology 81(12):1079–1088. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a4a577
Benes FM, McSparren J, Bird ED, SanGiovanni JP, Vincent SL (1991) Deficits in small interneurons in prefrontal and cingulate cortices of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48(11):996–1001
Benkler M, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld Y (2009) Parkinson's disease, autoimmunity, and olfaction. Int J Neurosci 119(12):2133–2143. doi:10.3109/00207450903178786
Benkler M, Agmon-Levin N, Hassin-Baer S, Cohen OS, Ortega-Hernandez OD, Levy A, Moscavitch SD, Szyper-Kravitz M, Damianovich M, Blank M, Chapman J, Shoenfeld Y (2012) Immunology, autoimmunity, and autoantibodies in Parkinson's disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 42(2):164–171. doi:10.1007/s12016-010-8242-y
Ben-Nun A, Kaushansky N, Kawakami N, Krishnamoorthy G, Berer K, Liblau R, Hohlfeld R, Wekerle H (2014) From classic to spontaneous and humanized models of multiple sclerosis: impact on understanding pathogenesis and drug development. J Autoimmun 54:33–50. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.06.004
Berk M, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, O'Neil A, Pasco JA, Moylan S, Allen NB, Stuart AL, Hayley AC, Byrne ML, Maes M (2013) So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from? BMC Med 11:200. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-200
Bernheimer H, Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O, Jellinger K, Seitelberger F (1973) Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington. Clinical, morphological and neurochemical correlations. J Neurol Sci 20(4):415–455
Besson FL, La Joie R, Doeuvre L, Gaubert M, Mezenge F, Egret S, Landeau B, Barre L, Abbas A, Ibazizene M, de La Sayette V, Desgranges B, Eustache F, Chetelat G (2015) Cognitive and Brain Profiles Associated with Current Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 35(29):10402–10411. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0150-15.2015
Beyer MK, Larsen JP, Aarsland D (2007) Gray matter atrophy in Parkinson disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 69(8):747–754. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000269666.62598.1c
Bialecka M, Klodowska-Duda G, Kurzawski M, Slawek J, Opala G, Bialecki P, Safranow K, Drozdzik M (2007) Interleukin-10 gene polymorphism in Parkinson's disease patients. Arch Med Res 38(8):858–863. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2007.06.006
Bialecka M, Klodowska-Duda G, Kurzawski M, Slawek J, Gorzkowska A, Opala G, Bialecki P, Sagan L, Drozdzik M (2008) Interleukin-10 (IL10) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) gene polymorphisms in Parkinson's disease patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 14(8):636–640. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.02.001
Biallosterski BT, Prickaerts J, Rahnama'i MS, de Wachter S, van Koeveringe GA, Meriaux C (2015) Changes in voiding behavior in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 7:160. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00160
Biederman J, Faraone SV, Spencer T, Wilens T, Mick E, Lapey KA (1994) Gender differences in a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 53(1):13–29
Bielekova B, Catalfamo M, Reichert-Scrivner S, Packer A, Cerna M, Waldmann TA, McFarland H, Henkart PA, Martin R (2006) Regulatory CD56(bright) natural killer cells mediate immunomodulatory effects of IL-2Ralpha-targeted therapy (daclizumab) in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(15):5941–5946. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601335103
Bigler ED, Mortensen S, Neeley ES, Ozonoff S, Krasny L, Johnson M, Lu J, Provencal SL, McMahon W, Lainhart JE (2007) Superior temporal gyrus, language function, and autism. Dev Neuropsychol 31(2):217–238. doi:10.1080/87565640701190841
Birch AM, Katsouri L, Sastre M (2014) Modulation of inflammation in transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 11:25. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-25
Bishnoi RJ, Palmer RF, Royall DR (2015) Serum interleukin (IL)-15 as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 10(2):e0117282. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117282
Bjork P, Bjork A, Vogl T, Stenstrom M, Liberg D, Olsson A, Roth J, Ivars F, Leanderson T (2009) Identification of human S100A9 as a novel target for treatment of autoimmune disease via binding to quinoline-3-carboxamides. PLoS Biol 7(4):e97. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000097
Blesa J, Phani S, Jackson-Lewis V, Przedborski S (2012) Classic and new animal models of Parkinson's disease. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012:845618. doi:10.1155/2012/845618
Block ML, Hong JS (2005) Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: multiple triggers with a common mechanism. Prog Neurobiol 76(2):77–98. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.004
Blum-Degen D, Muller T, Kuhn W, Gerlach M, Przuntek H, Riederer P (1995) Interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's and de novo Parkinson's disease patients. Neurosci Lett 202(1-2):17–20
Bogerts B, Ashtari M, Degreef G, Alvir JM, Bilder RM, Lieberman JA (1990) Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 35(1):1–13
Boksa P (2010) Effects of prenatal infection on brain development and behavior: a review of findings from animal models. Brain Behav Immun 24(6):881–897. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.03.005
Bora S, Pritchard VE, Chen Z, Inder TE, Woodward LJ (2014) Neonatal cerebral morphometry and later risk of persistent inattention/hyperactivity in children born very preterm. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 55(7):828–838. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12200
Bordt EA, Polster BM (2014) NADPH oxidase- and mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species in proinflammatory microglial activation: a bipartisan affair? Free Radic Biol Med 76:34–46. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.033
Bossu P, Ciaramella A, Salani F, Bizzoni F, Varsi E, Di Iulio F, Giubilei F, Gianni W, Trequattrini A, Moro ML, Bernardini S, Caltagirone C, Spalletta G (2008) Interleukin-18 produced by peripheral blood cells is increased in Alzheimer's disease and correlates with cognitive impairment. Brain Behav Immun 22(4):487–492. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.10.001
Braak H, Braak E (1991) Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol 82(4):239–259
Braak H, Braak E, Yilmazer D, de Vos RA, Jansen EN, Bohl J, Jellinger K (1994) Amygdala pathology in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 88(6):493–500
Brain Trauma F, American Association of Neurological S, Congress of Neurological S (2007) Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 24(Suppl 1):S1–S106. doi:10.1089/neu.2007.9999
Braunschweig D, Van de Water J (2012) Maternal autoantibodies in autism. Arch Neurol 69(6):693–699. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.2506
Bredesen DE (2015) Metabolic profiling distinguishes three subtypes of Alzheimer's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 7(8):595–600
Breitner JC, Welsh KA, Helms MJ, Gaskell PC, Gau BA, Roses AD, Pericak-Vance MA, Saunders AM (1995) Delayed onset of Alzheimer's disease with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and histamine H2 blocking drugs. Neurobiol Aging 16(4):523–530
Brodacki B, Staszewski J, Toczylowska B, Kozlowska E, Drela N, Chalimoniuk M, Stepien A (2008) Serum interleukin (IL-2, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4), TNFalpha, and INFgamma concentrations are elevated in patients with atypical and idiopathic parkinsonism. Neurosci Lett 441(2):158–162. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.040
Bronnick K, Emre M, Lane R, Tekin S, Aarsland D (2007) Profile of cognitive impairment in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease compared with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78(10):1064–1068. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.108076
Bronson SL, Bale TL (2014) Prenatal stress-induced increases in placental inflammation and offspring hyperactivity are male-specific and ameliorated by maternal antiinflammatory treatment. Endocrinology 155(7):2635–2646. doi:10.1210/en.2014-1040
Brookmeyer R, Johnson E, Ziegler-Graham K, Arrighi HM (2007) Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 3(3):186–191. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2007.04.381
Brosseron F, Krauthausen M, Kummer M, Heneka MT (2014) Body fluid cytokine levels in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a comparative overview. Mol Neurobiol 50(2):534–544. doi:10.1007/s12035-014-8657-1
Brouwer MC, van de Beek D, Heckenberg SG, Spanjaard L, de Gans J (2006) Community-acquired Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis 43(10):1233–1238. doi:10.1086/508462
Brown AS, Derkits EJ (2010) Prenatal infection and schizophrenia: a review of epidemiologic and translational studies. Am J Psychiatry 167(3):261–280. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030361
Brown AS, Begg MD, Gravenstein S, Schaefer CA, Wyatt RJ, Bresnahan M, Babulas VP, Susser ES (2004) Serologic evidence of prenatal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61(8):774–780. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.774
Burket JA, Benson AD, Green TL, Rook JM, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Deutsch SI (2015) Effects of VU0410120, a novel GlyT1 inhibitor, on measures of sociability, cognition and stereotypic behaviors in a mouse model of autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 61:10–17. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.003
Burton EJ, McKeith IG, Burn DJ, Williams ED, O'Brien JT (2004) Cerebral atrophy in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia: a comparison with Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and controls. Brain 127(Pt 4):791–800. doi:10.1093/brain/awh088
Buttini M, Mir A, Appel K, Wiederhold KH, Limonta S, Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Boddeke HW (1997) Lipopolysaccharide induces expression of tumour necrosis factor alpha in rat brain: inhibition by methylprednisolone and by rolipram. Br J Pharmacol 122(7):1483–1489. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701502
Cacabelos R, Alvarez XA, Fernandez-Novoa L, Franco A, Mangues R, Pellicer A, Nishimura T (1994) Brain interleukin-1 beta in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 16(2):141–151
Cameron B, Tse W, Lamb R, Li X, Lamb BT, Landreth GE (2012) Loss of interleukin receptor-associated kinase 4 signaling suppresses amyloid pathology and alters microglial phenotype in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 32(43):15112–15123. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1729-12.2012
Camphausen K, Purow B, Sproull M, Scott T, Ozawa T, Deen DF, Tofilon PJ (2005) Orthotopic growth of human glioma cells quantitatively and qualitatively influences radiation-induced changes in gene expression. Cancer Res 65(22):10389–10393. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1904
Campos AC, Fogaca MV, Aguiar DC, Guimaraes FS (2013) Animal models of anxiety disorders and stress. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 35(Suppl 2):S101–S111. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1139
Capizzano AA, Acion L, Bekinschtein T, Furman M, Gomila H, Martinez A, Mizrahi R, Starkstein SE (2004) White matter hyperintensities are significantly associated with cortical atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75(6):822–827
Carmichael O, Xie J, Fletcher E, Singh B, DeCarli C, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging I (2012) Localized hippocampus measures are associated with Alzheimer pathology and cognition independent of total hippocampal volume. Neurobiol Aging 33(6):1124. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.08.016
Carrithers MD (2014) Innate immune viral recognition: relevance to CNS infections. Handb Clin Neurol 123:215–223. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53488-0.00009-2
Carter CS, Barch DM (2007) Cognitive neuroscience-based approaches to measuring and improving treatment effects on cognition in schizophrenia: the CNTRICS initiative. Schizophr Bull 33(5):1131–1137. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm081
Carter CS, Barch DM, Buchanan RW, Bullmore E, Krystal JH, Cohen J, Geyer M, Green M, Nuechterlein KH, Robbins T, Silverstein S, Smith EE, Strauss M, Wykes T, Heinssen R (2008) Identifying cognitive mechanisms targeted for treatment development in schizophrenia: an overview of the first meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Initiative. Biol Psychiatry 64(1):4–10. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.020
Carvey PM, Hendey B, Monahan AJ (2009) The blood-brain barrier in neurodegenerative disease: a rhetorical perspective. J Neurochem 111(2):291–314. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06319.x
Casanova MF, van Kooten IA, Switala AE, van Engeland H, Heinsen H, Steinbusch HW, Hof PR, Trippe J, Stone J, Schmitz C (2006) Minicolumnar abnormalities in autism. Acta Neuropathol 112(3):287–303. doi:10.1007/s00401-006-0085-5
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention C (2013) ADHD: keeping track of numbers
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention C (2015) Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): data & statistics. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html. Accessed 10 Jan 2016
Cernak I (2005) Animal models of head trauma. NeuroRx 2(3):410–422. doi:10.1602/neurorx.2.3.410
Cesari M, Penninx BW, Pahor M, Lauretani F, Corsi AM, Rhys Williams G, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L (2004) Inflammatory markers and physical performance in older persons: the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 59(3):242–248
Chauhan A, Chauhan V (2006) Oxidative stress in autism. Pathophysiology 13(3):171–181. doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2006.05.007
Chen HH, Yu C, Ueng TH, Chen S, Chen BJ, Huang KJ, Chiang LY (1998) Acute and subacute toxicity study of water-soluble polyalkylsulfonated C60 in rats. Toxicol Pathol 26(1):143–151
Chen RZ, Akbarian S, Tudor M, Jaenisch R (2001) Deficiency of methyl-CpG binding protein-2 in CNS neurons results in a Rett-like phenotype in mice. Nat Genet 27(3):327–331. doi:10.1038/85906
Cheng YH, Zheng Y, He F, Yang JH, Li WB, Wang ML, Cui DY, Chen Y (2012) Detection of autoantibodies and increased concentrations of interleukins in plasma from patients with Tourette's syndrome. J Mol Neurosci 48(1):219–224. doi:10.1007/s12031-012-9811-8
Chiu IM, von Hehn CA, Woolf CJ (2012) Neurogenic inflammation and the peripheral nervous system in host defense and immunopathology. Nat Neurosci 15(8):1063–1067. doi:10.1038/nn.3144
Cho TA, McKendall RR (2014) Clinical approach to the syndromes of viral encephalitis, myelitis, and meningitis. Handb Clin Neurol 123:89–121. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53488-0.00004-3
Coelho M, Ferreira JJ (2012) Late-stage Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 8(8):435–442. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.126
Colangelo V, Schurr J, Ball MJ, Pelaez RP, Bazan NG, Lukiw WJ (2002) Gene expression profiling of 12633 genes in Alzheimer hippocampal CA1: transcription and neurotrophic factor down-regulation and up-regulation of apoptotic and pro-inflammatory signaling. J Neurosci Res 70(3):462–473. doi:10.1002/jnr.10351
Condren RM, O'Neill A, Ryan MC, Barrett P, Thakore JH (2002) HPA axis response to a psychological stressor in generalised social phobia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 27(6):693–703
Constantinescu CS, Farooqi N, O'Brien K, Gran B (2011) Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Br J Pharmacol 164(4):1079–1106. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01302.x
Constantino JN, Zhang Y, Frazier T, Abbacchi AM, Law P (2010) Sibling recurrence and the genetic epidemiology of autism. Am J Psychiatry 167(11):1349–1356. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09101470
Correll CU, Kane JM (2014) Schizophrenia: mechanism of action of current and novel treatments. J Clin Psychiatry 75(4):347–348. doi:10.4088/JCP.13078co8c
Cottrell GT, Ferguson AV (2004) Sensory circumventricular organs: central roles in integrated autonomic regulation. Regul Pept 117(1):11–23
Courchesne E, Carper R, Akshoomoff N (2003) Evidence of brain overgrowth in the first year of life in autism. JAMA 290(3):337–344. doi:10.1001/jama.290.3.337
Craske MG, Rauch SL, Ursano R, Prenoveau J, Pine DS, Zinbarg RE (2009) What is an anxiety disorder? Depress Anxiety 26(12):1066–1085. doi:10.1002/da.20633
Crawley JN (2004) Designing mouse behavioral tasks relevant to autistic-like behaviors. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 10(4):248–258. doi:10.1002/mrdd.20039
