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Smart Cities: Case Studies

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Part of the book series: Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering ((SPRTRCIENG))

Abstract

This chapter shows some examples of smart cities. In the chapter, case studies have been divided into geographical categories (Middle East cities; North-European cities; Mediterranean cities and the Asian ones) which, macroscopically, refer to three different types of city and communities especially in relation to different levels of technological innovation and type of human capital, which are key factors in the achievement of a smart development. The chapter is divided into four main paragraphs. The newly built cities, in the Middle East paragraph, are cities where everything has been planned from scratch on white paper to limit emissions and increase the quality of life of citizens. In the paragraphs about the North-European cities and the Mediterranean cities, the cities with strong historic value are described. In this section, many European cities, which have specific features like limited possibility to apply technology, but still an adequate level of development to understand and correctly implement the ICT driven choices are described with reference to the smart city concept. The last paragraph shows some example of “developing city” that often are cities with low awareness about sustainable settlement issues, but with a great economic and social growth. These are, in most cases, eastern cities; they show a great potential and are gradually, within the world community, trying to create the basis to become leaders of smart cities development.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Satellite city (under construction) a few kilometers from Abu Dhabi. Inhabitants (potential number) 50,000, Area 640 ha.

  2. 2.

    Estidama is a sustainability program for the development of the community of Abu Dhabi contained in the Abu Dhabi 2030 Plan.

  3. 3.

    It is a service that allows the use of a car, owned by the car sharing company, for a limited time through a booking service available on smart phones or on line services.

  4. 4.

    One of the first specific ranking tools for European Smart City of medium size was drafted in 2007 by researchers at the Technical University of Vienna in cooperation with the University of Ljubljana and the Delft University of Technology .

  5. 5.

    International expert on urban sustainability and climate change, writer, researcher, professor, consultant and climate strategist, he helps communities build sustainable places, focusing on climate capitalism (which shows how communities, cities, countries and companies around the world are profiting from the transition to a low carbon economy) and on resilient cities.

  6. 6.

    Inhabitants 810,084 (2013); Area: 219.33 km2; Density 3699/km2 (town and city center).

  7. 7.

    In 1928, the technical municipal office was created in Amsterdam. Its coordination was given to Cornelius Van Eesteren by whom rationalistic urban planning was invented. The plan of 1928 (active since 1935 and in full implementation till 1965 without any variation) is implemented on the track of southward, designed in 1902 by H.P. Berlage but that also represents the conceptual overcoming.

  8. 8.

    Liander is a Dutch company active in the distribution of electricity and natural gas in the Netherlands.

  9. 9.

    Fuel Cells (FC) are considered by the entire scientific community an energy conversion technology with low environmental impact and high efficiency. The use of such systems also promises substantial economic benefits due to the high conversion efficiency. Research in the field, started 20 years ago, is constantly changing especially for plants of large size, for which you do not have a clear reading of the useful life of the system and has not yet reached a just technological maturity that allows the widespread dissemination of this experimentally. As of today there are already many companies that promote applications especially for small plants.

  10. 10.

    Inhabitants 843.139 (2010 census); Surface 216 km2, Density 3.9 inhabitants/km2.

  11. 11.

    Inhabitants 229,144 (2011); Surface 153.06 km²; Density 1497.09 km².

  12. 12.

    ITC (International Training Centre), the ICLEI (International Council for Local Initiatives Environmental), FEW (the multi-utility Freiburg for water and energy, today became Badenova), FAG (the agency car sharing Freiburg), Baugemeinschaft Modellprojekt Passivhaus Vauban/Wohnen & Arbeiten (pilot project for living together “Living and working”).

  13. 13.

    Characteristics components of the smart city (Mapping smart cities in Eu, 2014, Brussels). Smart governance, smart economy, smart living, smart people, smart mobility, smart environment.

  14. 14.

    Interview to Carlo Ratti (professor at MIT e Director of the MIT Senseable City Lab) “Nuove Tecnologie e Pianificazione Strategica: le Smart City del futuro” in http://recs.it/it/intervistaacarloratti.

