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Vertebrate Embryonic Cleavage Pattern Determination

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Vertebrate Development

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 953))

Abstract

The pattern of the earliest cell divisions in a vertebrate embryo lays the groundwork for later developmental events such as gastrulation, organogenesis, and overall body plan establishment. Understanding these early cleavage patterns and the mechanisms that create them is thus crucial for the study of vertebrate development. This chapter describes the early cleavage stages for species representing ray-finned fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals, and proto-vertebrate ascidians and summarizes current understanding of the mechanisms that govern these patterns. The nearly universal influence of cell shape on orientation and positioning of spindles and cleavage furrows and the mechanisms that mediate this influence are discussed. We discuss in particular models of aster and spindle centering and orientation in large embryonic blastomeres that rely on asymmetric internal pulling forces generated by the cleavage furrow for the previous cell cycle. Also explored are mechanisms that integrate cell division given the limited supply of cellular building blocks in the egg and several-fold changes of cell size during early development, as well as cytoskeletal specializations specific to early blastomeres including processes leading to blastomere cohesion. Finally, we discuss evolutionary conclusions beginning to emerge from the contemporary analysis of the phylogenetic distributions of cleavage patterns. In sum, this chapter seeks to summarize our current understanding of vertebrate early embryonic cleavage patterns and their control and evolution.

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Acknowledgments

D.H. was supported by NIH grant TG 2 T32 GM007133-40 and NSF grant 1144752-IGERT, as well as the Graduate School and the College of Life Science and Agriculture at U. Wisconsin, Madison, and thanks Danielle Grotjahn for the help and discussions with related work. S.C. gratefully acknowledges the National Centers for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility (NCTRI)/NICHD (P50 HD071836), Howard and Georgeanna Jones Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, Medical Research Foundation of Oregon, and the Collins Medical Trust for funding. Research in the laboratory of M.D. is supported by the National Science Foundation (IOS-1557527). M.W. was supported by the Charles A. King Trust Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, Bank of America, N.A., Co-Trustee. Research in the laboratory of F.P. is supported by NIH grant RO1 GM065303.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Genetics/Biotech Addition, Room 2424, 425-G Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Andrew Hasley & Francisco Pelegri

  2. Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Heath & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA

    Shawn Chavez

  3. Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Heath & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA

    Shawn Chavez

  4. Department of Integrative Biosciences, L499, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA

    Michael Danilchik

  5. Department of Molecular Biology & The Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Icahn Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA

    Martin Wühr

Authors
  1. Andrew Hasley
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  2. Shawn Chavez
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  3. Michael Danilchik
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  4. Martin Wühr
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  5. Francisco Pelegri
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Correspondence to Francisco Pelegri .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

    Francisco Pelegri

  2. Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

    Michael Danilchik

  3. Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

    Ann Sutherland

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© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

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Hasley, A., Chavez, S., Danilchik, M., Wühr, M., Pelegri, F. (2017). Vertebrate Embryonic Cleavage Pattern Determination. In: Pelegri, F., Danilchik, M., Sutherland, A. (eds) Vertebrate Development. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 953. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_4

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