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Surveillance of the Norm of Love in Criminal Law

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Judgments of Love in Criminal Justice

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Abstract

We will come back time and again to a few key terms in this lecture. These are “crime”, “legal”, “moral”, “criminal justice”, and “love”. The alarm clocks of the terms “crime”, “legal” and “moral” are ringing, but it seems like no one is truly listening. Almost in parallel, one can refer to the term “criminal justice” as constituting the most miserable institute. The unjust nature of criminal justice in practice and its impact on natural law justice, is like Hitler and Stalin’s cruel marching music colliding with Édith Piaf’s harmonious voice—non, je ne regrette rien”. She sang for the reestablishment of vanished rights for the sake of justice. The last but the most honourable term is “love”—let me echo her name again—the norm love. This is the most rational term that has to be established and integrated, with certain measures, into the terms “criminal law” and “criminal justice”, if justice is to be trusted and not misused by those with power. One of the world’s most romantic voices, Tom Jones, sang about “sex bomb”—I will demonstrate the necessity of the completion of our criminal law with a love bomb.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Let us to say, the “ethical judgment of our inadequate responses to political injustice.” Richards (2016), p. 120; See also https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3Kvu6Kgp88; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwe3CzWZ4Bg; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEMggo5o0FM; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-CA8jp6yoY; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ToB0Gez3Hdw (Accessed May 31 and June 1, 2015). See also Haveman et al. (2013).

  2. 2.

    Drapkin (1989), p. 95; Starr (1965), p. 280; Olmstead (1948), p. 125.

  3. 3.

    Voegelin and Franz (2000), pp. 207–208.

  4. 4.

    Thornton (2011), p. 18.

  5. 5.

    Walton (2008), p. 50.

  6. 6.

    Cohen (1949), p. 1025.

  7. 7.

    Raoult (2011), p. 26.

  8. 8.

    Andernaes (1974), p. 1.

  9. 9.

    Maeland (2013), p. 29.

  10. 10.

    Skeie (1937), p. 1; consult also Eser (2007). www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/6198.

  11. 11.

    Cohen (1949), p. 990.

  12. 12.

    For instance, see the Danish criminal law Langsted et al. (2011), p. 18.

  13. 13.

    Id.

  14. 14.

    Schabas (2002), pp. 1–3.

  15. 15.

    Consult Morrow (2002); see also Novak (2014), pp. 31–32, 73–74, 125–126.

  16. 16.

    Pre-Trial Chamber II, “Decision Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute on the Authorization of an Investigation into the Situation in the Republic of Kenya, ICC-01/09-19-Corr, p. 87, para 8 and 65. Italics added.

  17. 17.

    Cryer et al. (2010), p. 109.

  18. 18.

    Eskeland (2000), pp. 162–169. See also Rinceanu (2011a), pp. 281–296. Also Rinceanu (2011b), pp. 227–238.

  19. 19.

    Hirst (2003), pp. 236–281. Eskeland (2000), pp. 162–169; see also Eser (2008), pp. 863–893. www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/6318.

  20. 20.

    Consult several relevant articles on Darcy and Powderly (2010).

  21. 21.

    Robert Cryer, ‘The Ad Hoc Tribunals and the Law of Command Responsibility: Aquite Earthquake’ in Darcy and Powderly (2010), pp. 159–183.

  22. 22.

    The reference has solely been on joint criminal responsibility; see Mohamed Shahabudeen, ‘Judicial Creativity and Joint Criminal Enterprise’ in Darcy and Powderly (2010), pp. 184–203.

  23. 23.

    In the conclusion of my first book on international criminal law (1985), I drafted the concept of international criminality of states in seven articles in order to facilitate the future development of the concept (pp. 195–197). For the concept of international criminal responsibility of states see Malekian (1985).

  24. 24.

    Id.

  25. 25.

    For entities criminal liability see Rinceanu (2016), pp. 407–418.

  26. 26.

    Id.

  27. 27.

    Farhad Malekian, International Criminal Responsibility in Bassiouni (1999), pp. 192–221.

