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Kelps and Environmental Changes in Kongsfjorden: Stress Perception and Responses

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The Ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard

Part of the book series: Advances in Polar Ecology ((AVPE,volume 2))

Abstract

On rocky substrata along shallow water cold-temperate and Arctic coastlines, large brown seaweeds (“kelps”) form structure- and organism-rich habitats of vast ecological significance. The distribution of these ecosystem engineers is largely controlled by the prevailing temperature, light regime and substrate availability, but can also be influenced by biotic interactions within the kelp communities. In Kongsfjorden, right in the transition of an Arctic to an Atlantic fjord system, the aforementioned factors are likely to be altered as a consequence of regional and global environmental change. The drivers of change entail increasing surface irradiances of harmful ultraviolet B radiation due to stratospheric ozone depletion, and variations related to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, such as increase in atmospheric and sea surface temperatures with their marked influence on sea ice formation and ocean acidification. Other factors potentially driving the Kongsfjorden system into change might be alterations of current and wind patterns resulting in the increased inflow of Atlantic waters into the bay (Atlantification), and increased precipitation, and terrestrial and glacial runoff, yielding an altered salinity regime and sediment discharge into the fjord with the potential impact of reducing light availability to marine photosynthesizers. Hence, this article is aiming to provide an overview on ecologically relevant abiotic and biotic factors influencing kelp distribution, and with the potential to eventually act as environmental stressors. We assess responses on different organisational levels of kelp by following the effects cascading from the initial sensing of the environment, signal transduction to gene expression, physiological reactions, changes in cellular ultrastructure and subsequent consequences for growth, reproduction and population biology for the different species of kelps present in Kongsfjorden.

Results synthesized from more than 20 years of seaweed research in Kongsfjorden point to the overall large adaptability of most of the kelp species being present in the system. Such species are to be expected to cope with the levels of increased ultraviolet radiation and temperature predicted in climate scenarios. However, susceptibility largely differs among the various life history stages of kelps, with the microscopic reproductive stages responding sensitively. Manipulation experiments conducted at ecologically relevant amplitudes, however, do not point to an inhibition of kelp viability and reproduction under proceeding change. Still, there is the important exception of an Arctic endemic kelp species, Laminaria solidungula, which will largely suffer from temperature increase. Thus, changes in kelp community composition, but also system productivity are to be expected. Subsequent to the synthesis of seaweed responses, this review concludes by identifying the major research gaps and priority topics for future kelp studies in Kongsfjorden.

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Acknowledgements

This review is largely based on the research conducted in the frame of the long-term project KOL 06 - Biology of Arctic benthic algae, performed at AWIPEV station, Ny-Ålesund. Authors are most grateful for the continuous support by the entire AWIPEV base team. Most of the studies presented would not have been possible without the AWI diving team.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine Botany, Faculty Biology/Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

    Kai Bischof

  2. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, List/Sylt, Germany

    Christian Buschbaum

  3. Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Stein Fredriksen

  4. Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain

    Francisco J. L. Gordillo & Carlos Jiménez

  5. University of Hamburg, Institute for Plant Sciences and Microbiology, Molecular Plant Genetics, Hamburg, Germany

    Sandra Heinrich, Markus Molis, Max Schwanitz & Christian Wiencke

  6. Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

    Cornelius Lütz

  7. The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

    Michael Y. Roleda

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  1. Kai Bischof
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  10. Max Schwanitz
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  11. Christian Wiencke
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Correspondence to Kai Bischof .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway

    Haakon Hop

  2. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Christian Wiencke

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Bischof, K. et al. (2019). Kelps and Environmental Changes in Kongsfjorden: Stress Perception and Responses . In: Hop, H., Wiencke, C. (eds) The Ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Advances in Polar Ecology, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46425-1_10

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