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Experiential, Empirical, and Disturbing Anthrozoologies

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Abstract

In March of 2016, E. O. Wilson published his book Half-Earth: Our Planet’s Fight for Life, in which, in his Prologue he speaks of the “fever swamp of dogmatic religious belief and inept philosophical thought through which we still wander” and added that “Unless humanity learns a great deal more about global biodiversity and moves quickly to protect it, we will soon lose most of the species composing life on Earth.” Wilson concludes this chilling paragraph by suggesting, “I am convinced that only by setting aside half the planet in reserve, or more, can we save the living part of the environment and achieve the stabilization required for our own survival.” That half-Earth is approximately the portion of the wild world—in total—that thrived prior to the onslaught of H. sapiens, he readies us. Wilson acknowledges Tony Hiss for suggesting the term “half-Earth”. Hiss himself acknowledges that “a version of this idea has been in circulation among conservationists for some time,” a key factor, under any number of guises and common denominators; of growing the “rewilding” movements and TransBoundary conservation efforts throughout the world, protected corridors from the Yukon to Yellowstone, to those efforts to save the longleaf pine forests now “reduced by 97 %” throughout the American Southeast. There is a tremendous effort underway to rescue longleaf habitat, an attempt by a close friend of Wilson’s, M. C. Davis to buy up vast tracts of the southeast and create what he’s called “Nokuse,” a protected series of connected corridors meaning “bear” in the indigenous Muskogee language and said to be “the biggest private preserve and biggest restoration project east of the Mississippi.” Hiss discusses the Wildlands Network out of Seattle with its “Western wildway” initiative, that would span areas from Mexico to Canada to Alaska, thereby, in combination setting the ecological preconditions for what Hiss describes as “Long Landscape parallels …” encompassing interconnected areas on all sides of north America, “a reimagining of the possible.”

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Notes

  1. 1.

    W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., New York; see also Wilson’s essay, “The Global Solution to Extinction,” The New York Times Sunday Review, March 12, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/13/opinion/sunday/the-global-solution-to-extinction.html?emc=eta1&_r=0, Accessed March 12, 2016.

  2. 2.

    “Can the World Really Set Aside Half of the Planet for Wildlife? The eminent evolutionary biologist E. O. Wilson has an audacious vision for saving Earth from a cataclysmic extinction event,” by Tony Hiss, Smithsonian Magazine, September 2014 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/can-world-really-set-aside-half-planet-wildlife-180952379/, Accessed March 12, 2016; see also, http://www.pps.org/reference/thiss/, Accessed March 12, 2016.

  3. 3.

    See Hiss, ibid.

  4. 4.

    See Hiss, ibid.

  5. 5.

    Hiss, ibid.

  6. 6.

    See https://www.rewildingeurope.com/tag/european-habitat-forum/

  7. 7.

    See http://www.pleistocenepark.ru/en/, Accessed October 5, 2015.

  8. 8.

    See http://www.nsb.gov.bt/publication/files/pub0ha5269tp.pdf; See also http://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltobias/2011/10/26/the-last-shangri-la-a-conversation-with-bhutans-secretary-of-the-national-environment-commission-dr-ugyen-tshewang/, Accessed March 8, 2016.

  9. 9.

    See http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34387945, Accessed October 3, 2015.

  10. 10.

    See http://blog.conservationorg/2015/04/new-conservation-corridor-latest-environmental-triumph-for-suriname/, Accessed October 5, 2015.

  11. 11.

    “30 dogs are rescued,” by Debbi Baker, Los Angeles Times, Saturday, February 27, 2016, p. B.4, Accessed February 27, 2016.

  12. 12.

    See http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1981/jul/16/a-modest-proposal/, Accessed October 7, 2016.

  13. 13.

    George Urban, September 1976, “From Containment to Self-Containment: A conversation with George Kennan”. Encounter, p. 17, Accessed October 8, 2016.

  14. 14.

    “World leaders set sights on sustainable development,” by Noam N. Levey, Los Angeles Times, September 23, 2015, p. A3, Accessed September 24, 2015.

  15. 15.

