Abstract
African and Western Asian contemporaries of Neanderthals , generally considered to be the earliest Homo sapiens , are not particularly ‘modern’ looking in their cranial anatomy. Here we test whether the dental morphological signal agrees with this assessment. We used a Bayesian statistical approach to classifying individuals into ‘modern’ and ‘non-modern’ groups based on dental non-metric traits . The classification was based on dental trait frequencies for two ‘known’ samples of 109 Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens and 129 Neanderthal individuals. A cross-validation test of these individuals correctly classified them 95% of the time. Our early H. sapiens sample included 41 individuals from Southern Africa, Northern Africa and Western Asia. We treated our early H. sapiens individuals as ‘unknown’ and calculated the probability that each belonged to either the Upper Paleolithic or Neanderthal sample. We hypothesized that if the earliest H. sapiens were already dentally modern, then they would be assigned to the Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens group. We also hypothesized that if there had been significant admixture in Western Asia during the initial dispersal out of Africa , these samples would have the largest proportion of individuals classified as Neanderthal. Our results indicated that the latter was not the case. The smallest proportion of misclassified individuals came from Western Asia (7%) and the highest proportion of misclassified individuals came from Northern Africa (38%). In most cases it appears to be the predominance of primitive features, rather than derived Neanderthal traits that drove the classification. We conclude (1) by the time the earliest H. sapiens dispersed from Africa they had already attained a more-or-less modern dental pattern; (2) in the past, as is the case today, Late Pleistocene Africans were not a homogeneous group, some retained primitive dental traits in higher proportions than others. Furthermore, we acknowledge that while our method is an excellent tool for discriminating between Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens and Neanderthals, it may not be appropriate for testing Neanderthal – H. sapiens admixture because all traits (primitive and derived) are weighed equally. Moreover, to best assess admixture it is likely necessary to incorporate a model for how the traits track population history and/or gene flow .
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- 1.
If H. floresiensis is, in fact, derived from large toothed early Homo: see Brown and Maeda 2009.
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Appendix A List of Neanderthal and Upper Paleolithic Specimens, Number of Traits Preserved, Posterior Probabilities and Classification
Appendix A List of Neanderthal and Upper Paleolithic Specimens, Number of Traits Preserved, Posterior Probabilities and Classification
Specimen | No. traits used | Neanderthal | UP Modern | Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Krapina DP#1 | 24 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#2 | 23 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#3 | 22 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#4 | 62 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#5 | 39 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#6 | 43 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#8 | 5 | 0.25 | 0.75 | UP Modern |
Krapina DP#10 | 20 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#11 | 11 | 0.94 | 0.06 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#12 | 18 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#13 | 16 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#17 | 9 | 0.98 | 0.02 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#18 | 33 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#19 | 32 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#20 | 17 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#21 | 5 | 0.97 | 0.03 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#22 | 8 | 0.99 | 0.01 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#23 | 53 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#24 | 8 | 0.97 | 0.03 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#25 | 2 | 0.45 | 0.55 | UP Modern |
Krapina DP#27 | 26 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#28 | 7 | 0.99 | 0.01 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#29 | 6 | 0.99 | 0.01 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#30 | 10 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#31 | 13 | 0.99 | 0.01 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#32 | 12 | 0.89 | 0.11 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#33 | 9 | 0.86 | 0.14 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#34 | 10 | 0.99 | 0.01 | Neanderthal |
