Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) have been proposed as a cell population with de novo vessel formation potential for cardiovascular disease treatment, through improving neovascularization in ischemic tissues. Although initially the bone marrow was considered as the main source, EPC have been isolated from other tissues, including perinatal sources: umbilical cord blood and placenta. Perinatal EPC demonstrated similar phenotypic characteristics to other sources; however, they harbor advanced EPC quantity with improved proliferative potential. In vivo experiments also confirmed de novo vessel formation upon perinatal EPC transplantation and enhanced blood perfusion in engraftment areas. Altogether, the fetal EPC have been isolated and characterized from perinatal tissues with improved vascularization potential and at clinically relevant quantities. In this chapter, we will first review vascularization processes in the human placenta and then highlight strategies which have been conducted to harvest EPC from the human term placenta.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abumaree M, Al Jumah M, Kalionis B, Jawdat D, Al Khaldi A, AlTalabani A, Knawy B (2013) Phenotypic and functional characterization of mesenchymal stem cells from chorionic villi of human term placenta. Stem Cell Rev Rep 9(1):16–31
Aoki J, Serruys PW, van Beusekom H, Ong AT, McFadden EP, Sianos G, van der Giessen WJ, Regar E, de Feyter PJ, Davis HR (2005) Endothelial progenitor cell capture by stents coated with antibody against CD34: the HEALING-FIM (Healthy Endothelial Accelerated Lining Inhibits Neointimal Growth-First In Man) registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(10):1574–1579
Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, Silver M, van der Zee R, Li T, Witzenbichler B, Schatteman G, Isner JM (1997) Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 275(5302):964–966
Asahara T, Masuda H, Takahashi T, Kalka C, Pastore C, Silver M, Kearne M, Magner M, Isner JM (1999) Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization. Circ Res 85(3):221–228
Awad O, Dedkov EI, Jiao C, Bloomer S, Tomanek RJ, Schatteman GC (2006) Differential healing activities of CD34+ and CD14+ endothelial cell progenitors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26(4):758–764
Bailey AS, Jiang S, Afentoulis M, Baumann CI, Schroeder DA, Olson SB, Wong MH, Fleming WH (2004) Transplanted adult hematopoietic stems cells differentiate into functional endothelial cells. Blood 103(1):13–19
Baldwin HS (1996) Early embryonic vascular development. Cardiovasc Res 31Spec No:E34–45
Beck L Jr, D’Amore PA (1997) Vascular development: cellular and molecular regulation. FASEB J 11(5):365–373
Beck F, Erler T, Russell A, James R (1995) Expression of Cdx‐2 in the mouse embryo and placenta: possible role in patterning of the extra‐embryonic membranes. Dev Dyn 204(3):219–227
Carmeliet P (2005) Angiogenesis in life, disease and medicine. Nature 438(7070):932–936
Case J, Mead LE, Bessler WK, Prater D, White HA, Saadatzadeh MR, Bhavsar JR, Yoder MC, Haneline LS, Ingram DA (2007) Human CD34< sup>+ AC133< sup>+ VEGFR-2< sup>+ cells are not endothelial progenitor cells but distinct, primitive hematopoietic progenitors. Exp Hematol 35(7):1109–1118
Caspi O, Lesman A, Basevitch Y, Gepstein A, Arbel G, Habib IHM, Gepstein L, Levenberg S (2007) Tissue engineering of vascularized cardiac muscle from human embryonic stem cells. Circ Res 100(2):263–272
Castrechini N, Murthi P, Gude NM, Erwich JJ, Gronthos S, Zannettino A, Brennecke SP, Kalionis B (2010) Mesenchymal stem cells in human placental chorionic villi reside in a vascular Niche. Placenta 31(3):203–212