  28. 28.

    Id.

  29. 29.

    Id.

  30. 30.

    Often quoted from the Appeals Chamber in the Tadi jurisdiction. Majority Opinion para. 8. ICTY, Prosecutor v. Zlatko Aleksovski, Case No.: IT-95-14/1-A (24 March 2000). Available at http://www.icty.org/x/cases/aleksovski/acjug/en/ale-asj000324e.pdf (Accessed April 4, 2015).

  31. 31.

    Id.

  32. 32.

    Malekian (2015a), pp. 591–628; Shah-Kazemi (2014), pp. 73–101; Fouladvand (2012).

  33. 33.

    Id., pp. 593–594.

  34. 34.

    Id., p. 603.

  35. 35.

    Id., p. 601.

  36. 36.

    Sundin (1992), p. 13.

  37. 37.

    Alexius (1997), p. 15.

  38. 38.

    Ashworth (2013), p. 2.

  39. 39.

    Ashworth (2006), p. 68.

  40. 40.

    Ashworth (2013), p. 1.

  41. 41.

    Ashworth (2006), p. 68.

  42. 42.

    Cohen (1949), p. 996.

  43. 43.

    Id.

  44. 44.

    Fromm (1956). Available at https://archive.org/stream/TheArtOfLoving/43799393-The-Art-of-Loving-Erich-Fromm#page/n15/mode/2up (Accessed June 4, 2016).

  45. 45.

    Dickens (1859); See also Richards (2016).

  46. 46.

    Fromm (1956), p. 56.

  47. 47.

    An email message from Miss Dr. Narumi (2013-11-15-14:18).

  48. 48.

    PhR, Para.158A. Quoted in Westphal (1984), pp.77–92, at 87.

  49. 49.

    Mother Teresa.

  50. 50.

    Richards (2016), pp. 231–232; Malekian (2015b), pp. 889–892. For instance, the use of force against the natural environment or its destruction is clearly prohibited.

  51. 51.

    See Atwell (2008), p. 495; Gray (1995).

  52. 52.

    For a useful analysis of international human rights law, see Shelton (2014).

  53. 53.

    As it is stated “The human race, says Suárez, though it is divided into different peoples, possesses unity, not only as a species, but also a kind of political and moral unity. We know that that is so because there is a precept of natural law which enjoins us to love and to be charitable to all, even to strangers of every nation. Hence, though each single state is a perfect community, yet in relation to the human race states are none the less also in a sense members of a universal whole” Brierly (1948). Francisco Suárez was a Spanish philosopher and lawyer (1548–1617).

  54. 54.

    Malekian (2015b). For the development of the European Law consult. Weiler and Wind (2003).

  55. 55.

    Trechsel (1997), pp. 101–105.

  56. 56.

    di Beccaria (1872), pp. 143–144; http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/beccaria-an-essay-on-crimes-and-punishments (Accessed April 27, 2015).

  57. 57.

    Venturi (1972), pp. 106–109.

  58. 58.

    Cohen (1949), pp. 1014–1018.

  59. 59.

    Martin Luther King. See also Vischer (2014), p. 6.

  60. 60.

    Nussbaum (2013), p. 15.

  61. 61.

    Consult also Souryal (2015).

  62. 62.

    Pufendorf (1717), p. 457. Available at http://find.galegroup.com/mome/quickSearch.do?now=1427655629859&inPS=true&prodId=MOME&userGroupName=mpi_vb (Accessed March 29, 2015).

  63. 63.

    Luther King (1967), p. 247. See also http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/where_do_we_go_from_here_delivered_at_the_11th_annual_sclc_convention/ (Accessed May 25, 2015).

  64. 64.

    Paracelsus (1493–1541).

  65. 65.

    Wägenbaur (2013), p. 1.

  66. 66.

    McAuley and McCutcheon (2000), pp. 2–3.

  67. 67.

    Id., pp. 4–6.

  68. 68.