Czlonkowska A, Kurkowska-Jastrzebska I, Czlonkowski A, Peter D, Stefano GB (2002) Immune processes in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease - a potential role for microglia and nitric oxide. Med Sci Monit 8(8):RA165–RA177
Dahl J, Ormstad H, Aass HC, Malt UF, Bendz LT, Sandvik L, Brundin L, Andreassen OA (2014) The plasma levels of various cytokines are increased during ongoing depression and are reduced to normal levels after recovery. Psychoneuroendocrinology 45:77–86. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.03.019
D'Andrea MR (2003) Evidence linking neuronal cell death to autoimmunity in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 982(1):19–30
Daneman R, Prat A (2015) The blood-brain barrier. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 7(1):a020412. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a020412
Darnell JC, Van Driesche SJ, Zhang C, Hung KY, Mele A, Fraser CE, Stone EF, Chen C, Fak JJ, Chi SW, Licatalosi DD, Richter JD, Darnell RB (2011) FMRP stalls ribosomal translocation on mRNAs linked to synaptic function and autism. Cell 146(2):247–261. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.06.013
DasBanerjee T, Middleton FA, Berger DF, Lombardo JP, Sagvolden T, Faraone SV (2008) A comparison of molecular alterations in environmental and genetic rat models of ADHD: a pilot study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B(8):1554–1563. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30877
Dave KD, De Silva S, Sheth NP, Ramboz S, Beck MJ, Quang C, Switzer RC 3rd, Ahmad SO, Sunkin SM, Walker D, Cui X, Fisher DA, McCoy AM, Gamber K, Ding X, Goldberg MS, Benkovic SA, Haupt M, Baptista MA, Fiske BK, Sherer TB, Frasier MA (2014) Phenotypic characterization of recessive gene knockout rat models of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 70:190–203. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.06.009
Davis EP, Sandman CA (2012) Prenatal psychobiological predictors of anxiety risk in preadolescent children. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37(8):1224–1233. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.12.016
de Kloet CS, Vermetten E, Geuze E, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ, Westenberg HG (2006) Assessment of HPA-axis function in posttraumatic stress disorder: pharmacological and non-pharmacological challenge tests, a review. J Psychiatr Res 40(6):550–567. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.08.002
de Lau LM, Breteler MM (2006) Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 5(6):525–535. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70471-9
de Rivero Vaccari JP, Dietrich WD, Keane RW (2014) Activation and regulation of cellular inflammasomes: gaps in our knowledge for central nervous system injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 34(3):369–375. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2013.227
Denic A, Johnson AJ, Bieber AJ, Warrington AE, Rodriguez M, Pirko I (2011) The relevance of animal models in multiple sclerosis research. Pathophysiology 18(1):21–29. doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2010.04.004
Denizot M, Neal JW, Gasque P (2012) Encephalitis due to emerging viruses: CNS innate immunity and potential therapeutic targets. J Infect 65(1):1–16. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.03.019
Deshpande G, Libero LE, Sreenivasan KR, Deshpande HD, Kana RK (2013) Identification of neural connectivity signatures of autism using machine learning. Front Hum Neurosci 7:670. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00670
Deussing JM (2006) Animal models of depression. Drug Discov Today 3(4):375–383. doi:10.1016/j.ddmod.2006.11.003
DeVries AC, Glasper ER, Detillion CE (2003) Social modulation of stress responses. Physiol Behav 79(3):399–407
Dewall CN, Macdonald G, Webster GD, Masten CL, Baumeister RF, Powell C, Combs D, Schurtz DR, Stillman TF, Tice DM, Eisenberger NI (2010) Acetaminophen reduces social pain: behavioral and neural evidence. Psychol Sci 21(7):931–937. doi:10.1177/0956797610374741
Dhib-Jalbut S (2003) Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) therapy for multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 98(2):245–255
Dickson DW, Mattiace LA, Kure K, Hutchins K, Lyman WD, Brosnan CF (1991) Microglia in human disease, with an emphasis on acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Lab Invest 64(2):135–156
Dinarello CA (2011) Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Blood 117(14):3720–3732. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-07-273417
Ding H, Roncari L, Shannon P, Wu X, Lau N, Karaskova J, Gutmann DH, Squire JA, Nagy A, Guha A (2001) Astrocyte-specific expression of activated p21-ras results in malignant astrocytoma formation in a transgenic mouse model of human gliomas. Cancer Res 61(9):3826–3836
Ding W, Ding LJ, Li FF, Han Y, Mu L (2015) Neurodegeneration and cognition in Parkinson's disease: a review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 19(12):2275–2281
Dobbs RJ, Charlett A, Purkiss AG, Dobbs SM, Weller C, Peterson DW (1999) Association of circulating TNF-alpha and IL-6 with ageing and parkinsonism. Acta Neurol Scand 100(1):34–41
Dobson JM, Samuel S, Milstein H, Rogers K, Wood JL (2002) Canine neoplasia in the UK: estimates of incidence rates from a population of insured dogs. J Small Anim Pract 43(6):240–246
Donaldson ZR, Hen R (2015) From psychiatric disorders to animal models: a bidirectional and dimensional approach. Biol Psychiatry 77(1):15–21. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.004
Dong H, Zhang X, Qian Y (2014) Mast cells and neuroinflammation. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 20:200–206
Dopheide JA, Pliszka SR (2009) Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: an update. Pharmacotherapy 29(6):656–679. doi:10.1592/phco.29.6.656
Double KL, Rowe DB, Carew-Jones FM, Hayes M, Chan DK, Blackie J, Corbett A, Joffe R, Fung VS, Morris J, Riederer P, Gerlach M, Halliday GM (2009) Anti-melanin antibodies are increased in sera in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 217(2):297–301. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.002
Drtilkova I, Sery O, Theiner P, Uhrova A, Zackova M, Balastikova B, Znojil V (2008) Clinical and molecular-genetic markers of ADHD in children. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 29(3):320–327
Dufek M, Rektorova I, Thon V, Lokaj J, Rektor I (2015) Interleukin-6 May Contribute to Mortality in Parkinson's Disease Patients: A 4-Year Prospective Study. Parkinson Dis 2015:898192. doi:10.1155/2015/898192
Dunn AJ (1992) Endotoxin-induced activation of cerebral catecholamine and serotonin metabolism: comparison with interleukin-1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 261(3):964–969
Dunn AJ, Chuluyan HE (1992) The role of cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase in the interleukin-1-induced activation of the HPA axis: dependence on the route of injection. Life Sci 51(3):219–225
Dursun E, Gezen-Ak D, Hanagasi H, Bilgic B, Lohmann E, Ertan S, Atasoy IL, Alaylioglu M, Araz OS, Onal B, Gunduz A, Apaydin H, Kiziltan G, Ulutin T, Gurvit H, Yilmazer S (2015) The interleukin 1 alpha, interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6 and alpha-2-macroglobulin serum levels in patients with early or late onset Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment or Parkinson's disease. J Neuroimmunol 283:50–57. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.04.014
Easson A, Woodbury-Smith M (2014) The role of prenatal immune activation in the pathogenesis of autism and schizophrenia: a literature review. Res Autism Spectr Disord 8(3):312–316
Eisele G, Wischhusen J, Mittelbronn M, Meyermann R, Waldhauer I, Steinle A, Weller M, Friese MA (2006) TGF-beta and metalloproteinases differentially suppress NKG2D ligand surface expression on malignant glioma cells. Brain 129(Pt 9):2416–2425. doi:10.1093/brain/awl205
El Khoury JB, Moore KJ, Means TK, Leung J, Terada K, Toft M, Freeman MW, Luster AD (2003) CD36 mediates the innate host response to beta-amyloid. J Exp Med 197(12):1657–1666. doi:10.1084/jem.20021546
Elia J, Sackett J, Turner T, Schardt M, Tang SC, Kurtz N, Dunfey M, McFarlane NA, Susi A, Danish D, Li A, Nissley-Tsiopinis J, Borgmann-Winter K (2012) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder genomics: update for clinicians. Curr Psychiatry Rep 14(5):579–589. doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0309-4
Ellwardt E, Zipp F (2014) Molecular mechanisms linking neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in MS. Exp Neurol 262:8–17. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.02.006
Emmerling MR, Watson MD, Raby CA, Spiegel K (2000) The role of complement in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Biochim Biophys Acta 1502(1):158–171
English C, Aloi JJ (2015) New FDA-Approved Disease-Modifying Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis. Clin Ther 37(4):691–715. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.03.001
Erhardt S, Blennow K, Nordin C, Skogh E, Lindstrom LH, Engberg G (2001) Kynurenic acid levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 313(1-2):96–98
Ershler WB, Keller ET (2000) Age-associated increased interleukin-6 gene expression, late-life diseases, and frailty. Annu Rev Med 51:245–270. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.245
Estes ML, McAllister AK (2015) Immune mediators in the brain and peripheral tissues in autism spectrum disorder. Nat Rev Neurosci 16(8):469–486. doi:10.1038/nrn3978
Facoetti A, Nano R, Zelini P, Morbini P, Benericetti E, Ceroni M, Campoli M, Ferrone S (2005) Human leukocyte antigen and antigen processing machinery component defects in astrocytic tumors. Clin Cancer Res 11(23):8304–8311. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2588
Fang D, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Du H, Yan S, Sun Q, Zhong C, Wu L, Vangavaragu JR, Yan S, Hu G, Guo L, Rabinowitz M, Glaser E, Arancio O, Sosunov AA, McKhann GM, Chen JX, Yan SS (2015) Increased neuronal PreP activity reduces Abeta accumulation, attenuates neuroinflammation and improves mitochondrial and synaptic function in Alzheimer disease's mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 24(18):5198–5210. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddv241
Faraone SV, Sergeant J, Gillberg C, Biederman J (2003) The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition? World Psychiatry 2(2):104–113
Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, Goralnick JJ, Holmgren MA, Sklar P (2005) Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57(11):1313–1323. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024
Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E (2006) The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med 36(2):159–165. doi:10.1017/S003329170500471X
Faraone SV, Doyle AE, Lasky-Su J, Sklar PB, D'Angelo E, Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Kratochvil C, Mick E, Klein K, Rezac AJ, Biederman J (2008) Linkage analysis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B(8):1387–1391. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30631
Farmer AE, McGuffin P, Gottesman II (1987) Twin concordance for DSM-III schizophrenia. Scrutinizing the validity of the definition. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44(7):634–641
Farzan A, Mashohor S, Ramli AR, Mahmud R (2015) Boosting diagnosis accuracy of Alzheimer's disease using high dimensional recognition of longitudinal brain atrophy patterns. Behav Brain Res 290:124–130. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.04.010
Feitsma H, Kuiper RV, Korving J, Nijman IJ, Cuppen E (2008) Zebrafish with mutations in mismatch repair genes develop neurofibromas and other tumors. Cancer Res 68(13):5059–5066. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0019
Fenn AM, Skendelas JP, Moussa DN, Muccigrosso MM, Popovich PG, Lifshitz J, Eiferman DS, Godbout JP (2015) Methylene blue attenuates traumatic brain injury-associated neuroinflammation and acute depressive-like behavior in mice. J Neurotrauma 32(2):127–138. doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3514
Fereshtehnejad SM, Romenets SR, Anang JB, Latreille V, Gagnon JF, Postuma RB (2015) New clinical subtypes of Parkinson disease and their longitudinal progression: a prospective cohort comparison with other phenotypes. JAMA Neurol 72(8):863–873. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.0703
Fernandez-Gajardo R, Matamala JM, Carrasco R, Gutierrez R, Melo R, Rodrigo R (2014) Novel therapeutic strategies for traumatic brain injury: acute antioxidant reinforcement. CNS Drugs 28(3):229–248. doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0138-y
Ferrucci L, Penninx BW, Volpato S, Harris TB, Bandeen-Roche K, Balfour J, Leveille SG, Fried LP, Md JM (2002) Change in muscle strength explains accelerated decline of physical function in older women with high interleukin-6 serum levels. J Am Geriatr Soc 50(12):1947–1954
Filiano AJ, Gadani SP, Kipnis J (2015) Interactions of innate and adaptive immunity in brain development and function. Brain Res 1617:18–27. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.050
Fineberg AM, Ellman LM (2013) Inflammatory cytokines and neurological and neurocognitive alterations in the course of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 73(10):951–966. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.001
Fisher SE, Francks C, McCracken JT, McGough JJ, Marlow AJ, MacPhie IL, Newbury DF, Crawford LR, Palmer CG, Woodward JA, Del'Homme M, Cantwell DP, Nelson SF, Monaco AP, Smalley SL (2002) A genomewide scan for loci involved in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Hum Genet 70(5):1183–1196. doi:10.1086/340112
Foda MA, Marmarou A (1994) A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats. Part II: morphological characterization. J Neurosurg 80(2):301–313. doi:10.3171/jns.1994.80.2.0301
Franciosi S, Choi HB, Kim SU, McLarnon JG (2005) IL-8 enhancement of amyloid-beta (Abeta 1-42)-induced expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and COX-2 in cultured human microglia. J Neuroimmunol 159(1-2):66–74. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.10.006
Freedman R (2005) The choice of antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 353(12):1286–1288. doi:10.1056/NEJMe058200
Friese MA, Montalban X, Willcox N, Bell JI, Martin R, Fugger L (2006) The value of animal models for drug development in multiple sclerosis. Brain 129(Pt 8):1940–1952. doi:10.1093/brain/awl083
Frohman EM, Racke MK, Raine CS (2006) Multiple sclerosis--the plaque and its pathogenesis. N Engl J Med 354(9):942–955. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052130
Fujii DE, Ahmed I (2014) Psychotic disorder caused by traumatic brain injury. Psychiatr Clin North Am 37(1):113–124. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2013.11.006
Fukui S, Schwarcz R, Rapoport SI, Takada Y, Smith QR (1991) Blood-brain barrier transport of kynurenines: implications for brain synthesis and metabolism. J Neurochem 56(6):2007–2017
Gadani SP, Cronk JC, Norris GT, Kipnis J (2012) IL-4 in the brain: a cytokine to remember. J Immunol 189(9):4213–4219. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1202246
Gai WP, Blessing WW, Blumbergs PC (1995) Ubiquitin-positive degenerating neurites in the brainstem in Parkinson's disease. Brain 118(Pt 6):1447–1459
Galimberti D, Schoonenboom N, Scheltens P, Fenoglio C, Bouwman F, Venturelli E, Guidi I, Blankenstein MA, Bresolin N, Scarpini E (2006) Intrathecal chemokine synthesis in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 63(4):538–543. doi:10.1001/archneur.63.4.538
Gaub M, Carlson CL (1997) Gender differences in ADHD: a meta-analysis and critical review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(8):1036–1045. doi:10.1097/00004583-199708000-00011
Gelb DJ, Oliver E, Gilman S (1999) Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 56(1):33–39
Gerardin E, Chetelat G, Chupin M, Cuingnet R, Desgranges B, Kim HS, Niethammer M, Dubois B, Lehericy S, Garnero L, Eustache F, Colliot O, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging I (2009) Multidimensional classification of hippocampal shape features discriminates Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment from normal aging. Neuroimage 47(4):1476–1486. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.036
Giedraitis V, He B, Huang WX, Hillert J (2001) Cloning and mutation analysis of the human IL-18 promoter: a possible role of polymorphisms in expression regulation. J Neuroimmunol 112(1-2):146–152
