Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is composed chiefly of bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle, tendons, and ligaments, and as such does not serve as a prominent location for immune response elements under normal conditions. However, bone marrow and regional lymph nodes within or near large muscles as well as the existing vascular supply do provide ready access for many immune cell lineages to musculoskeletal components, which may help drive inflammation of these tissues during autoimmune or infectious diseases. Immune-mediated skeletal (bone and joint) diseases are driven by multiple bone-regulatory molecules (including the canonical RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway as well as non-canonical [RANKL-independent] pathways) and also many immune cell-derived pro-inflammatory molecules (especially cytokines and chemokines released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblast-like synoviocytes). Immune-mediated conditions affecting soft tissues (i.e., skeletal muscle and tendons) also are propelled by lymphocyte- and macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines. Immune system assaults on musculoskeletal tissues often are driven by a loss of self-tolerance to endogenous antigens (i.e., autoimmunity) or to mistaken identity (i.e., molecular mimicry between a pathogen-derived epitope and an endogenous molecule). Improved understanding of immunopathologic diseases affecting the musculoskeletal system has been achieved by evaluating animal models of disease and human patients. The current chapter describes the cellular and molecular components of musculoskeletal immunology and explores common immunopathologic conditions affecting musculoskeletal tissues, including the animal models used to assess potential etiologies, disease mechanisms, and disease-modifying therapies.
Keywords
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Bolon, B., Nunes, J. (2017). Immunopathology of the Musculoskeletal System. In: Parker, G. (eds) Immunopathology in Toxicology and Drug Development. Molecular and Integrative Toxicology. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47385-7_12
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