Krapina DP#35 | 6 | 0.99 | 0.01 | Neanderthal |
Krapina 40 | 6 | 0.19 | 0.81 | UP Modern |
Krapina Maxilla B | 3 | 0.84 | 0.16 | Neanderthal |
Krapina Maxilla and mandible C | 24 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina Composite 1 | 52 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina Composite 2 | 48 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Krapina Composite 3 | 14 | 0.99 | 0.01 | Neanderthal |
Malarnaud | 6 | 0.96 | 0.04 | Neanderthal |
Monsempron 1953-1 | 37 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Monsempron miscellaneous | 6 | 0.92 | 0.08 | Neanderthal |
Regourdou | 23 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #40 (Renne) | 8 | 0.81 | 0.19 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #39 (Renne) | 4 | 0.78 | 0.22 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #41 (Renne) | 6 | 0.92 | 0.08 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #43 (Renne) | 5 | 0.99 | 0.01 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #45 (Renne) | 4 | 0.90 | 0.10 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #IVb6B11-Z11 (Hyène) | 7 | 0.77 | 0.23 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #9 (Hyène) | 6 | 0.38 | 0.62 | UP Modern |
Arcy-sur-Cure #13 (Renne) | 7 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #4 (Renne) | 6 | 0.85 | 0.15 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #16 (Renne) | 1 | 0.62 | 0.38 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #19 (Renne) | 2 | 0.85 | 0.15 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #20 (Renne) | 8 | 0.89 | 0.11 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #7 (Renne) | 1 | 0.62 | 0.38 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #5 (Renne) | 7 | 0.99 | 0.01 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #35 (Renne) | 7 | 0.87 | 0.13 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #6 (Renne) | 1 | 0.61 | 0.39 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #17 (Renne) | 2 | 0.49 | 0.51 | UP Modern |
Arcy-sur-Cure #23 (Renne) | 2 | 0.85 | 0.15 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #24 (Renne) | 7 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #21 (Renne) | 7 | 0.97 | 0.03 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #32 (Renne) | 1 | 0.61 | 0.39 | Neanderthal |
Arcy-sur-Cure #30 (Renne) | 7 | 0.98 | 0.02 | Neanderthal |
Valgadoba 1 | 34 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Valgadoba 2 | 12 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Devils Tower (Gibraltar II) | 6 | 0.61 | 0.39 | Neanderthal |
Ochoz | 9 | 0.65 | 0.35 | Neanderthal |
Kůlna | 23 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Petit-Puymoyen 211 | 14 | 0.98 | 0.02 | Neanderthal |
Petit-Puymoyen 1975-30-5 | 26 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Petit-Puymoyen 3 | 10 | 0.99 | 0.0116 | Neanderthal |
Petit-Puymoyen 2 | 11 | 0.94 | 0.0648 | Neanderthal |
Petit-Puymoyen 4B | 7 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Petit-Puymoyen 4A | 7 | 0.99 | 0.01 | Neanderthal |
Petit-Puymoyen 1 | 18 | 0.98 | 0.02 | Neanderthal |
Pech de l’Azé | 1 | 0.65 | 0.35 | Neanderthal |
Hortus III | 23 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Hortus II | 15 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Hortus IV | 16 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Hortus V | 22 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Hortus VI | 12 | 0.98 | 0.02 | Neanderthal |
Hortus VII | 6 | 0.99 | 0.01 | Neanderthal |
Taubach | 6 | 0.96 | 0.04 | Neanderthal |
La Fate VI | 5 | 0.97 | 0.03 | Neanderthal |
La Fate XII | 4 | 0.93 | 0.07 | Neanderthal |
La Fate 2 | 7 | 0.98 | 0.02 | Neanderthal |
Roc du Marsal | 3 | 0.98 | 0.02 | Neanderthal |
Ciota Ciara #2 | 7 | 0.85 | 0.15 | Neanderthal |
Ciota Ciara #3 | 9 | 0.89 | 0.11 | Neanderthal |
Grotte Taddeo Rep H | 5 | 0.92 | 0.08 | Neanderthal |
Grotte Taddeo Rep L | 8 | 0.98 | 0.02 | Neanderthal |
Guattari III | 14 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Saccopastore 2 | 14 | 0.96 | 0.04 | Neanderthal |
Saccopastore 1 | 4 | 0.62 | 0.38 | Neanderthal |
Scladina | 27 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Vindija 2-Vi149 | 2 | 0.53 | 0.47 | Neanderthal |
Vindija - Vi146 (231) | 9 | 0.76 | 0.24 | Neanderthal |
Vindija - Vi259 | 4 | 0.02 | 0.98 | UP Modern |
Vindija - Vi148 (266) | 16 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Vindija 287 (level G1) | 4 | 0.44 | 0.56 | UP Modern |