Goetz CG, Poewe W, Rascol O, Sampaio C, Stebbins GT, Counsell C, Giladi N, Holloway RG, Moore CG, Wenning GK, Yahr MD, Seidl L, Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Rating Scales for Parkinson's D (2004) Movement Disorder Society Task Force report on the Hoehn and Yahr staging scale: status and recommendations. Mov Disord 19(9):1020–1028. doi:10.1002/mds.20213
Goines P, Van de Water J (2010) The immune system's role in the biology of autism. Curr Opin Neurol 23(2):111–117. doi:10.1097/WCO.0b013e3283373514
Gold R, Linington C, Lassmann H (2006) Understanding pathogenesis and therapy of multiple sclerosis via animal models: 70 years of merits and culprits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis research. Brain 129(Pt 8):1953–1971. doi:10.1093/brain/awl075
Gold R, Kappos L, Arnold DL, Bar-Or A, Giovannoni G, Selmaj K, Tornatore C, Sweetser MT, Yang M, Sheikh SI, Dawson KT, Investigators DS (2012) Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 367(12):1098–1107. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1114287
Goldman H, Hodgson V, Morehead M, Hazlett J, Murphy S (1991) Cerebrovascular changes in a rat model of moderate closed-head injury. J Neurotrauma 8(2):129–144
Gonzalez H, Elgueta D, Montoya A, Pacheco R (2014) Neuroimmune regulation of microglial activity involved in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. J Neuroimmunol 274(1-2):1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.07.012
Gonzalez-Dominguez R, Garcia-Barrera T, Vitorica J, Gomez-Ariza JL (2015) Metabolomic research on the role of interleukin-4 in Alzheimer’s disease. Metabolomics 11(5):1175–1183
Gordon EB, Hart GT, Tran TM, Waisberg M, Akkaya M, Skinner J, Zinocker S, Pena M, Yazew T, Qi CF, Miller LH, Pierce SK (2015) Inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin blocks the development of experimental cerebral malaria. MBio 6(3):00725. doi:10.1128/mBio.00725-15
Goshen I, Yirmiya R (2009) Interleukin-1 (IL-1): a central regulator of stress responses. Front Neuroendocrinol 30(1):30–45. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.10.001
Goshen I, Kreisel T, Ounallah-Saad H, Renbaum P, Zalzstein Y, Ben-Hur T, Levy-Lahad E, Yirmiya R (2007) A dual role for interleukin-1 in hippocampal-dependent memory processes. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32(8-10):1106–1115. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.09.004
Graham NL, Emery T, Hodges JR (2004) Distinctive cognitive profiles in Alzheimer's disease and subcortical vascular dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75(1):61–71
Green MF (1996) What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? Am J Psychiatry 153(3):321–330. doi:10.1176/ajp.153.3.321
Griffin WS, Stanley LC, Ling C, White L, MacLeod V, Perrot LJ, White CL 3rd, Araoz C (1989) Brain interleukin 1 and S-100 immunoreactivity are elevated in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86(19):7611–7615
Gulley LR, Nemeroff CB (1993) The neurobiological basis of mixed depression-anxiety states. J Clin Psychiatry 54(Suppl):16–19
Gungor S, Celiloglu OS, Ozcan OO, Raif SG, Selimoglu MA (2013) Frequency of celiac disease in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 56(2):211–214. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e318272b7bc
Guo T, Chen H, Liu B, Ji W, Yang C (2012) Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms C677T and risk of autism in the Chinese Han population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 16(8):968–973. doi:10.1089/gtmb.2012.0091
Gurevitz M, Geva R, Varon M, Leitner Y (2014) Early markers in infants and toddlers for development of ADHD. J Atten Disord 18(1):14–22. doi:10.1177/1087054712447858
Gustafsson H, Aasly J, Strahle S, Nordstrom A, Nordstrom P (2015) Low muscle strength in late adolescence and Parkinson disease later in life. Neurology 84(18):1862–1869. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001534
Hall AM, Roberson ED (2012) Mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 88(1):3–12. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.11.017
Haller J, Alicki M (2012) Current animal models of anxiety, anxiety disorders, and anxiolytic drugs. Curr Opin Psychiatry 25(1):59–64. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32834de34f
Hallmayer J, Cleveland S, Torres A, Phillips J, Cohen B, Torigoe T, Miller J, Fedele A, Collins J, Smith K, Lotspeich L, Croen LA, Ozonoff S, Lajonchere C, Grether JK, Risch N (2011) Genetic heritability and shared environmental factors among twin pairs with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68(11):1095–1102. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76
Han XM, Wang CH, Sima X, Liu SY (2011) Interleukin-6 -174G/C polymorphism and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in Caucasians: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Lett 504(1):4–8. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.06.055
Handel AE, Lincoln MR, Ramagopalan SV (2011) Of mice and men: experimental autoimmune encephalitis and multiple sclerosis. Eur J Clin Invest 41(11):1254–1258. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02519.x
Hannestad J, DellaGioia N, Bloch M (2011) The effect of antidepressant medication treatment on serum levels of inflammatory cytokines: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 36(12):2452–2459. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.132
Hardy J, Selkoe DJ (2002) The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science 297(5580):353–356. doi:10.1126/science.1072994
Harrison PJ, Weinberger DR (2005) Schizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: on the matter of their convergence. Mol Psychiatry 10(1):40–68. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001558
Hartl R, Medary M, Ruge M, Arfors KE, Ghajar J (1997) Blood-brain barrier breakdown occurs early after traumatic brain injury and is not related to white blood cell adherence. Acta Neurochir Suppl 70:240–242
Hartung H, Aktas O, Menge T, Kieseier BC (2014) Immune regulation of multiple sclerosis. In: Goodin DS (ed) Handbook of clinical neurology: multiple sclerosis and related disorders, vol 122. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 3–14
Harvey BK, Wang Y, Hoffer BJ (2008) Transgenic rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurochir Suppl 101:89–92
Hashimoto T, Tayama M, Murakawa K, Yoshimoto T, Miyazaki M, Harada M, Kuroda Y (1995) Development of the brainstem and cerebellum in autistic patients. J Autism Dev Disord 25(1):1–18
Hauser SL, Waubant E, Arnold DL, Vollmer T, Antel J, Fox RJ, Bar-Or A, Panzara M, Sarkar N, Agarwal S, Langer-Gould A, Smith CH, Group HT (2008) B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 358(7):676–688. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0706383
Hauss-Wegrzyniak B, Dobrzanski P, Stoehr JD, Wenk GL (1998) Chronic neuroinflammation in rats reproduces components of the neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 780(2):294–303
Hawker K, O'Connor P, Freedman MS, Calabresi PA, Antel J, Simon J, Hauser S, Waubant E, Vollmer T, Panitch H, Zhang J, Chin P, Smith CH, group Ot (2009) Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Ann Neurol 66(4):460–471. doi:10.1002/ana.21867
Hearn J, Rayment N, Landon DN, Katz DR, de Souza JB (2000) Immunopathology of cerebral malaria: morphological evidence of parasite sequestration in murine brain microvasculature. Infect Immun 68(9):5364–5376
Heneka MT, O'Banion MK (2007) Inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 184(1-2):69–91. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.11.017
Henje Blom E, Lekander M, Ingvar M, Asberg M, Mobarrez F, Serlachius E (2012) Pro-inflammatory cytokines are elevated in adolescent females with emotional disorders not treated with SSRIs. J Affect Disord 136(3):716–723. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.002
Heulens I, Kooy F (2011) Fragile X syndrome: from gene discovery to therapy. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 16:1211–1232
Hilton DL Jr, Einhaus SL, Meric AL 3rd, White RP, Schweitzer JB, Park MR, Robertson JT (1993) Early assessment of neurologic deficits in the fluid percussion model of brain injury. J Neurotrauma 10(2):121–133
Hinson HE, Rowell S, Schreiber M (2015) Clinical evidence of inflammation driving secondary brain injury: a systematic review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 78(1):184–191. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000000468
Hirota T, Veenstra-Vanderweele J, Hollander E, Kishi T (2014) Antiepileptic medications in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 44(4):948–957. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1952-2
Hofmann KW, Schuh AF, Saute J, Townsend R, Fricke D, Leke R, Souza DO, Portela LV, Chaves ML, Rieder CR (2009) Interleukin-6 serum levels in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res 34(8):1401–1404. doi:10.1007/s11064-009-9921-z
Holmes C, Cunningham C, Zotova E, Woolford J, Dean C, Kerr S, Culliford D, Perry VH (2009) Systemic inflammation and disease progression in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 73(10):768–774. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b6bb95
Holzschneider K, Mulert C (2011) Neuroimaging in anxiety disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 13(4):453–461
Hoogman MHD, van Hulzen K, Mennes M, Zwiers M, The ENIGMA-ADHD Working Group; Franke B (2015) Brain structure and ADHD across the life span: an enigma collaboration. Biol Psychiatry 77(9 Supplement), 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.03.006
Howard J (2013) The cytokine hypothesis: a neurodevelopmental explanation for the emergence of schizophrenia later in life. Adv Biosci Biotechnol 4:81–88. doi:10.4236/abb.2013.48A2011
Howard MA, Cowell PE, Boucher J, Broks P, Mayes A, Farrant A, Roberts N (2000) Convergent neuroanatomical and behavioural evidence of an amygdala hypothesis of autism. Neuroreport 11(13):2931–2935
Hu VW, Steinberg ME (2009) Novel clustering of items from the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised to define phenotypes within autism spectrum disorders. Autism Res 2(2):67–77. doi:10.1002/aur.72
Hu VW, Sarachana T, Kim KS, Nguyen A, Kulkarni S, Steinberg ME, Luu T, Lai Y, Lee NH (2009) Gene expression profiling differentiates autism case-controls and phenotypic variants of autism spectrum disorders: evidence for circadian rhythm dysfunction in severe autism. Autism Res 2(2):78–97. doi:10.1002/aur.73
Hu J, Liao J, Sathanoori M, Kochmar S, Sebastian J, Yatsenko SA, Surti U (2015) CNTN6 copy number variations in 14 patients: a possible candidate gene for neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neurodev Disord 7(1):26. doi:10.1186/s11689-015-9122-9
Huang P, Xuan M, Gu Q, Yu X, Xu X, Luo W, Zhang M (2015) Abnormal amygdala function in Parkinson's disease patients and its relationship to depression. J Affect Disord 183:263–268. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.029
Huppke P, Laccone F, Kramer N, Engel W, Hanefeld F (2000) Rett syndrome: analysis of MECP2 and clinical characterization of 31 patients. Hum Mol Genet 9(9):1369–1375
Hurwitz R, Blackmore R, Hazell P, Williams K, Woolfenden S (2012) Tricyclic antidepressants for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD008372. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008372.pub2
Iaccarino HF, Suckow RF, Xie S, Bucci DJ (2013) The effect of transient increases in kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid levels early in life on behavior in adulthood: implications for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 150(2-3):392–397. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.09.004
Iaccarino MA, Bhatnagar S, Zafonte R (2015) Rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury. Handb Clin Neurol 127:411–422. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-52892-6.00026-X
Imamura K, Hishikawa N, Sawada M, Nagatsu T, Yoshida M, Hashizume Y (2003) Distribution of major histocompatibility complex class II-positive microglia and cytokine profile of Parkinson's disease brains. Acta Neuropathol 106(6):518–526. doi:10.1007/s00401-003-0766-2
Imbimbo BP, Solfrizzi V, Panza F (2010) Are NSAIDs useful to treat Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment? Front Aging Neurosci 2, 10.3389/fnagi.2010.00019
Investigators CT, Coles AJ, Compston DA, Selmaj KW, Lake SL, Moran S, Margolin DH, Norris K, Tandon PK (2008) Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 359(17):1786–1801. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802670
Israel Z, Hassin-Baer S (2005) Subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Isr Med Assoc J 7(7):458–463
Jacome LF, Burket JA, Herndon AL, Deutsch SI (2011) Genetically inbred Balb/c mice differ from outbred Swiss Webster mice on discrete measures of sociability: relevance to a genetic mouse model of autism spectrum disorders. Autism Res 4(6):393–400. doi:10.1002/aur.218
James SJ, Melnyk S, Jernigan S, Cleves MA, Halsted CH, Wong DH, Cutler P, Bock K, Boris M, Bradstreet JJ, Baker SM, Gaylor DW (2006) Metabolic endophenotype and related genotypes are associated with oxidative stress in children with autism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141B(8):947–956. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30366
Jankovic J (2008) Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79(4):368–376. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.131045
Janus C, Flores AY, Xu G, Borchelt DR (2015) Behavioral abnormalities in APPSwe/PS1dE9 mouse model of AD-like pathology: comparative analysis across multiple behavioral domains. Neurobiol Aging 36(9):2519–2532. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.010
Jellinger KA (2008) Neuropathological aspects of Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neurodegener Dis 5(3-4):118–121. doi:10.1159/000113679
Johansson AS, Owe-Larsson B, Asp L, Kocki T, Adler M, Hetta J, Gardner R, Lundkvist GB, Urbanska EM, Karlsson H (2013) Activation of kynurenine pathway in ex vivo fibroblasts from patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia: cytokine challenge increases production of 3-hydroxykynurenine. J Psychiatr Res 47(11):1815–1823. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.08.008
Jones CA, Watson DJ, Fone KC (2011) Animal models of schizophrenia. Br J Pharmacol 164(4):1162–1194. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01386.x
Kalina U, Ballas K, Koyama N, Kauschat D, Miething C, Arnemann J, Martin H, Hoelzer D, Ottmann OG (2000) Genomic organization and regulation of the human interleukin-18 gene. Scand J Immunol 52(6):525–530
Kalman J, Juhasz A, Laird G, Dickens P, Jardanhazy T, Rimanoczy A, Boncz I, Parry-Jones WL, Janka Z (1997) Serum interleukin-6 levels correlate with the severity of dementia in Down syndrome and in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 96(4):236–240
Kamnasaran D (2009) Stem cells and models of astrocytomas. Clin Invest Med 32(2):E166–E179
Kappos L, Li D, Calabresi PA, O'Connor P, Bar-Or A, Barkhof F, Yin M, Leppert D, Glanzman R, Tinbergen J, Hauser SL (2011) Ocrelizumab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet 378(9805):1779–1787. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61649-8
Kennedy SH (2008) Core symptoms of major depressive disorder: relevance to diagnosis and treatment. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 10(3):271–277
Kern RS, Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Deng BH (2004) NIMH-MATRICS survey on assessment of neurocognition in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 72(1):11–19. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.004
Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005) Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(6):617–627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
Khandaker GM, Zimbron J, Lewis G, Jones PB (2013) Prenatal maternal infection, neurodevelopment and adult schizophrenia: a systematic review of population-based studies. Psychol Med 43(2):239–257. doi:10.1017/S0033291712000736
Kim JM, Chung SJ, Kim JW, Jeon BS, Singh P, Thierfelder S, Ikeda J, Bauer L, Asia Pacific Rotigotine Add-on Study G (2015b) Rotigotine transdermal system as add-on to oral dopamine agonist in advanced Parkinson's disease: an open-label study. BMC Neurol 15:17. doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0267-7
Kim E, Camacho J, Combs Z, Ariza J, Lechpammer M, Noctor SC, Martinez-Cerdeno V (2015a) Preliminary findings suggest the number and volume of supragranular and infragranular pyramidal neurons are similar in the anterior superior temporal area of control subjects and subjects with autism. Neurosci Lett 589:98–103. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.021
Kipp M, van der Star B, Vogel DY, Puentes F, van der Valk P, Baker D, Amor S (2012) Experimental in vivo and in vitro models of multiple sclerosis: EAE and beyond. Mult Scler Relat Disord 1(1):15–28. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2011.09.002