    “Greenhouse Gas Linked To Floods Along U.S. Coasts—Worsening A Certainty—Research Team Reports Fastest Sea Rise in 28 Centuries,” by Justin Gillis, The New York Times, pp. A1 and A10, February 28, 2016.

  16. 16.

    Donal K. Anton, “‘Treaty Congestion’ in International Environmental Law,” International Law Reporter, January 24, 2012, http://ilreports.blogspot.com/2012/01/anton-treaty-congestion-in.html, Accessed January 24, 2016.

  17. 17.

    Lawrence Susskind, “Strengthening the Global Environmental Treaty System,” Issues in Science and Technology, Volume XXV, Issue 1, Fall 2008, http://issues.org/25-1/susskind/, Accessed January 24, 2016.

  18. 18.

    John Vidal, “Many treaties to save the Earth, but where’s the will to implement them?”: http://theguardian.com/environment/blog/2012/jun07/Earth-treaties-environmental-agreements, The Guardian, Thursday, June 7, 2012, Accessed January 24, 2016.

  19. 19.

    “Donald Trump’s ‘Captain Underpants’ Campaign,” By Dana Milbank, Opinion Writer, The Washington Post, February 26, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/donald-trumps-captain-underpants-campaign/2016/02/26/17749fa2-dc46-11e5-891a-4ed04f4213e8_story.html, Accessed February 26, 2016.

  20. 20.

    See https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/03/10/us-canada-joint-statement-climate-energy-and-arctic-leadership, Accessed March 10, 2016.

  21. 21.

    See http://mahb.stanford.edu/author/mahbadmin2/, Accessed March 10, 2016.

  22. 22.

    For example: http://www.independent.co.uk/e…, Accessed March 12, 2016.

  23. 23.

    See http://www.cafothebook.org/, Accessed March 22, 2016.

  24. 24.

    For a good summary of artificial meat substitutes, and their environmental consequences, see “The Better Meat Substitute—Can new and improved meat analogues help us control our damaging desire for animal flesh?” by Glenn Zorpette, June 3, 2013, IEEE Spectrum, http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/the-better-meat-substitute, Accessed March 22, 2016; See also, “The (Fake) Meat Revolution,” by Nicholas Kristoff, Sunday Review, The New York Times, September 19, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/opinion/sunday/nicholas-kristof-the-fake-meat-revolution.html?_r=0, Accessed March 22, 2016.

  25. 25.

    See http://www.carnism.org/who%20we%20are*, Accessed March 23, 2016.

  26. 26.

    See http://www.libertarianism.org/people/frederic-bastiat, Accessed March 23, 2016.

  27. 27.

    See “State of the Earth,” Three Hour Dancing Star Foundation Series, www.dancingstarfoundation.org/state_of_earth.php; See also, “Mad Cowboy,” feature documentary, KQED/PBS, 2005.

  28. 28.

    David H. Allen, How Mechanics Shaped the Modern World, Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2014, p. 176.

  29. 29.

    See Hammer T. J., et al. (2016) Treating cattle with antibiotics affects greenhouse gas emissions, and microbiota in dung and dung beetles. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0150. Accessed June 8, 2016.

  30. 30.

    “Human Appropriation of the Productions of Photosynthesis,” by Peter Vitousek, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anne H. Ehrlich and Pamela Matson, mahb.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/1986_Vitousek.pdf 1986, Accessed March 2, 2016. See also: http://Earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?di=MOD17A2_M_PSN), Accessed March 2, 2016.

  31. 31.

    See https://www.inside.con/science/u6o7m/Researchers-estimate-there-are-3-4-trillion-trees-, Accessed September 4, 2015; See also http://sciencenordic.com/there-are-now-304-trillion-trees-Earth, Accessed September 4, 2015.

  32. 32.

    See M. C. Tobias and J. G. Morrison, God’s Country: The New Zealand Factor, A Dancing Star Foundation Book, Zorba Press, Los Angeles CA and Ithaca, NY, 2010.

  33. 33.

    Yuval Noval Harai, The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.co/books/2015/sep/industrial-farming-one-worst-crimes-history-ethical-question, Accessed September 26, 2015.

  34. 34.

    “Africa’s Population Will Soar Dangerously Unless Women Are More Empowered,” http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/africa-s-population-will-soar-dangerously-unless-women-are-more-empowered/?WT.mc_id=SA_ArtPromo_Engelman, Accessed March 6, 2016.