Charnock-Jones D, Kaufmann P, Mayhew T (2004) Aspects of human fetoplacental vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. I. Molecular regulation. Placenta 25(2):103–113
Choong CS, Hutmacher DW, Triffitt JT (2006) Co-culture of bone marrow fibroblasts and endothelial cells on modified polycaprolactone substrates for enhanced potentials in bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng 12(9):2521–2531
Demir R, Seval Y, Huppertz B (2007) Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in the early human placenta. Acta Histochem 109(4):257–265
Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM (2009) Cell therapy of acute myocardial infarction: open questions. Cardiology 113(3):155–160. doi:10.1159/000187652
Duttenhoefer F, Lara de Freitas R, Meury T, Loibl M, Benneker LM, Richards RG, Alini M, Verrier S (2013) 3D scaffolds co-seeded with human endothelial progenitor and mesenchymal stem cells: evidence of prevascularisation within 7 days. Eur Cells Mater 26:49–65
Eichmann A, Pardanaud L, Yuan L, Moyon D (2002) Vasculogenesis and the search for the hemangioblast. J Hematother Stem Cell Res 11(2):207–214
Fadini GP, Losordo D, Dimmeler S (2012) Critical reevaluation of endothelial progenitor cell phenotypes for therapeutic and diagnostic use. Circ Res 110(4):624–637
Ghabrial AS, Krasnow MA (2006) Social interactions among epithelial cells during tracheal branching morphogenesis. Nature 441(7094):746–749
Golos TG (2011) Stem cells from the placenta. In: Kay HH, Michael Nelson D, Wang Y (eds) The placenta: from development to disease, from development to disease. Wiley, New York, pp 327–333
Grant MB, May WS, Caballero S, Brown GA, Guthrie SM, Mames RN, Byrne BJ, Vaught T, Spoerri PE, Peck AB (2002) Adult hematopoietic stem cells provide functional hemangioblast activity during retinal neovascularization. Nat Med 8(6):607–612
Grellier M, Bordenave L, Amedee J (2009) Cell-to-cell communication between osteogenic and endothelial lineages: implications for tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol 27(10):562–571
He T, Smith LA, Harrington S, Nath KA, Caplice NM, Katusic ZS (2004) Transplantation of circulating endothelial progenitor cells restores endothelial function of denuded rabbit carotid arteries. Stroke 35(10):2378–2384
Hill JM, Zalos G, Halcox JP, Schenke WH, Waclawiw MA, Quyyumi AA, Finkel T (2003) Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular function, and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 348(7):593–600. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022287
Hirata K, Li T-S, Nishida M, Ito H, Matsuzaki M, Kasaoka S, Hamano K (2003) Autologous bone marrow cell implantation as therapeutic angiogenesis for ischemic hindlimb in diabetic rat model. Am J Phys Heart Circ Phys 284(1):H66–H70
Hofmann A, Ritz U, Verrier S, Eglin D, Alini M, Fuchs S, Kirkpatrick CJ, Rommens PM (2008) The effect of human osteoblasts on proliferation and neo-vessel formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a long-term 3D co-culture on polyurethane scaffolds. Biomaterials 29(31):4217–4226. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.07.024
Hofmann NA, Reinisch A, Strunk D (2009) Isolation and large scale expansion of adult human endothelial colony forming progenitor cells. Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE 32:1524
Hristov M, Erl W, Weber PC (2003) Endothelial progenitor cells: mobilization, differentiation, and homing. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23(7):1185–1189. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000073832.49290.B5