Klintworth H, Garden G, Xia Z (2009) Rotenone and paraquat do not directly activate microglia or induce inflammatory cytokine release. Neurosci Lett 462(1):1–5. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.065
Klushnik TP, Gratchev VV, Belichenko PV (2001) Brain-directed autoantibodies levels in the serum of Rett syndrome patients. Brain Dev 23(Suppl 1):S113–S117
Knuesel I, Chicha L, Britschgi M, Schobel SA, Bodmer M, Hellings JA, Toovey S, Prinssen EP (2014) Maternal immune activation and abnormal brain development across CNS disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 10(11):643–660. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.187
Kofler J, Wiley CA (2011) Microglia: key innate immune cells of the brain. Toxicol Pathol 39(1):103–114
Koolschijn PC, van Haren NE, Lensvelt-Mulders GJ, Hulshoff Pol HE, Kahn RS (2009) Brain volume abnormalities in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Hum Brain Mapp 30(11):3719–3735. doi:10.1002/hbm.20801
Koshy Cherian A, Gritton H, Johnson DE, Young D, Kozak R, Sarter M (2014) A systemically-available kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II) inhibitor restores nicotine-evoked glutamatergic activity in the cortex of rats. Neuropharmacology 82:41–48. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.004
Koutsilieri E, Lutz MB, Scheller C (2013) Autoimmunity, dendritic cells and relevance for Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 120(1):75–81. doi:10.1007/s00702-012-0842-7
Krishnan V, Nestler EJ (2011) Animal models of depression: molecular perspectives. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 7:121–147. doi:10.1007/7854_2010_108
Kuroki N, Matsushita M (1998) Pyramidal cell orientation and density in the hippocampus in schizophrenia. Neuropathology 18(2):235–241. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1789.1998.tb00106.x
Kutzelnigg A, Lassmann H (2014) Pathology of multiple sclerosis and related demyelinating diseases. In: Goodin DS (ed) Handbook of clinical neurology: multiple sclerosis and related disorders, vol 122. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 15–58
Kvartsberg H, Duits FH, Ingelsson M, Andreasen N, Ohrfelt A, Andersson K, Brinkmalm G, Lannfelt L, Minthon L, Hansson O, Andreasson U, Teunissen CE, Scheltens P, Van der Flier WM, Zetterberg H, Portelius E, Blennow K (2015) Cerebrospinal fluid levels of the synaptic protein neurogranin correlates with cognitive decline in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 11(10):1180–1190. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.10.009
Kwilasz AJ, Grace PM, Serbedzija P, Maier SF, Watkins LR (2015) The therapeutic potential of interleukin-10 in neuroimmune diseases. Neuropharmacology 96:55–69. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.020
LaFerla FM, Oddo S (2005) Alzheimer’s disease: abeta, tau and synaptic dysfunction. Trends Mol Med 11(4):170–176. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2005.02.009
Lampron A, Elali A, Rivest S (2013) Innate immunity in the CNS: redefining the relationship between the CNS and Its environment. Neuron 78(2):214–232. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.04.005
Landfield PW, Blalock EM, Chen KC, Porter NM (2007) A new glucocorticoid hypothesis of brain aging: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 4(2):205–212
Langrish CL, Chen Y, Blumenschein WM, Mattson J, Basham B, Sedgwick JD, McClanahan T, Kastelein RA, Cua DJ (2005) IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation. J Exp Med 201(2):233–240. doi:10.1084/jem.20041257
Larbi A, Pawelec G, Witkowski JM, Schipper HM, Derhovanessian E, Goldeck D, Fulop T (2009) Dramatic shifts in circulating CD4 but not CD8 T cell subsets in mild Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 17(1):91–103. doi:10.3233/JAD-2009-1015
Lasky-Su J, Neale BM, Franke B, Anney RJ, Zhou K, Maller JB, Vasquez AA, Chen W, Asherson P, Buitelaar J, Banaschewski T, Ebstein R, Gill M, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Daly M, Laird N, Lange C, Faraone SV (2008) Genome-wide association scan of quantitative traits for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder identifies novel associations and confirms candidate gene associations. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B(8):1345–1354. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30867
Latta CH, Brothers HM, Wilcock DM (2015) Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease; A source of heterogeneity and target for personalized therapy. Neuroscience 302:103–111. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.061
Lazaro MT, Golshani P (2015) The utility of rodent models of autism spectrum disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 28(2):103–109. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000183
Leal MC, Casabona JC, Puntel M, Pitossi FJ (2013) Interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha: reliable targets for protective therapies in Parkinson's Disease? Front Cell Neurosci 7:53. doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00053
Lee H, Nho D, Chung HS, Lee H, Shin MK, Kim SH, Bae H (2010) CD4 + CD25+ regulatory T cells attenuate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Kidney Int 78(11):1100–1109. doi:10.1038/ki.2010.139
Lee M, McGeer E, McGeer PL (2013a) Neurotoxins released from interferon-gamma-stimulated human astrocytes. Neuroscience 229:164–175. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.033
Lee NJ, Yang BC, Im GS, Lee SS, Seong HH, Park JK, Chang WK, Kang JK, Hwang S (2013b) No long-term feeding toxicities on the health status in rats fed with cloned Korean native beef cattle (Hanwoo) meat. Toxicol Pathol 41(6):872–879. doi:10.1177/0192623312470762
Leeds PR, Yu F, Wang Z, Chiu CT, Zhang Y, Leng Y, Linares GR, Chuang DM (2014) A new avenue for lithium: intervention in traumatic brain injury. ACS Chem Neurosci 5(6):422–433. doi:10.1021/cn500040g
Lees AJ, Hardy J, Revesz T (2009) Parkinson's disease. Lancet 373(9680):2055–2066. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60492-X
Lehmann JC, Listopad JJ, Rentzsch CU, Igney FH, von Bonin A, Hennekes HH, Asadullah K, Docke WD (2007) Dimethylfumarate induces immunosuppression via glutathione depletion and subsequent induction of heme oxygenase 1. J Invest Dermatol 127(4):835–845. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700686
Leijdesdorff HA, van Dijck JT, Krijnen P, Vleggeert-Lankamp CL, Schipper IB, Regional Trauma Center West-Netherlands' Research G (2014) Injury pattern, hospital triage, and mortality of 1250 patients with severe traumatic brain injury caused by road traffic accidents. J Neurotrauma 31(5):459–465. doi:10.1089/neu.2013.3111
Lerner A, Bagic A (2008) Olfactory pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson disease revisited. Mov Disord 23(8):1076–1084. doi:10.1002/mds.22066
Lesage S, Brice A (2009) Parkinson's disease: from monogenic forms to genetic susceptibility factors. Hum Mol Genet 18(R1):R48–R59. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp012
Lesniak MS, Brem H (2004) Targeted therapy for brain tumours. Nat Rev Drug Discov 3(6):499–508. doi:10.1038/nrd1414
Levy G, Tang MX, Cote LJ, Louis ED, Alfaro B, Mejia H, Stern Y, Marder K (2002) Do risk factors for Alzheimer's disease predict dementia in Parkinson's disease? An exploratory study. Mov Disord 17(2):250–257
Li X, Zhang ZJ (2015) Neuropsychological and neuroimaging characteristics of amnestic mild cognitive impairment subtypes: a selective overview. CNS Neurosci Ther 21(10):776–783. doi:10.1111/cns.12391
Li M, Shang DS, Zhao WD, Tian L, Li B, Fang WG, Zhu L, Man SM, Chen YH (2009a) Amyloid beta interaction with receptor for advanced glycation end products up-regulates brain endothelial CCR5 expression and promotes T cells crossing the blood-brain barrier. J Immunol 182(9):5778–5788. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0803013
Li X, Chauhan A, Sheikh AM, Patil S, Chauhan V, Li XM, Ji L, Brown T, Malik M (2009b) Elevated immune response in the brain of autistic patients. J Neuroimmunol 207(1-2):111–116. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.12.002
Li CS, Zhang L, Haske T, Dounay A, Gray D, Barta N, Brodfuehrer J, Lepsy C, Campbell B (2012) Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of rat prefrontal cortical dopamine response to dual acting norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and 5-HT1A partial agonist. AAPS J 14(2):365–376. doi:10.1208/s12248-012-9343-8
Li Z, Xu L, He D, Yang L, Liu C, Chen Y, Shih JW, Zhang J, Zhao Q, Cheng T, Xia N (2014) In vivo time-related evaluation of a therapeutic neutralization monoclonal antibody against lethal enterovirus 71 infection in a mouse model. PLoS One 9(10):e109391. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109391
Libbey JE, Fujinami RS (2014) Adaptive immune response to viral infections in the central nervous system. Handb Clin Neurol 123:225–247. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53488-0.00010-9
Libero LE, DeRamus TP, Lahti AC, Deshpande G, Kana RK (2015) Multimodal neuroimaging based classification of autism spectrum disorder using anatomical, neurochemical, and white matter correlates. Cortex 66:46–59. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.02.008
Lider O, Reshef T, Beraud E, Ben-Nun A, Cohen IR (1988) Anti-idiotypic network induced by T cell vaccination against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Science 239(4836):181–183
Liew Z, Olsen J, Cui X, Ritz B, Arah OA (2015) Bias from conditioning on live birth in pregnancy cohorts: an illustration based on neurodevelopment in children after prenatal exposure to organic pollutants. Int J Epidemiol 44(1):345–354. doi:10.1093/ije/dyu249
Lighthall JW (1988) Controlled cortical impact: a new experimental brain injury model. J Neurotrauma 5(1):1–15
Lighthall JW, Anderson TE (1994) The neurobiology of central nervous system trauma. Oxford University Press, New York, NY
Lin YP, Jiang RC, Zhang JN (2015) Stability of rat models of fluid percussion-induced traumatic brain injury: comparison of three different impact forces. Neural Regen Res 10(7):1088–1094. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.160100
Lindgren S, Rinder L (1967) Decompression in percussion concussion: effects on "concussive response" in rabbits. J Trauma 7(4):493–499
Lipska BK, Gogos JA (2010) Animal models of schizophrenia. In: Harrison PJ, Weinberger DR (eds) Schizophrenia, 3rd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, New York, NY
Liu M, Bing G (2011) Lipopolysaccharide animal models for Parkinson's disease. Parkinson Dis 2011:327089. doi:10.4061/2011/327089
Liu R, Li JZ, Song JK, Zhou D, Huang C, Bai XY, Xie T, Zhang X, Li YJ, Wu CX, Zhang L, Li L, Zhang TT, Du GH (2014) Pinocembrin improves cognition and protects the neurovascular unit in Alzheimer related deficits. Neurobiol Aging 35(6):1275–1285. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.12.031
Lo-Castro A, D'Agati E, Curatolo P (2011) ADHD and genetic syndromes. Brain Dev 33(6):456–461. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2010.05.011
Lohoff FW (2010) Overview of the genetics of major depressive disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 12(6):539–546. doi:10.1007/s11920-010-0150-6
Loma I, Heyman R (2011) Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis and treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol 9(3):409–416. doi:10.2174/157015911796557911
Loring JF, Wen X, Lee JM, Seilhamer J, Somogyi R (2001) A gene expression profile of Alzheimer's disease. DNA Cell Biol 20(11):683–695. doi:10.1089/10445490152717541
Lovett-Racke AE, Yang Y, Racke MK (2011) Th1 versus Th17: are T cell cytokines relevant in multiple sclerosis? Biochim Biophys Acta 1812(2):246–251. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.05.012
Luan H, Liu LF, Tang Z, Zhang M, Chua KK, Song JX, Mok VC, Li M, Cai Z (2015) Comprehensive urinary metabolomic profiling and identification of potential noninvasive marker for idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 5:13888. doi:10.1038/srep13888
Ludviksson BR, Seegers D, Resnick AS, Strober W (2000) The effect of TGF-beta1 on immune responses of naive versus memory CD4+ Th1/Th2 T cells. Eur J Immunol 30(7):2101–2111
Lukkes JL, Watt MJ, Lowry CA, Forster GL (2009) Consequences of post-weaning social isolation on anxiety behavior and related neural circuits in rodents. Front Behav Neurosci 3:18. doi:10.3389/neuro.08.018.2009
Lull ME, Block ML (2010) Microglial activation and chronic neurodegeneration. Neurotherapeutics 7(4):354–365. doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2010.05.014
MacQueen GM, Campbell S, McEwen BS, Macdonald K, Amano S, Joffe RT, Nahmias C, Young LT (2003) Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(3):1387–1392. doi:10.1073/pnas.0337481100
Maes M, Song C, Lin A, De Jongh R, Van Gastel A, Kenis G, Bosmans E, De Meester I, Benoy I, Neels H, Demedts P, Janca A, Scharpe S, Smith RS (1998) The effects of psychological stress on humans: increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a Th1-like response in stress-induced anxiety. Cytokine 10(4):313–318
Maes M, Song C, Yirmiya R (2012) Targeting IL-1 in depression. Expert Opin Ther Targets 16(11):1097–1112. doi:10.1517/14728222.2012.718331
Magaki S, Mueller C, Dickson C, Kirsch W (2007) Increased production of inflammatory cytokines in mild cognitive impairment. Exp Gerontol 42(3):233–240. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2006.09.015
Mak E, Su L, Williams GB, O'Brien JT (2015) Neuroimaging correlates of cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 21(8):862–870. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.05.013
Makris N, Biederman J, Valera EM, Bush G, Kaiser J, Kennedy DN, Caviness VS, Faraone SV, Seidman LJ (2007) Cortical thinning of the attention and executive function networks in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Cereb Cortex 17(6):1364–1375. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl047
Mancardi G, Saccardi R (2008) Autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 7(7):626–636. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70138-8
Manor I, Laiba E, Eisenberg J, Meidad S, Lerer E, Israel S, Gritsenko I, Tyano S, Faraone SV, Ebstein RP (2008) Association between tryptophan hydroxylase 2, performance on a continuance performance test and response to methylphenidate in ADHD participants. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B(8):1501–1508. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30702
Manos MJ (2008) Pharmacologic treatment of ADHD: road conditions in driving patients to successful outcomes. Medscape J Med 10(1):5
Mar J, Soto-Gordoa M, Arrospide A, Moreno-Izco F, Martinez-Lage P (2015) Fitting the epidemiology and neuropathology of the early stages of Alzheimer's disease to prevent dementia. Alzheimers Res Ther 7(1):2. doi:10.1186/s13195-014-0079-9
Marciniak M, Lage MJ, Landbloom RP, Dunayevich E, Bowman L (2004) Medical and productivity costs of anxiety disorders: case control study. Depress Anxiety 19(2):112–120. doi:10.1002/da.10131
Marmarou A, Foda MA, van den Brink W, Campbell J, Kita H, Demetriadou K (1994) A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats. Part I: pathophysiology and biomechanics. J Neurosurg 80(2):291–300. doi:10.3171/jns.1994.80.2.0291
Marques AH, Bjorke-Monsen AL, Teixeira AL, Silverman MN (2015) Maternal stress, nutrition and physical activity: impact on immune function, CNS development and psychopathology. Brain Res 1617:28–46. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.051
Marras C, Lang A (2008) Invited article: changing concepts in Parkinson disease: moving beyond the decade of the brain. Neurology 70(21):1996–2003. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000312515.52545.51
Marras C, Rochon P, Lang AE (2002) Predicting motor decline and disability in Parkinson disease: a systematic review. Arch Neurol 59(11):1724–1728
Martin EI, Ressler KJ, Binder E, Nemeroff CB (2009) The neurobiology of anxiety disorders: brain imaging, genetics, and psychoneuroendocrinology. Psychiatr Clin North Am 32(3):549–575. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.05.004
Masferrer JL, Reddy ST, Zweifel BS, Seibert K, Needleman P, Gilbert RS, Herschman HR (1994) In vivo glucocorticoids regulate cyclooxygenase-2 but not cyclooxygenase-1 in peritoneal macrophages. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270(3):1340–1344
Matsukawa H, Shinoda M, Fujii M, Takahashi O, Murakata A, Yamamoto D, Sumiyoshi S, Ishikawa R (2012) Intraventricular hemorrhage on computed tomography and corpus callosum injury on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with isolated blunt traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 117(2):334–339. doi:10.3171/2012.5.JNS112318