  35. 35.

    “A Conversation With E. O. Wilson: A Plea, While There’s Still Time,” by Claudia Dreifus, The New York Times, Tuesday March 1, 2016, p. D5, Accessed March 1, 2016.

  36. 36.

    See Ole J. Benedictow’s description, at: http://www.historytoday.com/ole-j-benedictow/black-death-greatest-catastrophe-ever, Accessed March 24, 2016.

  37. 37.

    See http://toba.arch.ox.ac.uk/, Accessed March 24, 2016.

  38. 38.

    See “Decline of Pollinators Poses Threat to World Food Supply, Report Says,” by John Schwartz, February 26, 2016, The New York Times.

  39. 39.

    www.ipbes.net, Accessed January 26, 2016.

  40. 40.

    See http://www.psrc.org/assets/9757/REPORT_AssessingUrbanAgriculture_final.pdf?processed=true, Accessed January 26, 2016.

  41. 41.

    “This Is Why Cities Can’t Grow All Their Own Food,” Sarah DeWeerdt | January 26, 2016, Conservation Magazine, Source: Richardson J. J. and L. M. Moskal. “Urban food crop production capacity and competition with the urban forest.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2015.10.006, Accessed January 26, 2016.

  42. 42.

    See “The extinction inside our guts,” by Erica Sonnenburg and Justin Sonnenburg,” Los Angeles Times, Thursday, February 25, 2016, p. A.13, Accessed February 25, 2016.

  43. 43.

    “Scientists Ponder Contagious Cancer,” George Johnson, The New York Times, Tuesday, February 23, 2016, p. D3, Accessed February 23, 2016.

  44. 44.

    “Stream Sequence,” by Louis Sahagun, Los Angeles Times, February 26, 2016, pp. B1, B7, Accessed February 26, 2016.

  45. 45.

    See http://www.williamlynn.net/, Accessed February 4, 2016.

  46. 46.

    “A Shot in the Dark—In Hopes of saving one owl species, scientists are killing another,” by Brooke Jarvis, The California Sunday Magazine, February 4, 2016, pp. 14–17, https://story.californiasunday.com/barred-owl-removal.

  47. 47.

    March 2016, p. 38.

  48. 48.

    Ibid., p. 39.

  49. 49.

    Ibid., p. 39.

  50. 50.

    John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1998.

  51. 51.

    See http://www.ranker.com/list/diseases-treated-with-antibiotic/reference?&var=3, Accessed March 24, 2016; See also, 52.

  52. 52.

    “Let’s finally condemn the smallpox virus to extinction,” by Gareth Williams, New Scientist Magazine 2969, 17 May 2014; and, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22229694-800-lets-finally-condemn-the-smallpox-virus-to-extinction/, Accessed February 13, 2016.

  53. 53.

    See “Zika virus won’t respect borders,” by May Berenbaum, Los Angeles Times, March 21, 2016, p. A13, Accessed March 21, 2016.

  54. 54.

    The Wilderness Society, “Study: ¼ of national park land vulnerable to climate change shifts,” by Max Greenberg, http://wilderness.org/blog/study-14-national-park-land-vulnerable-climate-change-shifts, Accessed March 24, 2016.

  55. 55.

    See “Biblical Nomads Will Return to the Holy Land (Thank a Canadian Farm),” by Dan Levin, The New York Times, Friday, March 4, 2016, p. A4, Accessed March 4, 2016.

  56. 56.

    Emerson, Fortune of the Republic, 1878, p. 3, cited from http://landscaping.about.com/od/galleryoflandscapephotos/ig/Plant-Pictures/Weed-Pics.htm, Accessed March 24, 2016; See also, “A Plant Whose Virtues Remain Undiscovered,” 1/4/2012, By Jason Akers, http://www.motherEarthnews.com/organic-gardening/a-plant-whose-virtues-remain-undiscovered.aspx, Accessed March 24, 2016.

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Tobias, M.C., Morrison, J.G. (2017). Experiential, Empirical, and Disturbing Anthrozoologies. In: Anthrozoology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45964-6_8

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