Huppertz B, Peeters LL (2005) Vascular biology in implantation and placentation. Angiogenesis 8(2):157–167
Hur J, Yoon C-H, Kim H-S, Choi J-H, Kang H-J, Hwang K-K, Oh B-H, Lee M-M, Park Y-B (2004) Characterization of two types of endothelial progenitor cells and their different contributions to neovasculogenesis. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 24 (2):288–293
Igura K, Zhang X, Takahashi K, Mitsuru A, Yamaguchi S, Takahashi T (2004) Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal progenitor cells from chorionic villi of human placenta. Cytotherapy 6(6):543–553
Ingram DA, Mead LE, Tanaka H, Meade V, Fenoglio A, Mortell K, Pollok K, Ferkowicz MJ, Gilley D, Yoder MC (2004) Identification of a novel hierarchy of endothelial progenitor cells using human peripheral and umbilical cord blood. Blood 104(9):2752–2760
Iwasaki H, Kawamoto A, Ishikawa M, Oyamada A, Nakamori S, Nishimura H, Sadamoto K, Horii M, Matsumoto T, Murasawa S (2006) Dose-dependent contribution of CD34-positive cell transplantation to concurrent vasculogenesis and cardiomyogenesis for functional regenerative recovery after myocardial infarction. Circulation 113(10):1311–1325
Jaffredo T, Gautier R, Eichmann A, Dieterlen-Lievre F (1998) Intraaortic hemopoietic cells are derived from endothelial cells during ontogeny. Development 125(22):4575–4583
Joe AW, Yi L, Natarajan A, Le Grand F, So L, Wang J, Rudnicki MA, Rossi FM (2010) Muscle injury activates resident fibro/adipogenic progenitors that facilitate myogenesis. Nat Cell Biol 12(2):153–163. doi:10.1038/ncb2015
Kalka C, Masuda H, Takahashi T, Kalka-Moll WM, Silver M, Kearney M, Li T, Isner JM, Asahara T (2000) Transplantation of ex vivo expanded endothelial progenitor cells for therapeutic neovascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97(7):3422–3427. doi:10.1073/pnas.070046397
Kara RJ, Bolli P, Karakikes I, Matsunaga I, Tripodi J, Tanweer O, Altman P, Shachter NS, Nakano A, Najfeld V (2012) Fetal cells traffic to injured maternal myocardium and undergo cardiac differentiation. Circ Res 110(1):82–93
Kawamoto A, Gwon HC, Iwaguro H, Yamaguchi JI, Uchida S, Masuda H, Silver M, Ma H, Kearney M, Isner JM, Asahara T (2001) Therapeutic potential of ex vivo expanded endothelial progenitor cells for myocardial ischemia. Circulation 103(5):634–637
Kawamoto A, Tkebuchava T, Yamaguchi J, Nishimura H, Yoon YS, Milliken C, Uchida S, Masuo O, Iwaguro H, Ma H, Hanley A, Silver M, Kearney M, Losordo DW, Isner JM, Asahara T (2003) Intramyocardial transplantation of autologous endothelial progenitor cells for therapeutic neovascularization of myocardial ischemia. Circulation 107(3):461–468
Kawamoto A, Katayama M, Handa N, Kinoshita M, Takano H, Horii M, Sadamoto K, Yokoyama A, Yamanaka T, Onodera R (2009) Intramuscular transplantation of G‐CSF‐mobilized CD34+ cells in patients with critical limb ischemia: a phase I/IIa, multicenter, single‐blinded, dose‐escalation clinical trial. Stem Cells 27(11):2857–2864
Lee JM, Choe W, Kim B-K, Seo W-W, Lim W-H, Kang C-K, Kyeong S, Eom KD, Cho H-J, Kim Y-C (2012) Comparison of endothelialization and neointimal formation with stents coated with antibodies against CD34 and vascular endothelial-cadherin. Biomaterials 33(35):8917–8927
Leeper NJ, Hunter AL, Cooke JP (2010) Stem cell therapy for vascular regeneration adult, embryonic, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Circulation 122(5):517–526
Leistner DM, Fischer-Rasokat U, Honold J, Seeger FH, Schächinger V, Lehmann R, Martin H, Burck I, Urbich C, Dimmeler S (2011) Transplantation of progenitor cells and regeneration enhancement in acute myocardial infarction (TOPCARE-AMI): final 5-year results suggest long-term safety and efficacy. Clin Res Cardiol 100(10):925–934