Mattila KM, Rinne JO, Lehtimaki T, Roytta M, Ahonen JP, Hurme M (2002) Association of an interleukin 1B gene polymorphism (-511) with Parkinson's disease in Finnish patients. J Med Genet 39(6):400–402
Mazur-Kolecka B, Cohen IL, Gonzalez M, Jenkins EC, Kaczmarski W, Brown WT, Flory M, Frackowiak J (2014) Autoantibodies against neuronal progenitors in sera from children with autism. Brain Dev 36(4):322–329. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2013.04.015
McGeer EG, McGeer PL (1997) The role of the immune system in neurodegenerative disorders. Mov Disord 12(6):855–858. doi:10.1002/mds.870120604
McGeer PL, McGeer EG (2001) Inflammation, autotoxicity and Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Aging 22(6):799–809
McGeer PL, Yasojima K, McGeer EG (2001) Inflammation in Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol 86:83–89
McGeer PL, Yasojima K, McGeer EG (2002) Association of interleukin-1 beta polymorphisms with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 326(1):67–69
Mead J, Ashwood P (2015) Evidence supporting an altered immune response in ASD. Immunol Lett 163(1):49–55. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2014.11.006
Mehler MF, Kessler JA (1997) Hematolymphopoietic and inflammatory cytokines in neural development. Trends Neurosci 20(8):357–365
Mencl S, Hennig N, Hopp S, Schuhmann MK, Albert-Weissenberger C, Siren AL, Kleinschnitz C (2014) FTY720 does not protect from traumatic brain injury in mice despite reducing posttraumatic inflammation. J Neuroimmunol 274(1-2):125–131. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.07.010
Merkley TL, Bigler ED, Wilde EA, McCauley SR, Hunter JV, Levin HS (2008) Diffuse changes in cortical thickness in pediatric moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 25(11):1343–1345. doi:10.1089/neu.2008.0615
Merrill JE (1992) Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 and related cytokines in brain development: normal and pathological. Dev Neurosci 14(1):1–10
Mezzelani A, Landini M, Facchiano F, Raggi ME, Villa L, Molteni M, De Santis B, Brera C, Caroli AM, Milanesi L, Marabotti A (2015) Environment, dysbiosis, immunity and sex-specific susceptibility: a translational hypothesis for regressive autism pathogenesis. Nutr Neurosci 18(4):145–161. doi:10.1179/1476830513Y.0000000108
Milenkovic S, Dragovic M (2013) Modification of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory: a replication study. Laterality 18(3):340–348. doi:10.1080/1357650X.2012.683196
Miller DW (1999) Immunobiology of the blood-brain barrier. J Neurovirol 5(6):570–578
Miller BJ, Culpepper N, Rapaport MH, Buckley P (2013) Prenatal inflammation and neurodevelopment in schizophrenia: a review of human studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 42:92–100. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.03.010
Miller EM, Pomerleau F, Huettl P, Gerhardt GA, Glaser PE (2014) Aberrant glutamate signaling in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of the spontaneously hypertensive rat model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 231(15):3019–3029. doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3479-4
Miossec P, Kolls JK (2012) Targeting IL-17 and TH17 cells in chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Drug Discov 11(10):763–776. doi:10.1038/nrd3794
Misener VL, Schachar R, Ickowicz A, Malone M, Roberts W, Tannock R, Kennedy JL, Pathare T, Barr CL (2004) Replication test for association of the IL-1 receptor antagonist gene, IL1RN, with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychobiology 50(3):231–234. doi:10.1159/000079976
Mishra MK, Wang J, Silva C, Mack M, Yong VW (2012) Kinetics of proinflammatory monocytes in a model of multiple sclerosis and its perturbation by laquinimod. Am J Pathol 181(2):642–651. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.05.011
Mitchell RH, Goldstein BI (2014) Inflammation in children and adolescents with neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53(3):274–296. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.11.013
Mix E, Meyer-Rienecker H, Zettl UK (2008) Animal models of multiple sclerosis for the development and validation of novel therapies - potential and limitations. J Neurol 255(Suppl 6):7–14. doi:10.1007/s00415-008-6003-0
Mix E, Meyer-Rienecker H, Hartung HP, Zettl UK (2010) Animal models of multiple sclerosis--potentials and limitations. Prog Neurobiol 92(3):386–404. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.005
Miyata S (2015) New aspects in fenestrated capillary and tissue dynamics in the sensory circumventricular organs of adult brains. Front Neurosci 9:390. doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00390
Mogi M, Harada M, Kondo T, Riederer P, Inagaki H, Minami M, Nagatsu T (1994) Interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha are elevated in the brain from parkinsonian patients. Neurosci Lett 180(2):147–150
Mogi M, Harada M, Narabayashi H, Inagaki H, Minami M, Nagatsu T (1996) Interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and transforming growth factor-alpha levels are elevated in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid in juvenile parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 211(1):13–16
Mohiuddin S, Ghaziuddin M (2013) Psychopharmacology of autism spectrum disorders: a selective review. Autism 17(6):645–654. doi:10.1177/1362361312453776
Moller JC, Depboylu C, Kolsch H, Lohmuller F, Bandmann O, Gocke P, Du Y, Paus S, Wullner U, Gasser T, Oertel WH, Klockgether T, Dodel RC (2004) Lack of association between the interleukin-1 alpha (-889) polymorphism and early-onset Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 359(3):195–197. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.01.058
Montine TJ (2011) Prevalence estimates for latent neurodegenerative disease. Toxicol Pathol 39(1):99–102
Montine TJ, Phelps CH, Beach TG, Bigio EH, Cairns NJ, Dickson DW, Duyckaerts C, Frosch MP, Masliah E, Mirra SS, Nelson PT, Schneider JA, Thal DR, Trojanowski JQ, Vinters HV, Hyman BT, National Institute on A, Alzheimer's A (2012) National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease: a practical approach. Acta Neuropathol 123(1):1–11. doi:10.1007/s00401-011-0910-3
Moran LB, Duke DC, Deprez M, Dexter DT, Pearce RK, Graeber MB (2006) Whole genome expression profiling of the medial and lateral substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. Neurogenetics 7(1):1–11. doi:10.1007/s10048-005-0020-2
Morgan JT, Chana G, Pardo CA, Achim C, Semendeferi K, Buckwalter J, Courchesne E, Everall IP (2010) Microglial activation and increased microglial density observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in autism. Biol Psychiatry 68(4):368–376. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.024
Moscavitch SD, Szyper-Kravitz M, Shoenfeld Y (2009) Autoimmune pathology accounts for common manifestations in a wide range of neuro-psychiatric disorders: the olfactory and immune system interrelationship. Clin Immunol 130(3):235–243. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2008.10.010
Mosley PE, Marsh R (2015) The psychiatric and neuropsychiatric symptoms after subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 27(1):19–26. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.14040069
Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Rating Scales for Parkinson's D (2003) The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS): status and recommendations. Mov Disord 18(7):738–750. doi:10.1002/mds.10473
Mruthinti S, Buccafusco JJ, Hill WD, Waller JL, Jackson TW, Zamrini EY, Schade RF (2004) Autoimmunity in Alzheimer's disease: increased levels of circulating IgGs binding Abeta and RAGE peptides. Neurobiol Aging 25(8):1023–1032. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.11.001
Müller N (2014) Immunology of schizophrenia. Neuroimmunomodulation 21(2-3):109–116. doi:10.1159/000356538
Muller T, Blum-Degen D, Przuntek H, Kuhn W (1998) Interleukin-6 levels in cerebrospinal fluid inversely correlate to severity of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 98(2):142–144
Muller RA, Pierce K, Ambrose JB, Allen G, Courchesne E (2001) Atypical patterns of cerebral motor activation in autism: a functional magnetic resonance study. Biol Psychiatry 49(8):665–676
Muller N, Schwarz MJ, Dehning S, Douhe A, Cerovecki A, Goldstein-Muller B, Spellmann I, Hetzel G, Maino K, Kleindienst N, Moller HJ, Arolt V, Riedel M (2006) The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib has therapeutic effects in major depression: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, add-on pilot study to reboxetine. Mol Psychiatry 11(7):680–684. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001805
Muller DJ, Mandelli L, Serretti A, DeYoung CG, De Luca V, Sicard T, Tharmalingam S, Gallinat J, Muglia P, De Ronchi D, Jain U, Kennedy JL (2008) Serotonin transporter gene and adverse life events in adult ADHD. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B(8):1461–1469. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30706
Müller N, Krause D, Dehning S, Musil R, Schennach-Wolff R, Obermeier M, Moller HJ, Klauss V, Schwarz MJ, Riedel M (2010) Celecoxib treatment in an early stage of schizophrenia: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of celecoxib augmentation of amisulpride treatment. Schizophr Res 121(1-3):118–124. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.04.015
Muslimovic D, Post B, Speelman JD, Schmand B (2005) Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease. Neurology 65(8):1239–1245. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000180516.69442.95
Na ES, Nelson ED, Kavalali ET, Monteggia LM (2013) The impact of MeCP2 loss- or gain-of-function on synaptic plasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 38(1):212–219. doi:10.1038/npp.2012.116
Naegele M, Martin R (2014) The good and the bad of neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis. Handb Clin Neurol 122:59–87. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-52001-2.00003-0
National Institute of Mental Health N (2014) Major depression among adults. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/major-depression-among-adults.shtml. Accessed 10 Jan 2016
Nawa H, Takei N (2006) Recent progress in animal modeling of immune inflammatory processes in schizophrenia: implication of specific cytokines. Neurosci Res 56(1):2–13. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2006.06.002
Nawa H, Takahashi M, Patterson PH (2000) Cytokine and growth factor involvement in schizophrenia--support for the developmental model. Mol Psychiatry 5(6):594–603
Neef D, Walling AD (2006) Dementia with Lewy bodies: an emerging disease. Am Fam Physician 73(7):1223–1229
Nelson L, Tabet N (2015) Slowing the progression of Alzheimer’s disease; what works? Ageing Res Rev 23:193–209. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.07.002
Nemeroff CB (2002) Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders: the rule, not the exception? Am J Psychiatry 159(1):3–4. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.3
Nguyen MV, Du F, Felice CA, Shan X, Nigam A, Mandel G, Robinson JK, Ballas N (2012) MeCP2 is critical for maintaining mature neuronal networks and global brain anatomy during late stages of postnatal brain development and in the mature adult brain. J Neurosci 32(29):10021–10034. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1316-12.2012
NHDS, NHAMCS, NVSS (2010) Injury prevention and control: traumatic brain injury
Nickl-Jockschat T, Habel U, Michel TM, Manning J, Laird AR, Fox PT, Schneider F, Eickhoff SB (2012) Brain structure anomalies in autism spectrum disorder--a meta-analysis of VBM studies using anatomic likelihood estimation. Hum Brain Mapp 33(6):1470–1489. doi:10.1002/hbm.21299
Niederhofer H (2011) Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and celiac disease: a brief report. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 13(3), 10.4088/PCC.10br01104
Nishimura M, Mizuta I, Mizuta E, Yamasaki S, Ohta M, Kuno S (2000) Influence of interleukin-1beta gene polymorphisms on age-at-onset of sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 284(1-2):73–76
Nolen-Hoeksema S (2001) Gender differences in depression. Curr Direct Psychol Sci 10(5):173–176. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00142
Nosarti C, Rushe TM, Woodruff PW, Stewart AL, Rifkin L, Murray RM (2004) Corpus callosum size and very preterm birth: relationship to neuropsychological outcome. Brain 127(Pt 9):2080–2089. doi:10.1093/brain/awh230
Noseworthy JH, Lucchinetti C, Rodriguez M, Weinshenker BG (2000) Multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 343(13):938–952. doi:10.1056/NEJM200009283431307
Nussbaum RL, Ellis CE (2003) Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 348(14):1356–1364. doi:10.1056/NEJM2003ra020003
Obeso JA, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Goetz CG, Marin C, Kordower JH, Rodriguez M, Hirsch EC, Farrer M, Schapira AH, Halliday G (2010) Missing pieces in the Parkinson's disease puzzle. Nat Med 16(6):653–661. doi:10.1038/nm.2165
Ockenfels HM, Schultewolter T, Ockenfels G, Funk R, Goos M (1998) The antipsoriatic agent dimethylfumarate immunomodulates T-cell cytokine secretion and inhibits cytokines of the psoriatic cytokine network. Br J Dermatol 139(3):390–395
O'Donovan A, Chao LL, Paulson J, Samuelson KW, Shigenaga JK, Grunfeld C, Weiner MW, Neylan TC (2015) Altered inflammatory activity associated with reduced hippocampal volume and more severe posttraumatic stress symptoms in Gulf War veterans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 51:557–566. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.010
Ohgaki H, Kleihues P (2013) The definition of primary and secondary glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 19(4):764–772. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3002
Ojala J, Alafuzoff I, Herukka SK, van Groen T, Tanila H, Pirttila T (2009) Expression of interleukin-18 is increased in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurobiol Aging 30(2):198–209. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.06.006
Okun MS (2012) Deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 367(16):1529–1538. doi:10.1056/NEJMct1208070
Okun MS, Gallo BV, Mandybur G, Jagid J, Foote KD, Revilla FJ, Alterman R, Jankovic J, Simpson R, Junn F, Verhagen L, Arle JE, Ford B, Goodman RR, Stewart RM, Horn S, Baltuch GH, Kopell BH, Marshall F, Peichel D, Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Troster AI, Vitek JL, Tagliati M, Group SDS (2012) Subthalamic deep brain stimulation with a constant-current device in Parkinson's disease: an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 11(2):140–149. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70308-8
Olsson SK, Larsson MK, Erhardt S (2012) Subchronic elevation of brain kynurenic acid augments amphetamine-induced locomotor response in mice. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 119(2):155–163. doi:10.1007/s00702-011-0706-6
Orr CF, Rowe DB, Mizuno Y, Mori H, Halliday GM (2005) A possible role for humoral immunity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Brain 128(Pt 11):2665–2674. doi:10.1093/brain/awh625
Orsini F, De Blasio D, Zangari R, Zanier ER, De Simoni MG (2014) Versatility of the complement system in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and brain homeostasis. Front Cell Neurosci 8:380. doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00380
Pandey GN, Rizavi HS, Ren X, Fareed J, Hoppensteadt DA, Roberts RC, Conley RR, Dwivedi Y (2012) Proinflammatory cytokines in the prefrontal cortex of teenage suicide victims. J Psychiatr Res 46(1):57–63. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.08.006
Papenfuss TL, Rogers CJ, Gienapp I, Yurrita M, McClain M, Damico N, Valo J, Song F, Whitacre CC (2004) Sex differences in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in multiple murine strains. J Neuroimmunol 150(1-2):59–69. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.01.018
Paquet C, Amin J, Mouton-Liger F, Nasser M, Love S, Gray F, Pickering RM, Nicoll JA, Holmes C, Hugon J, Boche D (2015) Effect of active Abeta immunotherapy on neurons in human Alzheimer's disease. J Pathol 235(5):721–730. doi:10.1002/path.4491
Pariante CM, Lightman SL (2008) The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments. Trends Neurosci 31(9):464–468. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.06.006
Parkinson GM, Dayas CV, Smith DW (2015) Age-related gene expression changes in substantia nigra dopamine neurons of the rat. Mech Ageing Dev 149:41–49. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2015.06.002
Paschen L, Schmidt N, Wolff S, Cnyrim C, van Eimeren T, Zeuner KE, Deuschl G, Witt K (2015) The olfactory bulb volume in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 22(7):1068–1073. doi:10.1111/ene.12709