    Al-Hussein (2009), p. 653. Available at http://www.auilr.org/; http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1098&context=auilr (Accessed October 20, 2014). See also the next sub-section.

  69. 69.

    Zahle (2005), pp. 317–319.

  70. 70.

    Ross (1939), pp. 325–326. David Ross clarifies that a clear distinction between the morally good and the morally right ‘will do much to remove some of the perplexities of our moral thought.’ Ross (1930), p. 7. See also Stern (2012).

  71. 71.

    Sohm (1935), pp. 28–29.

  72. 72.

    Id., p. 29.

  73. 73.

    Bentzon and Agersnap (2005), p. 8.

  74. 74.

    Kelsen (1941), p. 44.

  75. 75.

    For the concept of reliability of evidence, see Roberts and Redmayne (2009), pp. 1–18. See also the new examination of evidence by Daniele (2015a), pp. 179–194.

  76. 76.

    Rawls (1971), pp. 191–192.

  77. 77.

    Rawls (1971), p. 172.

  78. 78.

    Id.

  79. 79.

    Id.

  80. 80.

    Derrett (1968), p. vii.

  81. 81.

    Ross (1958), p. 29. Thus, the writer strongly attacks the opinion of Bentham and the doctrine of morality, pp. 290–292.

  82. 82.

    White and Willock (2007), p. 22.

  83. 83.

    Mill (1863), available at https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mill-john-stuart/1863/utility/ch02.htm (Accessed June 10, 2015).

  84. 84.

    Love is principle that most governments do not give any attention to. As has rightly been formulated “It’s the human principle of contact. It was my experience in dealing with people in soup kitchens and in our AIDS shelter that they were thirsting for someone to know them by name, to care about their life story, to care if they woke up the next morning, simple things like that. And government can’t do that. President Bush says this all the time, ‘Government cannot love.’ It’s very hard for government to be a neighbour.” Crisis Interview with Jim Towey, CRISIS, June 2002, at 40, 43 (defining subsidiary). Quoted in Czarnetzky and Rychlak (2003), p. 121.

  85. 85.

    Shelton (2014), pp. 294–295.

  86. 86.

    Ashworth (2008), p. 11.

  87. 87.

    Greve (2005), p. 532.

  88. 88.

    Fashing and Gottschalk (2008), p. 11.

  89. 89.

    Greve (2005), p. 515.

  90. 90.

    Id.

  91. 91.

    von Pufendorf (1931), p. 319. Available at http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/2220 (Accessed March 29, 2015).

  92. 92.

    For false evidence, see Roberts and Redmayne (2009), p. 17.

  93. 93.

    Daniele (2015b), pp. 179–194, 181; Malekian (1992). Cited in Gray, note 58, at p. 12.

  94. 94.

    Roberts and Redmayne (2009), p. 17.

  95. 95.

    Prosecutor v. Nahimana, Barayagawiza and Negeza Case ICTR-99-52, Judgment and Sentence p. 945 (December 3, 2003).

  96. 96.

    Id., at para. 46.

  97. 97.

    Id.

  98. 98.

    Kant (1793), p. 87. Launched by Jonathan Bennett, available at http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdfs/kant1793part4.pdf (Accessed April 12, 2015).

  99. 99.

    Id.

  100. 100.

    Bernstein (2002), pp. 11–14.

  101. 101.

    Bondeson (2006), pp. 3–5.

  102. 102.

    Wägenbaur (2013), p. 1.

  103. 103.

    Id., pp. 2–3.

  104. 104.

    Cohen (1949), pp. 989–990.

  105. 105.

    Ashworth (2008), pp. 13–15.

  106. 106.

    Nussbaum (2013), pp. 2–4. See also Weiler (1999).

  107. 107.

    Andenaes (1965), p. 4.

  108. 108.

    Comprés (2009), p. 1027.

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    Farhad Malekian

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Malekian, F. (2017). Surveillance of the Norm of Love in Criminal Law. In: Judgments of Love in Criminal Justice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46900-3_1

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  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-46899-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-46900-3

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

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