Vindija 290 (level G1) | 4 | 0.95 | 0.05 | Neanderthal |
Vindija - Vi 76 (229) | 1 | 0.61 | 0.39 | Neanderthal |
Spy 1 | 9 | 0.96 | 0.04 | Neanderthal |
Spy 2 | 5 | 0.60 | 0.40 | Neanderthal |
Le Moustier | 66 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
La Quina 5 | 17 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
La Quina 9 | 16 | 0.92 | 0.08 | Neanderthal |
La Quina 18 | 8 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Montgaudier 5 | 7 | 0.76 | 0.24 | Neanderthal |
Combe Grenal (10&11) | 13 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Combe Grenal 5 | 3 | 0.55 | 0.45 | Neanderthal |
Combe Grenal 4 | 11 | 0.95 | 0.05 | Neanderthal |
Combe Grenal 1 | 21 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Combe Grenal 29 | 6 | 0.85 | 0.15 | Neanderthal |
Châteauneuf 2 | 6 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Marillac | 9 | 0.41 | 0.59 | UP Modern |
La Ferrassie 10 | 7 | 0.68 | 0.32 | Neanderthal |
Suba-lyuk 1 | 18 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Suba-lyuk 2 | 4 | 0.90 | 0.10 | Neanderthal |
Cova Negra | 16 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
St Césaire 1 | 49 | 0.96 | 0.04 | Neanderthal |
St Césaire 2 | 3 | 0.56 | 0.44 | Neanderthal |
Obi Rakhmat | 27 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Amud 2 | 25 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Kebara 14 | 7 | 0.98 | 0.02 | Neanderthal |
Kebara 4 | 7 | 0.92 | 0.08 | Neanderthal |
Kebara 2 | 22 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Shanidar 2 | 25 | 0.94 | 0.06 | Neanderthal |
Tabun C1 | 36 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Tabun C2 | 5 | 0.05 | 0.95 | UP Modern |
Tabun Ser III Harvard | 14 | 1 | 0 | Neanderthal |
Les Vachons | 11 | 0.17 | 0.83 | UP Modern |
Roc de Combe 4 | 2 | 0.18 | 0.82 | UP Modern |
Lagar Velho | 49 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Dolní Věstonice 13 | 35 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Dolní Věstonice 14 | 37 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Dolní Věstonice 15 | 47 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Dolní Věstonice 31 | 6 | 00 | 1 | UP Modern |
Dolní Věstonice 37 | 5 | 0.02 | 0.98 | UP Modern |
Dolní Věstonice 36 | 9 | 0.14 | 0.86 | UP Modern |
Vindija 289 level Fd | 2 | 0.88 | 0.12 | Neanderthal |
Parpalló | 33 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Pavlov 3 | 7 | 0.11 | 0.89 | UP Modern |
Pavlov 2 | 8 | 0.48 | 0.52 | UP Modern |
Abri Pataud 1 | 51 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Abri Pataud 2 | 3 | 0.14 | 0.86 | UP Modern |
Abri Blanchard 1956-46 | 7 | 0.01 | 0.99 | UP Modern |
Abri Labatut 1956-47 | 10 | 0.30 | 0.70 | UP Modern |
Mieslingtal | 6 | 0.05 | 0.95 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Abeilles | 11 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Abeilles 3 | 4 | 0.01 | 0.99 | UP Modern |
Lespugue | 13 | 0.01 | 0.99 | UP Modern |
La Gravette | 3 | 0.49 | 0.51 | UP Modern |
Balla-barlang 68.145.1 | 7 | 0.08 | 0.92 | UP Modern |
Bervavolgy 68.142.1 | 10 | 0.01 | 0.99 | UP Modern |
Gruta do Caldeirão 1 | 8 | 0.17 | 0.83 | UP Modern |
Cisterna 1 | 17 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
La Madeleine | 11 | 0.01 | 0.99 | UP Modern |
Pech de la Boissière 1 | 7 | 0.05 | 0.95 | UP Modern |
Pech de la Boissière 2 | 6 | 0.40 | 0.60 | UP Modern |
Farincourt | 4 | 0.30 | 0.70 | UP Modern |
Farincourt | 27 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Laugerie Basse | 48 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
St. Germaine-la Rivière 19,20 | 13 | 0.22 | 0.78 | UP Modern |
St. Germaine-la-Rivière (unnumbered) | 4 | 0.48 | 0.52 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière B4 | 14 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière B3 | 7 | 0.16 | 0.84 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière B5 | 7 | 0.02 | 0.98 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière B6&B7 | 4 | 0.05 | 0.95 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière 3 (1970-7) | 7 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière 6 (1970-7) | 2 | 0.27 | 0.73 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière 21 (1970-7) | 4 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière 9 (1970-7) | 1 | 0.35 | 0.65 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière 10 (1970-7) | 4 | 0.16 | 0.84 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière 11 (1970-7) | 4 | 0.01 | 0.99 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière 12 (1970-7) | 3 | 0.12 | 0.88 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière 14 (1970-7) | 6 | 0.45 | 0.55 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière 15 (1970-7) | 4 | 0.25 | 0.75 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière 16 (1970-7) | 3 | 0.17 | 0.83 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière 7 (1970-7) | 6 | 0.18 | 0.82 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière 18 (1970-7) | 4 | 0.21 | 0.79 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière 2 (1970-7) | 2 | 0.24 | 0.76 | UP Modern |