  15. 15.

    Population: 384.184 (2013); area: 140.73 kmq; population density: 2729.4 n/kmq.

  16. 16.

    The commitments undertaken by cities with this document are related to the reduction of emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrogen monoxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) by 2012.

  17. 17.

    In 2008 the Municipality approved the new Municipal Structural Plan, a planning tool defined by regional laws (L.R. 20/2000). The Structural Plan is valid for the mid-long term (around 15 years) and lays down the general aims that are then interpreted by the Municipal Operative Plan approved in 2010, which however has a term of 5 years, and by Urban Building Code approved in 2009. The Municipal Structural Plan bases the feasibility of its forecasts on an environmental and territorial sustainability assessment (VALSAT) which considers the environmental impact of proposed actions, associating them with rules and limits pointed out in environmental sector plans.

  18. 18.

    Geographic Information System.

  19. 19.

    Reference Year for Italy for the inventory of emissions.

  20. 20.

    European Directive CE/2003/87 October 13th 2013. The EU ETS works based on the ‘cap and trade’ principle. A cap is set on the total amount of certain GHG that can be emitted by installations covered by the system. The cap is reduced over time so that overall emissions get reduced along time. Within the cap, companies receive or buy emission allowances which they can trade with one another as needed. They can also buy limited amounts of international credits from emission-saving projects around the world. The limit on the total number of allowances available ensures that they have a value. After each year a company must surrender enough allowances to cover all its emissions, otherwise heavy fines are imposed. If a company reduces its emissions, it can keep the spare allowances to cover its future needs or else sell them to another company that is short of allowances. Trading brings flexibility that ensures emissions are cut where it costs least to do so. A robust carbon price also promotes investment in clean, low-carbon technologies. According to the Convenant of Mayors rules, industries under the ETS should not be considered in the emissions inventory.

  21. 21.

    Consortium between the Emilia-Romagna Region, Universities, CNR and ENEA, whose aim is to promote innovation in the production system, the development of facilities and services for the industrial and strategic research the collaboration between research and business and the optimization of human resources.

  22. 22.

    “Iperbole 2020” is a project of the City of Bologna to experiment citizens’ involvement through the use of social media.

  23. 23.

    ENEL Sole is an Energy Service Company.

  24. 24.

    Population 905,444 (2012), Area: 130.34 kmq, Population density 6947.63 inhab/kmq.

  25. 25.

    Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by Russian German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notably in 1918 and 1936. Later, Germanclimatologist Rudolf Geiger collaborated with Köppen on changes to the classification system, which is thus sometimes called—Geiger climate classification system.

  26. 26.

    The Initiative “Torino Smart City” represents the new and ongoing innovation policy framework for the city of Torino. Its aim is to strategically design a new sustainable urban development policy framework in order to respond to upcoming societal challenges, thereby improving territorial competitiveness and becoming a better place to live, work and move.

  27. 27.

    The milestones to remember are: January 29th, 2008 in the second edition of the European Sustainable Energy Week, Turin has expressed the willingness to join the Covenant of Mayors initiative. On May 20th 2008, there was the pre-accession to the Covenant of Mayors with the City Council Resolution. On January 19th, 2009 with the approval of a formal accession City Council Resolution of the City to the Covenant of Mayors. On 10th February 2009 in Brussels during the European Sustainable Energy Week, the official subscription to the Covenant of Mayors. September 10th, 2010 approval by the City Council of TAPE (Turin Energy Action Plan).

  28. 28.

    Torino Smart City Platform, led by the Torino Smart City Foundation, represents the project framework for the new urban innovation policy. Available at http://www.torinosmartcity.it/.

  29. 29.

    To implement innovative services for the administrations, thereby helping them to be more efficient, modern and to reduce public spending costs. This is the mission of CSI-Piemonte (http://www.csipiemonte.it/web/en/) the Information System Consortium to which Piedmont's Public Administration entrusts the management and implementation of its ICT services.

  30. 30.