Levenberg S, Rouwkema J, Macdonald M, Garfein ES, Kohane DS, Darland DC, Marini R, van Blitterswijk CA, Mulligan RC, D’Amore PA (2005) Engineering vascularized skeletal muscle tissue. Nat Biotechnol 23(7):879–884
Lim W-H, Seo W-W, Choe W, Kang C-K, Park J, Cho H-J, Kyeong S, Hur J, Yang H-M, Cho H-J (2011) Stent coated with antibody against vascular endothelial-cadherin captures endothelial progenitor cells, accelerates re-endothelialization, and reduces neointimal formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 31(12):2798–2805
Liu Y, Teoh SH, Chong MS, Lee ES, Mattar CN, Randhawa NK, Zhang ZY, Medina RJ, Kamm RD, Fisk NM, Choolani M, Chan JK (2012) Vasculogenic and osteogenesis-enhancing potential of human umbilical cord blood endothelial colony-forming cells. Stem Cells 30(9):1911–1924. doi:10.1002/stem.1164
Lucitti JL, Jones EA, Huang C, Chen J, Fraser SE, Dickinson ME (2007) Vascular remodeling of the mouse yolk sac requires hemodynamic force. Development 134(18):3317–3326. doi:10.1242/dev.02883
Markway BD, McCarty OJ, Marzec UM, Courtman DW, Hanson SR, Hinds MT (2008) Capture of flowing endothelial cells using surface-immobilized anti-kinase insert domain receptor antibody. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 14(2):97–105
Masuda H, Alev C, Akimaru H, Ito R, Shizuno T, Kobori M, Horii M, Ishihara T, Isobe K, Isozaki M (2011) Methodological development of a clonogenic assay to determine endothelial progenitor cell potential. Circ Res 109(1):20–37
Mathews S, Rao KL, Prasad KS, Kanakavalli M, Reddy AG, Raj TA, Thangaraj K, Pande G (2015) Propagation of pure fetal and maternal mesenchymal stromal cells from terminal chorionic villi of human term placenta. Sci Rep 5
Matoba S, Tatsumi T, Murohara T, Imaizumi T, Katsuda Y, Ito M, Saito Y, Uemura S, Suzuki H, Fukumoto S (2008) Long-term clinical outcome after intramuscular implantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (Therapeutic Angiogenesis by Cell Transplantation [TACT] trial) in patients with chronic limb ischemia. Am Heart J 156(5):1010–1018
Mondrinos MJ, Koutzaki SH, Poblete HM, Crisanti MC, Lelkes PI, Finck CM (2008) In vivo pulmonary tissue engineering: contribution of donor-derived endothelial cells to construct vascularization. Tissue Eng A 14(3):361–368. doi:10.1089/tea.2007.0041
Murohara T, Ikeda H, Duan J, Shintani S, K-i S, Eguchi H, Onitsuka I, Matsui K, Imaizumi T (2000) Transplanted cord blood–derived endothelial precursor cells augment postnatal neovascularization. J Clin Investig 105(11):1527–1536
Nagano M, Yamashita T, Hamada H, Ohneda K, K-i K, Nakagawa T, Shibuya M, Yoshikawa H, Ohneda O (2007) Identification of functional endothelial progenitor cells suitable for the treatment of ischemic tissue using human umbilical cord blood. Blood 110(1):151–160
Patel J, Seppanen E, Chong MS, Yeo JS, Teo EY, Chan JK, Fisk NM, Khosrotehrani K (2013) Prospective surface marker-based isolation and expansion of fetal endothelial colony-forming cells from human term placenta. Stem Cells Transl Med 2(11):839–847
Patel J, Shafiee A, Wang W, Fisk N, Khosrotehrani K (2014) Novel isolation strategy to deliver pure fetal-origin and maternal-origin mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) populations from human term placenta. Placenta 35(11):969–971
Patel J, Wong HY, Wang W, Alexis J, Shafiee A, Stevenson AJ, Gabrielli B, Fisk NM, Khosrotehrani K (2016) Self‐renewal and high proliferative colony forming capacity of late‐outgrowth endothelial progenitors is regulated by cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors driven by notch signaling. Stem Cells 34(4):902–912