Pasco JA, Nicholson GC, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, Henry MJ, Kotowicz MA, Schneider HG, Leonard BE, Berk M (2010) Association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein with de novo major depression. Br J Psychiatry 197(5):372–377. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.076430
Patterson PH (2009) Immune involvement in schizophrenia and autism: etiology, pathology and animal models. Behav Brain Res 204(2):313–321. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.12.016
Pellicano M, Larbi A, Goldeck D, Colonna-Romano G, Buffa S, Bulati M, Rubino G, Iemolo F, Candore G, Caruso C, Derhovanessian E, Pawelec G (2012) Immune profiling of Alzheimer patients. J Neuroimmunol 242(1-2):52–59. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.11.005
Pereira LS, Narciso FM, Oliveira DM, Coelho FM, Souza Dda G, Dias RC (2009) Correlation between manual muscle strength and interleukin-6 (IL-6) plasma levels in elderly community-dwelling women. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 48(3):313–316. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2008.02.012
Perry VH, Teeling J (2013) Microglia and macrophages of the central nervous system: the contribution of microglia priming and systemic inflammation to chronic neurodegeneration. Semin Immunopathol 35(5):601–612. doi:10.1007/s00281-013-0382-8
Perry VH, Cunningham C, Holmes C (2007) Systemic infections and inflammation affect chronic neurodegeneration. Nat Rev Immunol 7(2):161–167. doi:10.1038/nri2015
Pershing ML, Bortz DM, Pocivavsek A, Fredericks PJ, Jorgensen CV, Vunck SA, Leuner B, Schwarcz R, Bruno JP (2015) Elevated levels of kynurenic acid during gestation produce neurochemical, morphological, and cognitive deficits in adulthood: implications for schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology 90:33–41. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.017
Persidsky Y (1999) Model systems for studies of leukocyte migration across the blood - brain barrier. J Neurovirol 5(6):579–590
Pervanidou P, Kolaitis G, Charitaki S, Margeli A, Ferentinos S, Bakoula C, Lazaropoulou C, Papassotiriou I, Tsiantis J, Chrousos GP (2007) Elevated morning serum interleukin (IL)-6 or evening salivary cortisol concentrations predict posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents six months after a motor vehicle accident. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32(8-10):991–999. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.07.001
Petra AI, Panagiotidou S, Hatziagelaki E, Stewart JM, Conti P, Theoharides TC (2015) Gut-Microbiota-Brain Axis and Its Effect on Neuropsychiatric Disorders With Suspected Immune Dysregulation. Clin Ther 37(5):984–995. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.04.002
Pfenninger EG, Reith A, Breitig D, Grunert A, Ahnefeld FW (1989) Early changes of intracranial pressure, perfusion pressure, and blood flow after acute head injury. Part 1: an experimental study of the underlying pathophysiology. J Neurosurg 70(5):774–779. doi:10.3171/jns.1989.70.5.0774
Pies R (2009) Should psychiatrists use atypical antipsychotics to treat nonpsychotic anxiety? Psychiatry (Edgmont) 6(6):29–37
Pinal CS, Tobin AJ (1998) Uniqueness and redundancy in GABA production. Perspect Dev Neurobiol 5(2-3):109–118
Pittella JE (2013) Pathology of CNS parasitic infections. Handb Clin Neurol 114:65–88. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53490-3.00005-4
Planetta PJ, Kurani AS, Shukla P, Prodoehl J, Corcos DM, Comella CL, McFarland NR, Okun MS, Vaillancourt DE (2015) Distinct functional and macrostructural brain changes in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Hum Brain Mapp 36(3):1165–1179. doi:10.1002/hbm.22694
Platten M, Ochs K, Lemke D, Opitz C, Wick W (2014) Microenvironmental clues for glioma immunotherapy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 14(4):440. doi:10.1007/s11910-014-0440-1
Pocivavsek A, Wu HQ, Potter MC, Elmer GI, Pellicciari R, Schwarcz R (2011) Fluctuations in endogenous kynurenic acid control hippocampal glutamate and memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 36(11):2357–2367. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.127
Pocivavsek A, Thomas MA, Elmer GI, Bruno JP, Schwarcz R (2014) Continuous kynurenine administration during the prenatal period, but not during adolescence, causes learning and memory deficits in adult rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 231(14):2799–2809. doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3452-2
Pontén J (1975) Neoplastic human glia cells in culture. In: Fogh J (ed) Human tumor cells in vitro. Springer, New York, NY, pp 175–206. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1647-4_7
Potter ED, Ling ZD, Carvey PM (1999) Cytokine-induced conversion of mesencephalic-derived progenitor cells into dopamine neurons. Cell Tissue Res 296(2):235–246
Potvin S, Stip E, Sepehry AA, Gendron A, Bah R, Kouassi E (2008) Inflammatory cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: a systematic quantitative review. Biol Psychiatry 63(8):801–808. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.09.024
Prabakaran S, Swatton JE, Ryan MM, Huffaker SJ, Huang JT, Griffin JL, Wayland M, Freeman T, Dudbridge F, Lilley KS, Karp NA, Hester S, Tkachev D, Mimmack ML, Yolken RH, Webster MJ, Torrey EF, Bahn S (2004) Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: evidence for compromised brain metabolism and oxidative stress. Mol Psychiatry 9(7):684–697. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001511, 643
Prados MD, Byron SA, Tran NL, Phillips JJ, Molinaro AM, Ligon KL, Wen PY, Kuhn JG, Mellinghoff IK, de Groot JF, Colman H, Cloughesy TF, Chang SM, Ryken TC, Tembe WD, Kiefer JA, Berens ME, Craig DW, Carpten JD, Trent JM (2015) Toward precision medicine in glioblastoma: the promise and the challenges. Neuro Oncol 17(8):1051–1063. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nov031
Pramparo T, Lombardo MV, Campbell K, Barnes CC, Marinero S, Solso S, Young J, Mayo M, Dale A, Ahrens-Barbeau C, Murray SS, Lopez L, Lewis N, Pierce K, Courchesne E (2015) Cell cycle networks link gene expression dysregulation, mutation, and brain maldevelopment in autistic toddlers. Mol Syst Biol 11(12):841. doi:10.15252/msb.20156108
Provenzano FA, Muraskin J, Tosto G, Narkhede A, Wasserman BT, Griffith EY, Guzman VA, Meier IB, Zimmerman ME, Brickman AM, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging I (2013) White matter hyperintensities and cerebral amyloidosis: necessary and sufficient for clinical expression of Alzheimer disease? JAMA Neurol 70(4):455–461. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.1321
Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM (2010) Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 362(4):329–344. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0909142
Raad M, Nohra E, Chams N, Itani M, Talih F, Mondello S, Kobeissy F (2014) Autoantibodies in traumatic brain injury and central nervous system trauma. Neuroscience 281C:16–23. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.045
Radaelli E, Ceruti R, Patton V, Russo M, Degrassi A, Croci V, Caprera F, Stortini G, Scanziani E, Pesenti E, Alzani R (2009) Immunohistopathological and neuroimaging characterization of murine orthotopic xenograft models of glioblastoma multiforme recapitulating the most salient features of human disease. Histol Histopathol 24(7):879–891
Radde R, Bolmont T, Kaeser SA, Coomaraswamy J, Lindau D, Stoltze L, Calhoun ME, Jaggi F, Wolburg H, Gengler S, Haass C, Ghetti B, Czech C, Holscher C, Mathews PM, Jucker M (2006) Abeta42-driven cerebral amyloidosis in transgenic mice reveals early and robust pathology. EMBO Rep 7(9):940–946. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400784
Raison CL, Miller AH (2011) Is depression an inflammatory disorder? Curr Psychiatry Rep 13(6):467–475. doi:10.1007/s11920-011-0232-0
Raison CL, Dantzer R, Kelley KW, Lawson MA, Woolwine BJ, Vogt G, Spivey JR, Saito K, Miller AH (2010) CSF concentrations of brain tryptophan and kynurenines during immune stimulation with IFN-alpha: relationship to CNS immune responses and depression. Mol Psychiatry 15(4):393–403. doi:10.1038/mp.2009.116
Raison CL, Rutherford RE, Woolwine BJ, Shuo C, Schettler P, Drake DF, Haroon E, Miller AH (2013) A randomized controlled trial of the tumor necrosis factor antagonist infliximab for treatment-resistant depression: the role of baseline inflammatory biomarkers. JAMA Psychiat 70(1):31–41. doi:10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.4
Rajasekhar K, Chakrabarti M, Govindaraju T (2015) Function and toxicity of amyloid beta and recent therapeutic interventions targeting amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease. Chem Commun (Camb) 51(70):13434–13450. doi:10.1039/c5cc05264e
Rangachari M, Kuchroo VK (2013) Using EAE to better understand principles of immune function and autoimmune pathology. J Autoimmun 45:31–39. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.008
Ransohoff RM, Brown MA (2012) Innate immunity in the central nervous system. J Clin Invest 122(4):1164–1171. doi:10.1172/JCI58644
Ransohoff RM, Cardona AE (2010) The myeloid cells of the central nervous system parenchyma. Nature 468(7321):253–262. doi:10.1038/nature09615
Ransohoff RM, Engelhardt B (2012) The anatomical and cellular basis of immune surveillance in the central nervous system. Nat Rev Immunol 12(9):623–635. doi:10.1038/nri3265
Rao AA, Reddi KK, Thota H (2008) Bioinformatic Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease Using Functional Protein Sequences. J Proteomics Bioinform 1:36–42
Rapaport MH, Delrahim KK, Bresee CJ, Maddux RE, Ahmadpour O, Dolnak D (2005) Celecoxib augmentation of continuously ill patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 57(12):1594–1596. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.024
Rasmuson S, Nasman B, Olsson T (2011) Increased serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in women with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Int Psychogeriatr 23(9):1386–1392. doi:10.1017/S1041610211000810
Read RD, Cavenee WK, Furnari FB, Thomas JB (2009) A drosophila model for EGFR-Ras and PI3K-dependent human glioma. PLoS Genet 5(2):e1000374. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000374
Reale M, Iarlori C, Thomas A, Gambi D, Perfetti B, Di Nicola M, Onofrj M (2009) Peripheral cytokines profile in Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 23(1):55–63. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2008.07.003
Reed-Geaghan EG, Savage JC, Hise AG, Landreth GE (2009) CD14 and toll-like receptors 2 and 4 are required for fibrillar A{beta}-stimulated microglial activation. J Neurosci 29(38):11982–11992. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3158-09.2009
Reichenberg A, Yirmiya R, Schuld A, Kraus T, Haack M, Morag A, Pollmacher T (2001) Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58(5):445–452
Reilly C, Atkinson P, Das KB, Chin RF, Aylett SE, Burch V, Gillberg C, Scott RC, Neville BG (2014) Neurobehavioral comorbidities in children with active epilepsy: a population-based study. Pediatrics 133(6):e1586–e1593. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3787
Rentzos M, Nikolaou C, Andreadou E, Paraskevas GP, Rombos A, Zoga M, Tsoutsou A, Boufidou F, Kapaki E, Vassilopoulos D (2009) Circulating interleukin-10 and interleukin-12 in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 119(5):332–337. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01103.x
Richartz-Salzburger E, Batra A, Stransky E, Laske C, Kohler N, Bartels M, Buchkremer G, Schott K (2007) Altered lymphocyte distribution in Alzheimer's disease. J Psychiatr Res 41(1-2):174–178. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.01.010
Ringheim GE, Conant K (2004) Neurodegenerative disease and the neuroimmune axis (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and viral infections). J Neuroimmunol 147(1-2):43–49
Rivers TM, Sprunt DH, Berry GP (1933) Observations on Attempts to Produce Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis in Monkeys. J Exp Med 58(1):39–53
Robinson AP, Harp CT, Noronha A, Miller SD (2014) The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS: utility for understanding disease pathophysiology and treatment. In: Goodin DS (ed) Handbook of clinical neurology: multiple sclerosis and related disorders, vol 122. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 173–189
Rodriguez-Rodriguez A, Egea-Guerrero JJ, Murillo-Cabezas F, Carrillo-Vico A (2014) Oxidative stress in traumatic brain injury. Curr Med Chem 21(10):1201–1211
Rogers J, Webster S, Lue LF, Brachova L, Civin WH, Emmerling M, Shivers B, Walker D, McGeer P (1996) Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Neurobiol Aging 17(5):681–686
Rogers JT, Morganti JM, Bachstetter AD, Hudson CE, Peters MM, Grimmig BA, Weeber EJ, Bickford PC, Gemma C (2011) CX3CR1 deficiency leads to impairment of hippocampal cognitive function and synaptic plasticity. J Neurosci 31(45):16241–16250. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3667-11.2011
Rojanathammanee L, Floden AM, Manocha GD, Combs CK (2015) Attenuation of microglial activation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease via NFAT inhibition. J Neuroinflammation 12:42. doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0255-2
Rojo LE, Fernandez JA, Maccioni AA, Jimenez JM, Maccioni RB (2008) Neuroinflammation: implications for the pathogenesis and molecular diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Med Res 39(1):1–16. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2007.10.001
Rommelse NN, Altink ME, Arias-Vasquez A, Buschgens CJ, Fliers E, Faraone SV, Buitelaar JK, Sergeant JA, Oosterlaan J, Franke B (2008) Differential association between MAOA, ADHD and neuropsychological functioning in boys and girls. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B(8):1524–1530. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30845
Ross OA, O'Neill C, Rea IM, Lynch T, Gosal D, Wallace A, Curran MD, Middleton D, Gibson JM (2004) Functional promoter region polymorphism of the proinflammatory chemokine IL-8 gene associates with Parkinson's disease in the Irish. Hum Immunol 65(4):340–346. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2004.01.015
Rossi CC, Van de Water J, Rogers SJ, Amaral DG (2011) Detection of plasma autoantibodies to brain tissue in young children with and without autism spectrum disorders. Brain Behav Immun 25(6):1123–1135. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.02.011
Rossignol DA, Frye RE (2012) A review of research trends in physiological abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders: immune dysregulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and environmental toxicant exposures. Mol Psychiatry 17(4):389–401. doi:10.1038/mp.2011.165
Roth P, Eisele G, Weller M (2012) Immunology of brain tumors. Handb Clin Neurol 104:45–51. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-52138-5.00004-9
Rout UK, Mungan NK, Dhossche DM (2012) Presence of GAD65 autoantibodies in the serum of children with autism or ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 21(3):141–147. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0245-1
Roy K, Ghosh M, Pal TK, Chakrabarti S, Roy S (2013) Cholesterol lowering drug may influence cellular immune response by altering MHC II function. J Lipid Res 54(11):3106–3115. doi:10.1194/jlr.M041954
Rusu C, Preda C, Sireteanu A, Vulpoi C (2015) Risk factors in autism spectrum disorders: the role of genetic, Epigenetic, Immune and environmental interactions. Environ Eng Manag 14(4):901–917
Ruszkiewicz J, Albrecht J (2015) Changes in the mitochondrial antioxidant systems in neurodegenerative diseases and acute brain disorders. Neurochem Int 88:66–72. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2014.12.012
Ryu JK, Cho T, Choi HB, Jantaratnotai N, McLarnon JG (2015) Pharmacological antagonism of interleukin-8 receptor CXCR2 inhibits inflammatory reactivity and is neuroprotective in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 12:144. doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0339-z
Sagvolden T, Metzger MA, Schiorbeck HK, Rugland AL, Spinnangr I, Sagvolden G (1992) The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model of childhood hyperactivity (ADHD): changed reactivity to reinforcers and to psychomotor stimulants. Behav Neural Biol 58(2):103–112
Saiz-Sanchez D, De la Rosa-Prieto C, Ubeda-Banon I, Martinez-Marcos A (2015) Interneurons, tau and amyloid-beta in the piriform cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Struct Funct 220(4):2011–2025. doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0771-3
