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Zooplankton in Kongsfjorden (1996–2016) in Relation to Climate Change

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The Ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard

Part of the book series: Advances in Polar Ecology ((AVPE,volume 2))

Abstract

Zooplankton in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, is shaped by irregular advection of seawater from the West Spitsbergen Current as well as input of freshwater of glacial and riverine origin. The zooplankton community reflects contributions of Arctic vs. Atlantic water masses in the fjord, and is changing with increasing temperature and declining sea ice. Here, we review zooplankton studies from Kongsfjorden, and present new data from a 20-year time series (1996–2016) of zooplankton abundance/biomass in the fjord based on annual surveys during summer. During the last decade, the marine environment of the West Spitsbergen Shelf and adjacent fjords has undergone changes with increasing temperatures and volume of inflowing Atlantic Water and declining sea ice. Annual monitoring of mesozooplankton since 1996 has shown high seasonal, spatial, and inter-annual variation in species abundance and biomass, and in the proportion of Atlantic and Arctic species. Inter-annual variations in species composition and abundance demonstrate fluctuating patterns related to changes in hydrography. “Warm years” in Kongsfjorden were characterized by higher abundances of Atlantic species, such as Calanus finmarchicus, Oithona atlantica, Thysanoessa longicaudata and Themisto abyssorum. Other krill species, particularly Thysanoessa inermis and to a lesser extent T. longicaudata, increased in abundance during the warming period in 2006–2007, mainly in the inner basin. “Cold years”, on the other hand, were characterized by higher abundance of Themisto libellula. There was no clear impact, however, of changes in environmental factors on the abundance or biomass of the Arctic species Calanus glacialis suggesting that the changes in environmental conditions have not reached critical levels for this species. The long-term zooplankton data demonstrate that some Atlantic species have become more abundant in the Kongsfjorden’s pelagic realm, suggesting that they may benefit from increasing temperature, and also that the total biomass of zooplankton has increased in the fjord implying potentially higher secondary production.

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Data availability

Zooplankton data and updated list of conversion factors are available in the MarineDatabase (Norwegian Polar Institute 2018) package for R (R Core Team 2018). The zooplankton data set in this paper is available at: https://doi.org/10.21334/npolar.2019.94b29b16.

Acknowledgements

We thank the different researchers and technicians that have been involved in zooplankton collections at our sampling stations in Kongsfjorden during the 20-year time series. Olga Pavlova, Norwegian Polar Institute, is thanked for making CTD files from stations in Kongsfjorden available, and making transect plots of temperature and salinity. Padmini Dalpadado, Institute of Marine Research, is thanked for data on krill and amphipods sampled by MIK (Method Isaacs Kidd) in Kongsfjorden. MG participation was funded by the Polish Scientific Council projects: KongHau4 (W84/KongHau4/2016) and KongHau5 (W88/KongHau5/2017).

Monitoring of water masses and zooplankton in Kongsfjorden is conducted as part of Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (www.mosj.npolar.no), which currently funds the annual survey by the Norwegian Polar Institute, and as a part of Long-term studies on the Arctic marine ecosystems funded by the Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences (IOPAN). Our sampling along the Kongsfjorden transect extends to HAUSGARTEN stations in Fram Strait when time and weather permit.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway

    Haakon Hop, Anette Wold & Mikko Vihtakari

  2. Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

    Haakon Hop, Malin Daase & Stig Falk-Petersen

  3. Institute of Marine Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway

    Mikko Vihtakari

  4. Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland

    Slawomir Kwasniewski & Marta Gluchowska

  5. Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland

    Marta Gluchowska

  6. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany

    Silke Lischka

  7. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Friedrich Buchholz

  8. Akvaplan-niva A/S, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway

    Stig Falk-Petersen

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  1. Haakon Hop
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Correspondence to Haakon Hop .

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  1. Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway

    Haakon Hop

  2. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Christian Wiencke

Appendix

Appendix

Table 7.8 Abundance to dry mass conversion factors used in the study
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Table 7.9 Total abundance (ind. m−3 or ind. m−2) and biomass in different studies sampling zooplankton in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard
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Hop, H. et al. (2019). Zooplankton in Kongsfjorden (1996–2016) in Relation to Climate Change. In: Hop, H., Wiencke, C. (eds) The Ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Advances in Polar Ecology, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46425-1_7

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