Pelosi E, Valtieri M, Coppola S, Botta R, Gabbianelli M, Lulli V, Marziali G, Masella B, Müller R, Sgadari C (2002) Identification of the hemangioblast in postnatal life. Blood 100(9):3203–3208
Rafii S, Lyden D (2003) Therapeutic stem and progenitor cell transplantation for organ vascularization and regeneration. Nat Med 9(6):702–712. doi:10.1038/nm0603-702
Rafii S, Butler JM, Ding B-S (2016) Angiocrine functions of organ-specific endothelial cells. Nature 529(7586):316–325
Rapp BM, Saadatzedeh MR, Ofstein RH, Bhavsar JR, Tempel ZS, Moreno O, Morone P, Booth DA, Traktuev DO, Dalsing MC (2012) Resident endothelial progenitor cells from human placenta have greater vasculogenic potential than circulating endothelial progenitor cells from umbilical cord blood. Cell Med 2(3):85–96
Red-Horse K, Crawford Y, Shojaei F, Ferrara N (2007) Endothelium-microenvironment interactions in the developing embryo and in the adult. Dev Cell 12(2):181–194
Reinisch A, Hofmann NA, Obenauf AC, Kashofer K, Rohde E, Schallmoser K, Flicker K, Lanzer G, Linkesch W, Speicher MR (2009) Humanized large-scale expanded endothelial colony–forming cells function in vitro and in vivo. Blood 113 (26):6716–6725
Reynolds LP, Redmer DA (2001) Angiogenesis in the placenta. Biol Reprod 64(4):1033–1040
Reynolds LP, Grazul‐Bilska AT, Redmer DA (2002) Angiogenesis in the female reproductive organs: pathological implications. Int J Exp Pathol 83(4):151–164
Rhodes KE, Gekas C, Wang Y, Lux CT, Francis CS, Chan DN, Conway S, Orkin SH, Yoder MC, Mikkola HK (2008) The emergence of hematopoietic stem cells is initiated in the placental vasculature in the absence of circulation. Cell Stem Cell 2(3):252–263
Ribatti D, Vacca A, Nico B, Roncali L, Dammacco F (2001) Postnatal vasculogenesis. Mech Dev 100(2):157–163
Robin C, Bollerot K, Mendes S, Haak E, Crisan M, Cerisoli F, Lauw I, Kaimakis P, Jorna R, Vermeulen M (2009) Human placenta is a potent hematopoietic niche containing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells throughout development. Cell Stem Cell 5(4):385–395
Rouwkema J, Rivron NC, van Blitterswijk CA (2008) Vascularization in tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol 26(8):434–441. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.04.009
Santos MI, Unger RE, Sousa RA, Reis RL, Kirkpatrick CJ (2009) Crosstalk between osteoblasts and endothelial cells co-cultured on a polycaprolactone–starch scaffold and the< i> in vitro development of vascularization. Biomaterials 30(26):4407–4415
Schatteman GC, Hanlon HD, Jiao C, Dodds SG, Christy BA (2000) Blood-derived angioblasts accelerate blood-flow restoration in diabetic mice. J Clin Invest 106(4):571–578. doi:10.1172/JCI9087
Scheubel RJ, Zorn H, Silber R-E, Kuss O, Morawietz H, Holtz J, Simm A (2003) Age-dependent depression in circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Am Coll Cardiol 42(12):2073–2080
Schoenwolf GC (2009) Larsen’s human embryology. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia
Sethi R, LEE CH (2012) Endothelial progenitor cell capture stent: safety and effectiveness. J Interv Cardiol 25(5):493–500
Shafiee A, Fisk NM, Hutmacher DW, Khosrotehrani K, Patel J (2015) Fetal endothelial and mesenchymal progenitors from the human term placenta: potency and clinical potential. Stem Cells Transl Med 4(5):419–423
Shepherd BR, Enis DR, Wang F, Suarez Y, Pober JS, Schechner JS (2006) Vascularization and engraftment of a human skin substitute using circulating progenitor cell-derived endothelial cells. FASEB J 20(10):1739–1741
Sukmawati D, Tanaka R (2015) Introduction to next generation of endothelial progenitor cell therapy: a promise in vascular medicine. Am J Transl Res 7(3):411–421