Salani F, Ciaramella A, Bizzoni F, Assogna F, Caltagirone C, Spalletta G, Bossu P (2013) Increased expression of interleukin-18 receptor in blood cells of subjects with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Cytokine 61(2):360–363. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2012.11.001
Santosh PJ, Baird G, Pityaratstian N, Tavare E, Gringras P (2006) Impact of comorbid autism spectrum disorders on stimulant response in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a retrospective and prospective effectiveness study. Child Care Health Dev 32(5):575–583. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00631.x
Sardi F, Fassina L, Venturini L, Inguscio M, Guerriero F, Rolfo E, Ricevuti G (2011) Alzheimer's disease, autoimmunity and inflammation. The good, the bad and the ugly. Autoimmun Rev 11(2):149–153. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.09.005
Schab DW, Trinh NH (2004) Do artificial food colors promote hyperactivity in children with hyperactive syndromes? A meta-analysis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials. J Dev Behav Pediatr 25(6):423–434
Schaible EV, Windschugl J, Bobkiewicz W, Kaburov Y, Dangel L, Kramer T, Huang C, Sebastiani A, Luh C, Werner C, Engelhard K, Thal SC, Schafer MK (2014) 2-Methoxyestradiol confers neuroprotection and inhibits a maladaptive HIF-1alpha response after traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neurochem 129(6):940–954. doi:10.1111/jnc.12708
Schapira AH, Emre M, Jenner P, Poewe W (2009) Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 16(9):982–989. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02697.x
Schilling S, Goelz S, Linker R, Luehder F, Gold R (2006) Fumaric acid esters are effective in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and suppress macrophage infiltration. Clin Exp Immunol 145(1):101–107. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03094.x
Schneider LS, Kennedy RE, Wang G, Cutter GR (2015) Differences in Alzheimer disease clinical trial outcomes based on age of the participants. Neurology 84(11):1121–1127. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001376
Schulze-Topphoff U, Shetty A, Varrin-Doyer M, Molnarfi N, Sagan SA, Sobel RA, Nelson PA, Zamvil SS (2012) Laquinimod, a quinoline-3-carboxamide, induces type II myeloid cells that modulate central nervous system autoimmunity. PLoS One 7(3):e33797. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033797
Schwarcz R, Hunter CA (2007) Toxoplasma gondii and schizophrenia: linkage through astrocyte-derived kynurenic acid? Schizophr Bull 33(3):652–653. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm030
Schwarcz R, Rassoulpour A, Wu HQ, Medoff D, Tamminga CA, Roberts RC (2001) Increased cortical kynurenate content in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 50(7):521–530
Schwarcz R, Bruno JP, Muchowski PJ, Wu HQ (2012) Kynurenines in the mammalian brain: when physiology meets pathology. Nat Rev Neurosci 13(7):465–477. doi:10.1038/nrn3257
Schwieler L, Erhardt S, Erhardt C, Engberg G (2005) Prostaglandin-mediated control of rat brain kynurenic acid synthesis--opposite actions by COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 112(7):863–872. doi:10.1007/s00702-004-0231-y
Schwieler L, Larsson MK, Skogh E, Kegel ME, Orhan F, Abdelmoaty S, Finn A, Bhat M, Samuelsson M, Lundberg K, Dahl ML, Sellgren C, Schuppe-Koistinen I, Svensson C, Erhardt S, Engberg G (2015) Increased levels of IL-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with chronic schizophrenia--significance for activation of the kynurenine pathway. J Psychiatry Neurosci 40(2):126–133
Segman RH, Meltzer A, Gross-Tsur V, Kosov A, Frisch A, Inbar E, Darvasi A, Levy S, Goltser T, Weizman A, Galili-Weisstub E (2002) Preferential transmission of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist alleles in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 7(1):72–74. doi:10.1038/sj/mp/4000919
Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N (2005) Structural brain imaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57(11):1263–1272. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.019
Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N, Monuteaux MC, Boriel DL, Kelkar K, Kennedy DN, Caviness VS, Bush G, Aleardi M, Faraone SV, Biederman J (2006) Dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex volumetric abnormalities in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder identified by magnetic resonance imaging. Biol Psychiatry 60(10):1071–1080. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.031
Selikhova MV, Kushlinskii NE, Lyubimova NV, Gusev EI (2002) Impaired production of plasma interleukin-6 in patients with Parkinson's disease. Bull Exp Biol Med 133(1):81–83
Selkoe DJ (2000) Toward a comprehensive theory for Alzheimer’s disease. Hypothesis: Alzheimer's disease is caused by the cerebral accumulation and cytotoxicity of amyloid beta-protein. Ann N Y Acad Sci 924:17–25
Selten JP, van der Ven E, Rutten BP, Cantor-Graae E (2013) The social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia: an update. Schizophr Bull 39(6):1180–1186. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt134
Servatius RJ, Ottenweller JE, Natelson BH (1995) Delayed startle sensitization distinguishes rats exposed to one or three stress sessions: further evidence toward an animal model of PTSD. Biol Psychiatry 38(8):539–546. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)00369-E
Shaftel SS, Kyrkanides S, Olschowka JA, Miller JN, Johnson RE, O'Banion MK (2007) Sustained hippocampal IL-1 beta overexpression mediates chronic neuroinflammation and ameliorates Alzheimer plaque pathology. J Clin Invest 117(6):1595–1604. doi:10.1172/JCI31450
Shah BM, Misra M, Shishoo CJ, Padh H (2015) Nose to brain microemulsion-based drug delivery system of rivastigmine: formulation and ex-vivo characterization. Drug Deliv 22(7):918–930. doi:10.3109/10717544.2013.878857
Shaw P, Eckstrand K, Sharp W, Blumenthal J, Lerch JP, Greenstein D, Clasen L, Evans A, Giedd J, Rapoport JL (2007) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(49):19649–19654. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707741104
Shaw P, Malek M, Watson B, Greenstein D, de Rossi P, Sharp W (2013) Trajectories of cerebral cortical development in childhood and adolescence and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 74(8):599–606. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.007
Shaw P, De Rossi P, Watson B, Wharton A, Greenstein D, Raznahan A, Sharp W, Lerch JP, Chakravarty MM (2014) Mapping the development of the basal ganglia in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53(7):780–789. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.05.003, e711
Sheline YI, Gado MH, Kraemer HC (2003) Untreated depression and hippocampal volume loss. Am J Psychiatry 160(8):1516–1518. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1516
Shen MD, Nordahl CW, Young GS, Wootton-Gorges SL, Lee A, Liston SE, Harrington KR, Ozonoff S, Amaral DG (2013) Early brain enlargement and elevated extra-axial fluid in infants who develop autism spectrum disorder. Brain 136(Pt 9):2825–2835. doi:10.1093/brain/awt166
Sheng JG, Mrak RE, Griffin WS (1997) Neuritic plaque evolution in Alzheimer's disease is accompanied by transition of activated microglia from primed to enlarged to phagocytic forms. Acta Neuropathol 94(1):1–5
Shier AC, Reichenbacher T, Ghuman HS, Ghuman JK (2013) Pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: clinical strategies. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 5:1–17. doi:10.4137/JCNSD.S6691
Shin SS, Verstynen T, Pathak S, Jarbo K, Hricik AJ, Maserati M, Beers SR, Puccio AM, Boada FE, Okonkwo DO, Schneider W (2012) High-definition fiber tracking for assessment of neurological deficit in a case of traumatic brain injury: finding, visualizing, and interpreting small sites of damage. J Neurosurg 116(5):1062–1069. doi:10.3171/2012.1.JNS111282
Shrey DW, Griesbach GS, Giza CC (2011) The pathophysiology of concussions in youth. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 22(4):577–602. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2011.08.002, vii
Shriber (2010) Autism: a neurological and sensory based perspective. In: Stone JH, Blouin M (eds) International encyclopedia of rehabilitation. Center for International Rehabilitation Research Information and Exchange, Buffalo, NY
Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz M, Wegrzynowicz M, Lee E, Bowman AB, Aschner M (2011) Role of astrocytes in brain function and disease. Toxicol Pathol 39(1):115–123
Simmons SB, Pierson ER, Lee SY, Goverman JM (2013) Modeling the heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis in animals. Trends Immunol 34(8):410–422. doi:10.1016/j.it.2013.04.006
Simola N, Morelli M, Carta AR (2007) The 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. Neurotox Res 11(3-4):151–167
Simpson JE, Ince PG, Matthews FE, Shaw PJ, Heath PR, Brayne C, Garwood C, Higginbottom A, Wharton SB, Function MRCC, Ageing Neuropathology Study G (2015) A neuronal DNA damage response is detected at the earliest stages of Alzheimer's neuropathology and correlates with cognitive impairment in the Medical Research Council's Cognitive Function and Ageing Study ageing brain cohort. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 41(4):483–496. doi:10.1111/nan.12202
Singh VK, Lin SX, Yang VC (1998) Serological association of measles virus and human herpesvirus-6 with brain autoantibodies in autism. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 89(1):105–108
Smeraldi E (2012) Neurobiology and neurogenetics of anxiety and depression. Medicographia 34(3):276–282
Smith C, Goddard S, Fluck M (2004) A Scheme to Promote Social Attention and Functional Language in Young Children with Communication Difficulties and Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Edu Psychol Pract 20(4):319–333. doi:10.1080/0266736042000314268
Smith AJ, Liu Y, Peng H, Beers R, Racke MK, Lovett-Racke AE (2011) Comparison of a classical Th1 bacteria versus a Th17 bacteria as adjuvant in the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 237(1-2):33–38. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.05.012
Snyder JS, Soumier A, Brewer M, Pickel J, Cameron HA (2011) Adult hippocampal neurogenesis buffers stress responses and depressive behaviour. Nature 476(7361):458–461. doi:10.1038/nature10287
Soderlund J, Schroder J, Nordin C, Samuelsson M, Walther-Jallow L, Karlsson H, Erhardt S, Engberg G (2009) Activation of brain interleukin-1beta in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 14(12):1069–1071. doi:10.1038/mp.2009.52
Sohn YH, Kim JS (1998) The influence of white matter hyperintensities on the clinical features of Parkinson's disease. Yonsei Med J 39(1):50–55
Song C, Wang H (2011) Cytokines mediated inflammation and decreased neurogenesis in animal models of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35(3):760–768. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.06.020
Southammakosane C, Schmitz K (2015) Pediatric Psychopharmacology for Treatment of ADHD, Depression, and Anxiety. Pediatrics 136(2):351–359. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1581
Speciale L, Calabrese E, Saresella M, Tinelli C, Mariani C, Sanvito L, Longhi R, Ferrante P (2007) Lymphocyte subset patterns and cytokine production in Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurobiol Aging 28(8):1163–1169. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.05.020
Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, Iwatsubo T, Jack CR Jr, Kaye J, Montine TJ, Park DC, Reiman EM, Rowe CC, Siemers E, Stern Y, Yaffe K, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Morrison-Bogorad M, Wagster MV, Phelps CH (2011) Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 7(3):280–292. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.003
Spooren A, Kolmus K, Laureys G, Clinckers R, De Keyser J, Haegeman G, Gerlo S (2011) Interleukin-6, a mental cytokine. Brain Res Rev 67(1-2):157–183. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2011.01.002
Sriram S, Steiner I (2005) Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: a misleading model of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 58(6):939–945. doi:10.1002/ana.20743
Stam R (2007) PTSD and stress sensitisation: a tale of brain and body Part 2: animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31(4):558–584. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.01.001
Steimer T (2011) Animal models of anxiety disorders in rats and mice: some conceptual issues. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 13(4):495–506
Steinman L, Zamvil SS (2006) How to successfully apply animal studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to research on multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 60(1):12–21. doi:10.1002/ana.20913
Stewart WF, Kawas C, Corrada M, Metter EJ (1997) Risk of Alzheimer's disease and duration of NSAID use. Neurology 48(3):626–632
Stigler KA, Sweeten TL, Posey DJ, McDougle CJ (2009) Autism and immune factors: a comprehensive review. Res Autism Spectr Disord 3(4):840–860. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2009.01.007
Stoner R, Chow ML, Boyle MP, Sunkin SM, Mouton PR, Roy S, Wynshaw-Boris A, Colamarino SA, Lein ES, Courchesne E (2014) Patches of disorganization in the neocortex of children with autism. N Engl J Med 370(13):1209–1219. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1307491
Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Taphoorn MJ, Janzer RC, Ludwin SK, Allgeier A, Fisher B, Belanger K, Hau P, Brandes AA, Gijtenbeek J, Marosi C, Vecht CJ, Mokhtari K, Wesseling P, Villa S, Eisenhauer E, Gorlia T, Weller M, Lacombe D, Cairncross JG, Mirimanoff RO, European Organisation for R, Treatment of Cancer Brain T, Radiation Oncology G, National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials G (2009) Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol 10(5):459–466. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70025-7
Sutherland AG, Alexander DA, Hutchison JD (2003) Disturbance of pro-inflammatory cytokines in post-traumatic psychopathology. Cytokine 24(5):219–225
Sutinen EM, Pirttila T, Anderson G, Salminen A, Ojala JO (2012) Pro-inflammatory interleukin-18 increases Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid-beta production in human neuron-like cells. J Neuroinflammation 9:199. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-199
Swardfager W, Lanctot K, Rothenburg L, Wong A, Cappell J, Herrmann N (2010) A meta-analysis of cytokines in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 68(10):930–941. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.012
Swomley AM, Butterfield DA (2015) Oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment: evidence from human data provided by redox proteomics. Arch Toxicol 89(10):1669–1680. doi:10.1007/s00204-015-1556-z
Tan YC, Gill AK, Kim KS (2015) Treatment strategies for central nervous system infections: an update. Expert Opin Pharmacother 16(2):187–203. doi:10.1517/14656566.2015.973851
Tansey MG, Goldberg MS (2010) Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: its role in neuronal death and implications for therapeutic intervention. Neurobiol Dis 37(3):510–518. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.11.004
Teitelbaum D, Fridkis-Hareli M, Arnon R, Sela M (1996) Copolymer 1 inhibits chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced by proteolipid protein (PLP) peptides in mice and interferes with PLP-specific T cell responses. J Neuroimmunol 64(2):209–217
Tha KK, Okuma Y, Miyazaki H, Murayama T, Uehara T, Hatakeyama R, Hayashi Y, Nomura Y (2000) Changes in expressions of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in the brain of senescence accelerated mouse (SAM) P8. Brain Res 885(1):25–31
Thal DR, Walter J, Saido TC, Fandrich M (2015) Neuropathology and biochemistry of Abeta and its aggregates in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 129(2):167–182. doi:10.1007/s00401-014-1375-y
Theoharides TC, Asadi S, Panagiotidou S, Weng Z (2013) The "missing link" in autoimmunity and autism: extracellular mitochondrial components secreted from activated live mast cells. Autoimmun Rev 12(12):1136–1142. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2013.06.018
Theoharides TC, Athanassiou M, Panagiotidou S, Doyle R (2015) Dysregulated brain immunity and neurotrophin signaling in Rett syndrome and autism spectrum disorders. J Neuroimmunol 279:33–38. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.12.003
Thone J, Ellrichmann G, Seubert S, Peruga I, Lee DH, Conrad R, Hayardeny L, Comi G, Wiese S, Linker RA, Gold R (2012) Modulation of autoimmune demyelination by laquinimod via induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Am J Pathol 180(1):267–274. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.09.037
