Sirenian Health and Well-Being in Managed Care

Abstract

The recorded history of Sirenia species in managed care is short and quite variable with many areas of early efforts poorly documented with anecdotal material. The three extant Sirenia species of the Trichechidae family and the one extant species of the Dugongidae family are all listed as threatened by the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature). Initially hunted as a source of food in many locations, our understanding of their physiology, history, and role in the environment was slow to develop. Early literature on human interaction contributed by scientists, anatomists, and the curiosity of those who wished to share their involvement with the species was fragmented but important. Managed care of Sirenia in zoos and aquariums was initially catalyzed by a desire to show these strange animals to the public, but has morphed into a developing concern for the conservation of Sirenia populations. Public and scientific concern for the species led to protective measures in some of their ecosystems with improvements in our understanding of their biology, genetics, reproduction, disease challenges, and the influence of humans on their welfare. This evolution of public involvement led to rescue and rehabilitation efforts by aquariums, zoos, state, and federal agencies to intervene in individual animal health. Research into human mortality causes also supported better documentation of natural illnesses that effect the population’s survival. The Florida manatee rehabilitation programs and Australian dugong efforts illustrate the intersection of science, medicine, and ecosystem health in advocating the needs of these unique animals and what is required to support their survival and encourage recovery. As we intersect with Sirenia in rehabilitation and exhibit exposure for encouraging public support, it is important to provide suitable habitats for health and welfare and design their environments to their special needs while increasing protection of the wild habitats.