Tanaka R, Wada M, Kwon SM, Masuda H, Carr J, Ito R, Miyasaka M, Warren SM, Asahara T, Tepper OM (2008) The effects of flap ischemia on normal and diabetic progenitor cell function. Plast Reconstr Surg 121(6):1929–1942
Tanaka R, Masuda H, Kato S, Imagawa K, Kanabuchi K, Nakashioya C, Yoshiba F, Fukui T, Ito R, Kobori M (2014) Autologous G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cell therapy for diabetic patients with chronic nonhealing ulcer. Cell Transplant 23(2):167–179
Tateishi-Yuyama E, Matsubara H, Murohara T, Ikeda U, Shintani S, Masaki H, Amano K, Kishimoto Y, Yoshimoto K, Akashi H (2002) Therapeutic angiogenesis for patients with limb ischaemia by autologous transplantation of bone-marrow cells: a pilot study and a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 360(9331):427–435
Tepper OM, Carr J, Allen RJ, Chang CC, Lin CD, Tanaka R, Gupta SM, Levine JP, Saadeh PB, Warren SM (2010) Decreased circulating progenitor cell number and failed mechanisms of stromal cell-derived factor-1α mediated bone marrow mobilization impair diabetic tissue repair. Diabetes 59(8):1974–1983
Timmermans F, Plum J, Yöder MC, Ingram DA, Vandekerckhove B, Case J (2009) Endothelial progenitor cells: identity defined? J Cell Mol Med 13(1):87–102
Tremblay PL, Hudon V, Berthod F, Germain L, Auger FA (2005) Inosculation of tissue-engineered capillaries with the host’s vasculature in a reconstructed skin transplanted on mice. Am J Transplant 5(5):1002–1010. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00790.x
Ulrich C, Rolauffs B, Abele H, Bonin M, Nieselt K, Hart ML, Aicher WK (2013) Low osteogenic differentiation potential of placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells correlates with low expression of the transcription factors Runx2 and Twist2. Stem Cells Dev 22(21):2859–2872
Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Aicher A, Adler K, Urbich C, Martin H, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S (2001) Number and migratory activity of circulating endothelial progenitor cells inversely correlate with risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circ Res 89(1):e1–e7
Yang J, Ii M, Kamei N, Alev C, Kwon S-M, Kawamoto A, Akimaru H, Masuda H, Sawa Y, Asahara T (2011) CD34+ cells represent highly functional endothelial progenitor cells in murine bone marrow. PLoS One 6(5):e20219
Yoder MC, Hiatt K, Mukherjee P (1997) In vivo repopulating hematopoietic stem cells are present in the murine yolk sac at day 9.0 postcoitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci 94(13):6776–6780
Yoder MC, Mead LE, Prater D, Krier TR, Mroueh KN, Li F, Krasich R, Temm CJ, Prchal JT, Ingram DA (2007) Redefining endothelial progenitor cells via clonal analysis and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell principals. Blood 109(5):1801–1809
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council (Project Grant 1023368). K.K. was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council Career Development Fellowship (Grant 1023371).
Conflict of Interest. The authors report no potential conflicts of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shafiee, A., Khosrotehrani, K. (2016). Perinatal Tissue-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells. In: Arjmand, B. (eds) Perinatal Tissue-Derived Stem Cells. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46410-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46410-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-46408-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-46410-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)