Timofeev I, Hutchinson PJ (2006) Outcome after surgical decompression of severe traumatic brain injury. Injury 37(12):1125–1132. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2006.07.031
Tohmi M, Tsuda N, Watanabe Y, Kakita A, Nawa H (2004) Perinatal inflammatory cytokine challenge results in distinct neurobehavioral alterations in rats: implication in psychiatric disorders of developmental origin. Neurosci Res 50(1):67–75. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2004.05.010
Tomlinson A, Grayson B, Marsh S, Hayward A, Marshall KM, Neill JC (2015) Putative therapeutic targets for symptom subtypes of adult ADHD: D4 receptor agonism and COMT inhibition improve attention and response inhibition in a novel translational animal model. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 25(4):454–467. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.11.016
Trapp BD, Peterson J, Ransohoff RM, Rudick R, Mork S, Bo L (1998) Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 338(5):278–285. doi:10.1056/NEJM199801293380502
Tsai JD, Chang SN, Mou CH, Sung FC, Lue KH (2013) Association between atopic diseases and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood: a population-based case-control study. Ann Epidemiol 23(4):185–188. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.12.015
Tsuang MT, Stone WS, Faraone SV (2001) Genes, environment and schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 40:s18–s24
Tucker P, Ruwe WD, Masters B, Parker DE, Hossain A, Trautman RP, Wyatt DB (2004) Neuroimmune and cortisol changes in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and placebo treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 56(2):121–128. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.03.009
Twamley EW, Jak AJ, Delis DC, Bondi MW, Lohr JB (2014) Cognitive Symptom Management and Rehabilitation Therapy (CogSMART) for veterans with traumatic brain injury: pilot randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Res Dev 51(1):59–70. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2013.01.0020
Uçok A, Gaebel W (2008) Side effects of atypical antipsychotics: a brief overview. World Psychiatry 7(1):58–62
Udina M, Castellvi P, Moreno-Espana J, Navines R, Valdes M, Forns X, Langohr K, Sola R, Vieta E, Martin-Santos R (2012) Interferon-induced depression in chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 73(8):1128–1138. doi:10.4088/JCP.12r07694
US Department of Health and Human Services HRaSA, Maternal and Child Health Bureau (2013) The national survey of children with special health care needs chartbook 2009–2010. US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
Valkanova V, Ebmeier KP, Allan CL (2013) CRP, IL-6 and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Affect Disord 150(3):736–744. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.004
Vandenabeele P, Fiers W (1991) Is amyloidogenesis during Alzheimer's disease due to an IL-1-/IL-6-mediated 'acute phase response' in the brain? Immunol Today 12(7):217–219. doi:10.1016/0167-5699(91)90032-O
Varese F, Barkus E, Bentall RP (2012) Dissociation mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and hallucination-proneness. Psychol Med 42(5):1025–1036. doi:10.1017/S0033291711001826
Vargas DL, Nascimbene C, Krishnan C, Zimmerman AW, Pardo CA (2005) Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Ann Neurol 57(1):67–81. doi:10.1002/ana.20315
Verghese PB, Castellano JM, Holtzman DM (2011) Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol 10(3):241–252. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70325-2
Verma S, Lo Y, Chapagain M, Lum S, Kumar M, Gurjav U, Luo H, Nakatsuka A, Nerurkar VR (2009) West Nile virus infection modulates human brain microvascular endothelial cells tight junction proteins and cell adhesion molecules: transmigration across the in vitro blood-brain barrier. Virology 385(2):425–433. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.047
Vetulani J (2013) Early maternal separation: a rodent model of depression and a prevailing human condition. Pharmacol Rep 65(6):1451–1461
Vinters HV (2015) Emerging concepts in Alzheimer's disease. Annu Rev Pathol 10:291–319. doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-020712-163927
Visser SN, Bitsko RH, Danielson ML, Ghandour RM, Blumberg SJ, Schieve LA, Holbrook JR, Wolraich ML, Cuffe SP (2015) Treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children with special health care needs. J Pediatr 166(6):1421–1430. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.02.018
Vitkovic L, Bockaert J, Jacque C (2000) "Inflammatory" cytokines: neuromodulators in normal brain? J Neurochem 74(2):457–471
Voskuhl RR, Gold SM (2012) Sex-related factors in multiple sclerosis susceptibility and progression. Nat Rev Neurol 8(5):255–263. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.43
Wahner AD, Sinsheimer JS, Bronstein JM, Ritz B (2007) Inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms and increased risk of Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 64(6):836–840. doi:10.1001/archneur.64.6.836
Wakabayashi K, Mori F, Tanji K, Orimo S, Takahashi H (2010) Involvement of the peripheral nervous system in synucleinopathies, tauopathies and other neurodegenerative proteinopathies of the brain. Acta Neuropathol 120(1):1–12. doi:10.1007/s00401-010-0706-x
Walker DG, Lue LF (2015) Immune phenotypes of microglia in human neurodegenerative disease: challenges to detecting microglial polarization in human brains. Alzheimers Res Ther 7(1):56. doi:10.1186/s13195-015-0139-9
Walker DG, Lue LF, Beach TG (2001) Gene expression profiling of amyloid beta peptide-stimulated human post-mortem brain microglia. Neurobiol Aging 22(6):957–966
Walker DG, Whetzel AM, Lue LF (2015) Expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling genes in human elderly and Alzheimer's disease brains and human microglia. Neuroscience 302:121–137. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.052
Wang XJ, Bartolucci-Page E, Fenton SE, You L (2006) Altered mammary gland development in male rats exposed to genistein and methoxychlor. Toxicol Sci 91(1):93–103. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfj120
Warnke PC, Molnar P, Lapin GD, Kuruvilla A, Groothuis DR (1995) The effects of dexamethasone on transcapillary transport in experimental brain tumors: II. Canine brain tumors. J Neurooncol 25(1):29–38
Warren RP, Odell JD, Warren WL, Burger RA, Maciulis A, Daniels WW, Torres AR (1996) Strong association of the third hypervariable region of HLA-DR beta 1 with autism. J Neuroimmunol 67(2):97–102
Watterson E, Daniels CW, Watterson LR, Mazur GJ, Brackney RJ, Olive MF, Sanabria F (2015) Nicotine-induced place conditioning and locomotor activity in an adolescent animal model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behav Brain Res 291:184–188. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.031
Wegener G, Mathe AA, Neumann ID (2012) Selectively bred rodents as models of depression and anxiety. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 12:139–187. doi:10.1007/7854_2011_192
Wegner C, Stadelmann C, Pfortner R, Raymond E, Feigelson S, Alon R, Timan B, Hayardeny L, Bruck W (2010) Laquinimod interferes with migratory capacity of T cells and reduces IL-17 levels, inflammatory demyelination and acute axonal damage in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 227(1-2):133–143. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.07.009
Wei H, Zou H, Sheikh AM, Malik M, Dobkin C, Brown WT, Li X (2011) IL-6 is increased in the cerebellum of autistic brain and alters neural cell adhesion, migration and synaptic formation. J Neuroinflammation 8:52. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-52
Wei H, Chadman KK, McCloskey DP, Sheikh AM, Malik M, Brown WT, Li X (2012) Brain IL-6 elevation causes neuronal circuitry imbalances and mediates autism-like behaviors. Biochim Biophys Acta 1822(6):831–842. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.01.011
Weinberger DR (2005) Genetic mechanisms of psychosis: in vivo and postmortem genomics. Clin Ther 27(Suppl A):8–15. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2005.07.016
Weiner HL (2004) Current issues in the treatment of human diseases by mucosal tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1029:211–224. doi:10.1196/annals.1309.053
Weiner HL, Frenkel D (2006) Immunology and immunotherapy of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Rev Immunol 6(5):404–416. doi:10.1038/nri1843
Wekerle H (2008) Lessons from multiple sclerosis: models, concepts, observations. Ann Rheum Dis 67(Suppl 3):6–60. doi:10.1136/ard.2008.098020
Wenk GL, Hauss-Wegrzyniak B, Willard LB (2000) Pathological and biochemical studies of chronic neuroinflammation may lead to therapies for Alzheimer’s disease. In: Patterson P, Kordon C, Christen Y (eds) Neuro-immune interactions in neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Research and perspectives in neurosciences. Springer, Berlin, pp 73–77. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59643-8_7
Whelan HT, Clanton JA, Wilson RE, Tulipan NB (1988) Comparison of CT and MRI brain tumor imaging using a canine glioma model. Pediatr Neurol 4(5):279–283
Whitacre CC, Reingold SC, O'Looney PA (1999) A gender gap in autoimmunity. Science 283(5406):1277–1278
Whitton PS (2007) Inflammation as a causative factor in the aetiology of Parkinson's disease. Br J Pharmacol 150(8):963–976. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707167
Wicker B, Fonlupt P, Hubert B, Tardif C, Gepner B, Deruelle C (2008) Abnormal cerebral effective connectivity during explicit emotional processing in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 3(2):135–143. doi:10.1093/scan/nsn007
Williams K, Brignell A, Randall M, Silove N, Hazell P (2013) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8:CD004677. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004677.pub3
Wirdefeldt K, Adami HO, Cole P, Trichopoulos D, Mandel J (2011) Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson's disease: a review of the evidence. Eur J Epidemiol 26(Suppl 1):S1–S58. doi:10.1007/s10654-011-9581-6
Wischhusen J, Friese MA, Mittelbronn M, Meyermann R, Weller M (2005) HLA-E protects glioma cells from NKG2D-mediated immune responses in vitro: implications for immune escape in vivo. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 64(6):523–528
Witt ST, Stevens MC (2015) Relationship between white matter microstructure abnormalities and ADHD symptomatology in adolescents. Psychiatry Res 232(2):168–174. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.02.009
Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jonsson B, Olesen J, Allgulander C, Alonso J, Faravelli C, Fratiglioni L, Jennum P, Lieb R, Maercker A, van Os J, Preisig M, Salvador-Carulla L, Simon R, Steinhausen HC (2011) The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 21(9):655–679. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018
Wohleb ES, Powell ND, Godbout JP, Sheridan JF (2013) Stress-induced recruitment of bone marrow-derived monocytes to the brain promotes anxiety-like behavior. J Neurosci 33(34):13820–13833. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1671-13.2013
Wong ML, Licinio J (2001) Research and treatment approaches to depression. Nat Rev Neurosci 2(5):343–351. doi:10.1038/35072566
Wonodi I, Schwarcz R (2010) Cortical kynurenine pathway metabolism: a novel target for cognitive enhancement in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 36(2):211–218. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq002
Woon FL, Hedges DW (2008) Hippocampal and amygdala volumes in children and adults with childhood maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Hippocampus 18(8):729–736. doi:10.1002/hipo.20437
World Health Organization W (2013) World malaraia report 2013. WHO Press, Geneva
Wraith DC, Nicholson LB (2012) The adaptive immune system in diseases of the central nervous system. J Clin Invest 122(4):1172–1179. doi:10.1172/JCI58648
Wu T, Hou Y, Hallett M, Zhang J, Chan P (2015) Lateralization of brain activity pattern during unilateral movement in Parkinson's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 36(5):1878–1891. doi:10.1002/hbm.22743
Wyss-Coray T (2006) Inflammation in Alzheimer disease: driving force, bystander or beneficial response? Nat Med 12(9):1005–1015. doi:10.1038/nm1484
Xue MQ, Liu XX, Zhang YL, Gao FG (2014) Nicotine exerts neuroprotective effects against beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells through the Erk1/2-p38-JNK-dependent signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 33(4):925–933. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2014.1632
Yamaguchi Y, Tsumura H, Miwa M, Inaba K (1997) Contrasting effects of TGF-beta 1 and TNF-alpha on the development of dendritic cells from progenitors in mouse bone marrow. Stem Cells 15(2):144–153. doi:10.1002/stem.150144
Yanamandra K, Gruden MA, Casaite V, Meskys R, Forsgren L, Morozova-Roche LA (2011) Alpha-synuclein reactive antibodies as diagnostic biomarkers in blood sera of Parkinson’s disease patients. PLoS One 6(4):18513. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018513
Yang Z, Levey A (2015) Gender differences: a lifetime analysis of the economic burden of Alzheimer’s disease. Womens Health Issues 25(5):436–440. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2015.06.001
Yang B, Chuang H, Yang KD (2009) Sialylated glycans as receptor and inhibitor of enterovirus 71 infection to DLD-1 intestinal cells. Virol J 6:141. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-6-141
Yolton K, Cornelius M, Ornoy A, McGough J, Makris S, Schantz S (2014) Exposure to neurotoxicants and the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its related behaviors in childhood. Neurotoxicol Teratol 44:30–45. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2014.05.003
Zenaro E, Pietronigro E, Della Bianca V, Piacentino G, Marongiu L, Budui S, Turano E, Rossi B, Angiari S, Dusi S, Montresor A, Carlucci T, Nani S, Tosadori G, Calciano L, Catalucci D, Berton G, Bonetti B, Constantin G (2015) Neutrophils promote Alzheimer's disease-like pathology and cognitive decline via LFA-1 integrin. Nat Med 21(8):880–886. doi:10.1038/nm.3913
Zhang J, Sokal I, Peskind ER, Quinn JF, Jankovic J, Kenney C, Chung KA, Millard SP, Nutt JG, Montine TJ (2008) CSF multianalyte profile distinguishes Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Am J Clin Pathol 129(4):526–529. doi:10.1309/W01Y0B808EMEH12L
Zhang H, Podojil JR, Chang J, Luo X, Miller SD (2010) TGF-beta-induced myelin peptide-specific regulatory T cells mediate antigen-specific suppression of induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 184(12):6629–6636. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0904044
Zhang Z, Zoltewicz JS, Mondello S, Newsom KJ, Yang Z, Yang B, Kobeissy F, Guingab J, Glushakova O, Robicsek S, Heaton S, Buki A, Hannay J, Gold MS, Rubenstein R, Lu XC, Dave JR, Schmid K, Tortella F, Robertson CS, Wang KK (2014) Human traumatic brain injury induces autoantibody response against glial fibrillary acidic protein and its breakdown products. PLoS One 9(3):e92698. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092698
Zhao Y, Xiao A, diPierro CG, Carpenter JE, Abdel-Fattah R, Redpath GT, Lopes MB, Hussaini IM (2010) An extensive invasive intracranial human glioblastoma xenograft model: role of high level matrix metalloproteinase 9. Am J Pathol 176(6):3032–3049. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2010.090571
Zimmerman JJ (1995) Defining the role of oxyradicals in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Crit Care Med 23(4):616–617
Zimmerman AW, Jyonouchi H, Comi AM, Connors SL, Milstien S, Varsou A, Heyes MP (2005) Cerebrospinal fluid and serum markers of inflammation in autism. Pediatr Neurol 33(3):195–201. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.03.014
Zucco GM, Rovatti F, Stevenson RJ (2015) Olfactory asymmetric dysfunction in early Parkinson patients affected by unilateral disorder. Front Psychol 6:1020. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01020
Zweckberger K, Hackenberg K, Jung CS, Hertle DN, Kiening KL, Unterberg AW, Sakowitz OW (2014) Glibenclamide reduces secondary brain damage after experimental traumatic brain injury. Neuroscience 272:199–206. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.040
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Remick, A.K., Pershing, M.L., Papenfuss, T.L., Lanigan, L.G., Beck, M.J., Toot, J.D. (2017). Immunopathology of the Nervous System. In: Parker, G. (eds) Immunopathology in Toxicology and Drug Development. Molecular and Integrative Toxicology. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47385-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47385-7_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-47384-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-47385-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)