    The Torino Arquata district interventions have been supported by the Concerto initiative co-funded by the EC within the FP6. The POLYCITY project has developed different aspects of sustainable urban development in three European cities (Barcelona, Stuttgart and Turin).

  31. 31.

    INNOCAT began in March 2013 and will run for three years. It is supported by the European Commission’s Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (CIP).

  32. 32.

    See Agropolis Munchen http://www.agropolis-muenchen.de/index_en.html.

  33. 33.

    Population 1,331,715 (2014); area 181.67 kmq; population density 7330.41 inhab/kmq.

  34. 34.

    The Alfa classification collects internationally famous cities (tourist, economic, business, etc.), due to their ability to influence global issues and to participate in international events of particular importance, for being a cosmopolitan city and center of international companies with own transport system and advanced and outstanding in the world telecommunications infrastructures.

  35. 35.

    The limited traffic area of the city.

  36. 36.

    This paragraphs was developed using information included in http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milano.

  37. 37.

    The following paragraphs were developed on the basis of information available at: Municipality of Milan, Central Management Policies for Labor, Economic Development, University and Research; Sector Innovation Economy, Smart City and University; Smart City Service (2014), “Milano Smart City—Projects and major interventions”, available at: www.milanosmartcity.org.

  38. 38.

    Initiative sponsored by EU Commission as part of the Europe 2020 Strategy, in order to make more efficient and sustainable European cities from energy point of view, transport, information, communication technologies, economic development and social policies.

  39. 39.

    EUROCITIES members represent 25 % of the EU’s population. EUROCITIES is committed to work towards a common vision of a sustainable future in which all citizens can enjoy a good quality of life. The organisation provides a platform for its member cities to share knowledge, ideas and experiences, to analyse common problems and develop innovative solutions. EUROCITIES represents the interests of its members and engages in dialogue with the European institutions across a wide range of policy areas affecting cities, one of them being transport and mobility. EUROCITIES connects over 2000 city officers across our 41 technical working groups, within 6 thematic forums: culture, economic development, environment, knowledge society, mobility and social affairs.

  40. 40.

    Milan, as we have said, is the second largest city of Italy. As such, the city of Milan has a high traffic level, in which freight accounts for more than 4000 tons or 20,000 supplies delivered to retailers every day. In order to limit the potential disadvantages created by a high freight activity, the municipality of Milan has implemented a package of mobility solutions including a congestion charge area also known as ‘area C’ or ‘Area Bastioni’, which corresponds to the city-centre. Despite the efforts of the municipality and the introduction of the Area C, congestion remains an important issue in Milan. This has consequences in terms of air quality and traffic efficiency.

  41. 41.

    The “Bastioni Area” identifies the central area of Milan, corresponding to the area bounded by ancient Spanish walls and occupying an area of 8.2 km2 with a total area of 181 km2 city.

  42. 42.

    Authomatic Vehicle Monitoring (AVM) is a system that allows to monitor various data related to moving vehicles. In the local public transport sector within, also carries out the army from the vehicle tracking service. In any case the AVM is based on technology Automatic vehicle location (AVL), which is the sub system that takes care of teledetection of vehicles (typically by GPS).

  43. 43.

    NFC, which stands for Near Field Communication, is a radio frequency connectivity technology that enables two-way short-range communication between electronic devices and thus only works at close range, up to a maximum of 10 cm. Really the interesting fact is that this technology can be integrated within the SIM, allowing telephone operators to enter the NFC services directly on the card itself. To make the payments, you will need a smartphone with NFC chip and the integration of credit cards (or prepaid cards) in mobile phone. To pay with your mobile phone, then, it serves on the one hand a smartphone designed and on the other a POS contactless also equipped with NFC chips. The two devices must be at 4 cm distance so that the transaction can be executed. http://www.pcself.com/guide/tecnolo-gie/nfc_pagare_con_il_cellulare.asp).

  44. 44.

    XXXX.

  45. 45.

    My Neighbourhood My City my city project is co-financed by UE within the Information and Communication Technologies Policy Support Programme.

  46. 46.

