Abstract
The concept of “sample temperature” in non-isothermal thermal analysis experiments is analyzed. From the analysis of the heat balance inside the sample, it is shown that the existence of such sample temperature is restricted to experimental conditions, where the thermal gradients are negligible. Two different sources of thermal gradients are studied: the sample thermal inertia and the heat of reaction that is not quickly removed. The conditions to prevent the formation of thermal gradients as well as the condition for a thermal runaway to occur are deduced. Finally, it is shown that the aspect ratio is a crucial parameter for the formation of thermal gradients within the sample.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Málek J, Sesták J, Rouquerol F, Rouquerol J, Criado JM, Ortega A (1992) Possibilities of two non-isothermal procedures (temperature- or rate-controlled) for kinetical studies. J Therm Anal Calorim 38:71–87
Criado JM, Gotor FJ, Ortega A, Real C (1992) The new method of constant rate thermal analysis (CRTA): application to discrimination of the kinetic model of solid state reactions and the synthesis of materials. Thermochim Acta 199:235–238
Vyazovkin S, Burnham AK, Criado JM, Pérez-maqueda LA, Popescu C, Sbirrazzuoli N (2011) ICTAC Kinetics Committee recommendations for performing kinetic computations on thermal analysis data. Thermochim Acta 520:1–19
Farjas J, Butchosa N, Roura P (2010) A simple kinetic method for the determination of the reaction model from non-isothermal experiments. J Therm Anal Calorim 102:615–625
Vyazovkin S (2000) Kinetic concepts of thermally stimulated reactions in solids: a view from a historical perspective. Int Rev Phys Chem 19:45–60
Patt ME, White BE, Stein B, Cotts EJ (1992) Thermal time constants in differential scanning calorimetry. Thermochim Acta 197:413–424
Roura P, Farjas J (2005) Analysis of the sensitivity and sample–furnace thermal-lag of a differential thermal analyzer. Thermochim Acta 430:115–122
Siniti M, Schiets F, Alouani K, Claudy P (2007) Heat transfer in a disc-type DSC apparatus. J Therm Anal Calorim 89:45–50
Šesták J, Holba P (2013) Heat inertia and temperature gradient in the treatment of DTA peaks. J Therm Anal Calorim 113:1633–1643
Holba P, Šesták J, Sedmidubský D (2013) Heat transfer and phase transition in DTA experiments. In: Šesták J, Šimon P (eds) Therm Anal Micro, Nano-Non-Crystalline Mater Springer, Netherlands, pp 99–133
Blaine RL, Kissinger HE (2012) Homer Kissinger and the Kissinger equation. Thermochim Acta 540:1–6
Melling R, Wilburn FW, McIntosh RM (1969) Study of thermal effects observed by differential thermal analysis. Theory and its application to influence of sample parameters on a typical DTA curve. Anal. Chem. Am Chemical Soc 41:1275–86
Sánchez-Rodríguez D, Eloussifi H, Farjas J, Roura P, Dammak M (2014) Thermal gradients in thermal analysis experiments: criterions to prevent inaccuracies when determining sample temperature and kinetic parameters. Thermochim Acta 589:37–46
Coats AW, Redfern JP (1963) Thermogravimetric Analysis Analyst 88:906
Brown ME (2004) Introduction to thermal analysis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York
American society for testing and materials (ASTM International), test method E698 (2005) Method for Arrhenius kinetic constants for thermally unstable materials using differential scanning calorimetry and the Flynn/Wall/Ozawa method. Annu B ASTM Stand vol 14.02. ASTM International, West Conshohocken PA
Šesták J, Šatava V, Wendlandt WW (1973) The study of heterogeneous processes by thermal analysis. Thermochim Acta 7:333–334
Crighton JS, Wilburn FW (1992) The role of heat transfer in the production of DSC curves. Thermochim Acta 203:1–5
Mraw SC (1982) Mathematical treatment of heat flow in differential scanning calorimetry and differential thermal analysis instruments. Rev Sci Instrum 53:228–231
Merzhanov AG, Barzykin VV, Shteinberg AS, Gontkovskaya VT (1977) Methodological principles in studying chemical reaction kinetics under conditions of programmed heating. Thermochim Acta 21:301–332
Klemensiewicz Z (1949) Thermal conductivity of powders. Nature 164:589
Mukasyan AS, Rogachev AS (2008) Discrete reaction waves: gasless combustion of solid powder mixtures. Prog Energy Combust Sci 34:377–416
Sánchez-Rodríguez D, López-Olmedo JP, Farjas J, Roura P (2015) Determination of thermal conductivity of powders in different atmospheres by differential scanning calorimetry. J Therm Anal Calorim 121:469–473
Pujula M, Sánchez-Rodríguez D, Lopez-Olmedo JP, Farjas J, Roura P (2016) Measuring thermal conductivity of powders with differential scanning calorimetry. J Therm Anal Calorim 125:571–577
Goel NS, Gerboc JS, Lehmann G (1992) A simple model for heat conduction in heterogeneous materials and irregular boundaries. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 19:519–530
Wendlandt WW (1986) Thermal analysis. Wiley, New York
Eloussifi H, Farjas J, Roura P, Camps J, Dammak M, Ricart S, Puig T, Obradors X (2012) Evolution of yttrium trifluoroacetate during thermal decomposition. J Therm Anal Calorim 108:589–596