St Germaine-la-Rivière 1 (1970-7) | 3 | 0.08 | 0.92 | UP Modern |
Oberkassel D999 | 33 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Oberkassel unnumbered | 6 | 0.01 | 0.99 | UP Modern |
Isturitz 1950-6 | 6 | 0.06 | 0.94 | UP Modern |
Isturitz 1950-10-3 | 7 | 0.10 | 0.90 | UP Modern |
Isturitz 1950-9 (IV-105) | 6 | 0.07 | 0.93 | UP Modern |
Isturitz 1950-10-2 | 5 | 0.05 | 0.95 | UP Modern |
Isturitz IV 1942/1950 | 7 | 0.05 | 0.95 | UP Modern |
Istruitz Ser. 7B 1950-4-1 | 7 | 0.16 | 0.84 | UP Modern |
Kostenki 14 | 39 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Kostenki 15 | 6 | 0.01 | 0.99 | UP Modern |
Kostenki 17 | 3 | 0.08 | 0.92 | UP Modern |
Kostenki 18 | 43 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Sunghir 2 | 60 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Sunghir 3 | 31 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
La Chaud 4 | 17 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
La Chaud 5 | 26 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
La Chaud 3 | 19 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
La Chaud 83 | 6 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Mladeč (misc teeth) | 16 | 0.95 | 0.05 | Neanderthal |
Mladeč 2 | 10 | 0.11 | 0.89 | UP Modern |
Mladeč 1 | 6 | 0.02 | 0.98 | UP Modern |
Fontéchevade 1954-54 #1 | 4 | 0.09 | 0.91 | UP Modern |
Fontéchevade 1954-53 #2 | 7 | 0.17 | 0.83 | UP Modern |
Font de Gaume 2 | 7 | 0.05 | 0.95 | UP Modern |
Grotta del Fossellone | 6 | 0.01 | 0.99 | UP Modern |
La Ferrasie 7 | 3 | 0.30 | 0.70 | UP Modern |
La Ferrasie 8&9 | 9 | 0.01 | 0.99 | UP Modern |
Derava Skala | 9 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Istállóskő | 7 | 0.01 | 0.99 | UP Modern |
Brassempouy #16, 884, 542, 1046, 2206, 262, 441 | 19 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Oase 2 | 6 | 0.97 | 0.03 | Neanderthal |
Oase 1 | 12 | 0.02 | 0.98 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois mandible A | 15 | 0.04 | 0.96 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois R50 mandible B | 14 | 0.45 | 0.55 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois unnumbered | 3 | 0.03 | 0.97 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois 19 | 3 | 0.03 | 0.97 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois 24 | 6 | 0.37 | 0.63 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois 15 | 6 | 0.37 | 0.63 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois 5a | 4 | 0.48 | 0.52 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois 32 | 3 | 0.20 | 0.80 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois 45 | 4 | 0.25 | 0.75 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois 5 | 4 | 0.25 | 0.75 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois unnumbered 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois unnumbered 2 | 4 | 0.0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois unnumbered C1 | 3 | 0.37 | 0.63 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois 29 | 6 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois 18 | 5 | 0.09 | 0.91 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois R8 | 7 | 0.14 | 0.86 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois R51-30 | 7 | 0.02 | 0.98 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois R16 | 7 | 0.05 | 0.95 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois 1955-148 | 7 | 0.05 | 0.95 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois R31 | 2 | 0.06 | 0.94 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois R51-14 | 7 | 0.05 | 0.95 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois 55 | 7 | 0.10 | 0.90 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois 50 | 7 | 0.05 | 0.95 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois 3 | 7 | 0.04 | 0.96 | UP Modern |
Grotte des Rois 6 | 7 | 0 | 1 | UP Modern |
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Bailey, S.E., Weaver, T.D., Hublin, JJ. (2017). The Dentition of the Earliest Modern Humans: How ‘Modern’ Are They?. In: Marom, A., Hovers, E. (eds) Human Paleontology and Prehistory. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46646-0_16
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