    Living Lab means an environment for testing new technologies (products, services) in real conditions, in a defined geographical area and for a limited period of time, with the aim to test the performance and feasibility for end-users (citizens, business people, consumers, public authorities, etc.). Within a Living Lab are triggered co-planning processes with service users when they are still under development: such cooperation between private and public actors (Universities, Public Authorities, Companies, etc.) allows a continuous improvement of technical specifications and performance of the tested services. http://www.ao.camcom.it/alcotra-innovazione.aspx.

  47. 47.

    http://www.agenziauni.comune.milano.it/dccasa-front/home.html.

  48. 48.

    Company of public utility services, such as the production and sale of electricity in Milan.

  49. 49.

    By Ina Macaione, Professor at Dipartimento Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo: Archiettura, Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali (DICEM), University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy . ina.macaione@unibas.it and Enrico Anello, PhD student, Dipartimento Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo: Archiettura, Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali (DICEM), University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy enrico.anello@unibas.it.

  50. 50.

    In 2013, the Chinese capital has exceeded twenty million inhabitants. It is estimated that the population is around 24 million.

  51. 51.

    Hereby a short description on the achievements by the single departments: Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT), Since 2011, MIIT has formulated a number of plans associated with smart city development, including • The 12th Five-year Plan for the Development of Information Security Industry • The 12th Five-year Plan for the Development of Internet of Things • The 12th Five-year Plan for the Development of E-commerce; National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), NDRC and MIIT, together with the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Land and Resources, MOHURD and the Ministry of Transport, are studying to draft Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Healthy Development of Smart Cities. The Opinions proposes to start smart transport, smart grids, smart water supplies, smart environmental protection, smart medical care, smart old age security, smart communities, smart homes, smart education, smart land administration, smart logistics and smart credit systems in order to provide enterprises and residents with more convenient, efficient and low-cost social services. The Opinions also proposes to select 100 cities of different sizes at different stages of development in the eastern, central and western regions as pilot and demonstrative cities for smart city development. After some experience has been acquired from the pilot and demonstrative cities, China will gradually encourage and support eligible regions to promote smart city development according to local conditions; The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (“MOHURD”),The General Office of MOHURD officially released in 2012 the Notice on Carrying out National Pilot Smart Cities and issued the Interim Measures for the Administration of 11National Smart Cities and the Pilot Index System for National Smart Cities (District and Towns) (for Trial Implementation) to start the application for pilot cities. In addition, the Chinese Society for Urban Studies and China Development Bank have signed the Strategic Cooperation Agreement on the 12th Five-year Plan for Smart City Development, which requires that China Development Bank should provide an investment and financing amount of no less than 80 billion Yuan in 3 years after the 12th Five-year Plan Period to support smart city development in China which clearly proposes to develop pilot and demonstrative smart cities where conditions permit.

  52. 52.

    The Digital City Engineering Research Center is also developing investment models and innovative ways to attract international investments. The boom of Smart City projects in China has a huge market potential for technology and foreign capital. One can imagine that there will be great demand for advanced foreign technologies and foreign funds. According to Gartner and other consulting firms, implementation of Smart City projects in China is a growing trend. However, the Chinese government is cautious about working with foreign companies for reasons of financial security and information ser-vices. Who will invest in the Chinese market, however, you will need to put in place a sophisticated strategies to build trust with the various levels of the Chinese government (source PRNewswire, March 2014).

  53. 53.

    Ibid, 330.

  54. 54.

    The second smart city was closed at Shenzen on September 3rd 2015 Convention & Exhibition center with great success.

  55. 55.