Eloussifi H, Farjas J, Roura P, Ricart S, Puig T, Obradors X, Dammak M (2013) Thermoanalytical study of the decomposition of yttrium trifluoroacetate thin films. Thin Solid Films 545:200–204
Farjas J, Roura P (2011) Isoconversional analysis of solid state transformations. A critical review. Part I. Single step transformations with constant activation energy. J Therm Anal Calorim 105:757–766
Friedman HL (1964) Kinetics of thermal degradation of char-forming plastics from thermogravimetry. Application to a phenolic plastic. J. Polym. Sci Part C Polym 6:183–95
Farjas J, Roura P (2014) Exact analytical solution for the Kissinger equation: determination of the peak temperature and general properties of thermally activated transformations. Thermochim Acta 598:51–58
Farjas J, Roura P (2008) Simple approximate analytical solution for nonisothermal single-step transformations: Kinetic analysis. AIChE J 54:2145–2154
Neeft JPA, Hoornaert F, Makkee M, Moulijn JA (1996) The effects of heat and mass transfer in thermogravimetrical analysis. A case study towards the catalytic oxidation of soot. Thermochim Acta 287:261–278
Sánchez-Rodríguez D, Wada H, Yamaguchi S, Farjas J, Yahiro H (2015) Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of LaMO3 perovskite-type oxide using heteronuclearcyano metal complex precursors. J Alloys Compd 649:1291–1299
Farjas J, Camps J, Roura P, Ricart S, Puig T, Obradors X (2012) The thermal decomposition of barium trifluoroacetate. Thermochim Acta 544:77–83
Eloussifi H, Farjas J, Roura P, Ricart S, Puig T, Obradors X, Dammak M (2013) Thermal decomposition of barium trifluoroacetate thin films. Thermochim Acta 556:58–62
Varma A, Rogachev AS, Mukasyan AS, Hwang S (1998) Combustion synthesis of advanced materials: principles and applications. Adv Chem Eng 24:79–226
Patil KC, Aruna ST, Mimani T (2002) Combustion synthesis: an update. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 6:507–512
Rabinovich OS, Grinchuk PS, Andreev MA, Khina BB (2007) Conditions for combustion synthesis in nanosized Ni/Al films on a substrate. Phys B Condens Matter 392:272–280
Thiers L, Mukasyan AS, Varma A (2002) Thermal explosion in Ni-Al system: influence of reaction medium microstructure. Combust Flame 131:198–209
Semenov N (1940) Thermal theory of combustion and explosion. Prog Phys Sci USSR 23:251–292
Semenov N (1928) Theories of combustion processes. Zeitschrift für Phys 48:571–582
Merzhanov AG, Khaikin BI (1988) Theory of combustion waves in homogeneous media. Prog Energy Combust Sci 14:1–98
Morsi K (2011) The diversity of combustion synthesis processing: a review. J Mater Sci 47:68–92
Sanchez-Rodriguez D, Farjas J, Roura P, Ricart S, Mestres N, Obradors X, Puig T (2013) Thermal analysis for low temperature synthesis of oxide thin films from chemical solutions. J Phys Chem C 117:20133–20138
Roura P, Farjas J, Eloussifi H, Carreras L, Ricart S, Puig T, Obradors X (2015) Thermal analysis of metal organic precursors for functional oxide preparation: thin films versus powders. Thermochim Acta 601:1–8
Boddington T, Hongtu F, Laye PG, Nawaz M, Nelson DC (1990) Thermal runaway by thermal analysis. Thermochim Acta 170:81–87
Merzhanov AG, Averson AEE (1971) The present state of the thermal ignition theory: an invited review. Combust Flame 16:89–124
Frank-Kamenetskii DA (1955) Diffusion and heat exchange in chemical kinetics. Princeton University Press, New Jersey
Chambré PL (1952) On the solution of the poisson-boltzmann equation with application to the theory of thermal explosions. J Chem Phys 20:1795
Gill W, Donaldson AB, Shouman AR (1979) The Frank-Kamenetskii problem revisited. Part I. boundary conditions of first kind. Combust Flame 36:217–232
Harley C, Momoniat E (2008) Alternate derivation of the critical value of the frank-kamenetskii parameter in cylindrical geometry. J Nonlinear Math Phys 15:69–76
Farjas J, Camps J, Roura P, Ricart S, Puig T, Obradors X (2011) Thermoanalytical study of the formation mechanism of yttria from yttrium acetate. Thermochim Acta 521:84–89
Kim M-G, Kanatzidis MG, Facchetti A, Marks TJ (2011) Low-temperature fabrication of high-performance metal oxide thin-film electronics via combustion processing. Nat Mater 10:382–388
Marchal W, De Dobbelaere C, Kesters J, Bonneux G, Vandenbergh J, Damm H et al (2015) Combustion deposition of MoO3 films: from fundamentals to OPV applications. RSC Adv. 5:91349–91362
Acknowledgements
This work has been funded by the Spanish Programa Nacional de Materiales through project MAT2014-51778-C2-2-R and by the Generalitat de Catalunya contract No. 2014SGR-00948.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Farjas, J., Sánchez-Rodriguez, D., Eloussifi, H., Roura, P. (2017). Thermal Gradients in Thermal Analysis Experiments. In: Šesták, J., Hubík, P., Mareš, J. (eds) Thermal Physics and Thermal Analysis. Hot Topics in Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol 11. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45899-1_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45899-1_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-45897-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-45899-1
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)