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Evolutionary Biology of Drug Resistance

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Antimicrobial Drug Resistance

Abstract

It widely upheld that evolution is the result of two essential forces: variability (chance) and selection (necessity). This assumption is confirmed by a number of simple phenomena in antibiotic resistance. Variability is created by random Mutation (also recombination), and some of these variants (for instance, those with a mutation in the antibiotic target) become resistant. These variants are selected by antibiotic use and consequently they increase the frequency of resistance. If we increase variability (as in a hyper-mutable strain) or the intensity of selection (antibiotic hyper-consumption), the result is more resistance. This is true, but not the whole truth. Most determinants of antibiotic resistance are not based on simple mutations, but rather on sophisticated systems frequently involving several genes and sequences; moreover, resistance mutations are seldom transmitted by lateral gene transfer. The acquisition of any type of resistance produces a change. In biology, any change is not only an opportunity, but is also a risk for evolution. Bacterial organisms are highly integrated functional structures, exquisitely tuned by evolutionary forces to fit with their environments. Beyond the threshold of the normal compliance of these functions, changes are expected to disturb the equilibrium. Therefore, the acquisition of resistance is not sufficient to survive; evolution should also shape and refine the way of managing resistance determinants. Under the perspective of systems biology, this biological dilemma is presented as “evolvability versus robustness”, where only robust systems (able to tolerate a wide range of external changes) survive, but in the long term they should reorganize their compositional network so that they can address new and unexpected external changes. In fact, we can expect a constant cycle between robustness and evolvability in antibiotic resistance, which is manifested by changes in the frequency of some particular resistant clones.

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Acknowledgements

To the group of people who daily shares our interest in evolutionary biology of antibiotic resistance, and in particular to José-Luis Martínez, Teresa Coque, Rosa del Campo, Juan-Carlos Galán, María-Isabel Morosini, and Patricia Ruiz-Garbajosa, some of whom have provided data for the present review. We acknowledge also to EU Commission and Innovative Medicine Initiative (IMI) for funding projects on this field (COBRA-LSHM-CT-2003-503335; DRESP-LSHM-CT-2005-018705, EAR-LSHM-CT-2005-518152 ACE-LSHM-CT-2006-037410, TROCAR- LSHM-CT-2008-223031, R-GNOSIS-FP7-HEALTH-F32011-282512, EVOTAR-FP7-HEALTH-2011-282004, MON4STRAT-FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-1-602906-2, IMI-6-ENABLE-2014-115583-2, IMI-9-COMBATE-CARE-115620-2, IMI-11-iABC-115721).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology and Evolution of Microorganisms, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), CIBERESP, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

    Fernando Baquero M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, University Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Rafael Cantón

  3. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense, University Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Rafael Cantón

Authors
  1. Fernando Baquero M.D., Ph.D.
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  2. Rafael Cantón
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Correspondence to Fernando Baquero M.D., Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Treiber Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

    Douglas L. Mayers

  2. Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA

    Jack D. Sobel

  3. Centre de recherche en Infectiologie, University of Laval, Quebec City, Canada

    Marc Ouellette

  4. Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Keith S. Kaye

  5. Infection Control and Prevention Unit of Infectious Diseases, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Dror Marchaim

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Baquero, F., Cantón, R. (2017). Evolutionary Biology of Drug Resistance. In: Mayers, D., Sobel, J., Ouellette, M., Kaye, K., Marchaim, D. (eds) Antimicrobial Drug Resistance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46718-4_2

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