    In November 11st, 2010, the “3rd International Conference on Next Generation Infrastructure Systems for Eco-cities” was held in Shenzhen and Vice mayor Tang Jie of Shenzhen and Mr. Van Zeeland, Consul General of Consulate General of the Netherlands in Guangzhou suggested the initial idea of promoting G-G cooperation China and Prime Minister Li Keqiang and European Commission President José Manuel Barroso signed “Joint Declaration on The EU-China Partnership on Urbanization” on May 3, 2012 Xu Qin, mayor of Shenzhen, spoke on EU-China Urbanization Partnership High Level Conference 21 August 2012, Shenzhen International low-carbon city launched. Secretary Wang Rong, Mayor Xu Qin Attend launching ceremonyAs animportant part of China’s first National Low-carbonDay, thefirst ShenZhen International Low-carbonCityForumwas launchedonJun17th, 2013. Shenzhen International Low-CarbonCityForum is hostedby NDRC, MOHURD, andShenZhen government Dr. Baoxing Qiu, Deputy Minister of MOHURD Mr.RongWang, ShenZhen MunicipalPartyCommittee Secretary. More than 1400 guests participated the forum to explore new low-carbon development within the context of new urbanization. Shenzhen signed a number of projects with Eindhoven in the Netherlands, Low Impact Development Center in the United States, Auckland in the New Zealand as well as Beijing Energy Investment Co., LTD, etc. Shenzhen and Amsterdam signed the cooperation letter of intent about Shenzhen international low-carbon city project In November 2013 Participated in the kick-off meeting of promotion activity for APEC low carbon model town held by National Energy Administration in July. Participated in high-end conference of China’s low carbon urban development held in Singapore in November 2013.

  56. 56.

    The city of Hong Kong and Shenzhen are also collaborating in the realization of a large area in a central part of the city for the high-yield agricultural production, called Langrab City, commissioned by the Shenzhen/Hong Kong Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism. The model of the Smart City is definitely the way to ensure a sustainable population growth. But the limitations of common goods such as water and other resources require innovation efforts and greater attention to the relationship between built soil and soil for agricultural use. It’s never a good investment for the future to leave the rural poor and socially backward areas in the long term, as they often host important resources.

  57. 57.

    In telecommunications and electronics, the acronym RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) is a technology for identification or automatic storage of various entities: objects, animals or people. In this way, special electronic labels, called tags (or transponders), are capable of storing data and may respond to the query at a distance by fixed or portable equipment, reader or interrogator.

  58. 58.

    Inhabitants 1,175,000,000 (2012); Area 3,287,263 kmq; density 372.5 inhab/kmq.

  59. 59.

    Smart meters: electronic devices for the accounting of electricity consumption. The reading is carried out with intervals of 1 h or less and is transferred daily to the distributor.

  60. 60.

    Inhabitants 5.399.200 (2013); Area 716 kmq; Density 7540 inhab/kmq.

  61. 61.

    Asian Green City Index, is the study commissioned by Siemens and presented by the EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit), after analyzing the objectives and the results achieved by the cities considered, drawing a scenario that reveals a widespread environmental interest.

  62. 62.

    Land Transport Authority, 2015.

  63. 63.

    Is a governmental company responsible for planning, operating, and maintaining Singapore’s land transport infrastructure and systems. It was founded in 1995.

  64. 64.

    Ez-link card, is a prepaid magnet card for public transport payments.

  65. 65.

    Congestion pricing is a system of surcharges for users of a transport network, operated mainly in periods of peak demand to reduce traffic congestion.

  66. 66.

    SimMobility is the integrated system of the mobility simulation models to assess future scenarios of urban transport.

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  1. Dipartimento di Energia, Ingegneria dell’informazione e Modelli maematici (DEIM), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

    Eleonora Riva Sanseverino & Valentina Vaccaro

  2. SmartplanningLab, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

    Raffaella Riva Sanseverino

  3. Dipartimento Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo: Archiettura, Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali (DICEM), University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy

    Ina Macaione & Enrico Anello

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  3. Valentina Vaccaro
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  4. Ina Macaione
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Correspondence to Eleonora Riva Sanseverino .

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    Eleonora Riva Sanseverino

  2. University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy

    Raffaella Riva Sanseverino

  3. University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy

    Valentina Vaccaro

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Riva Sanseverino, E., Riva Sanseverino, R., Vaccaro, V., Macaione, I., Anello, E. (2017). Smart Cities: Case Studies. In: Riva Sanseverino, E., Riva Sanseverino, R., Vaccaro, V. (eds) Smart Cities Atlas. Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47361-1_3

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