Skip to main content

Skin and Skin Cream

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biophysics of Skin and Its Treatments

Part of the book series: Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering ((BIOMEDICAL))

  • 828 Accesses

Abstract

The skin is a highly complex organ that controls heat and water loss, as well as prevents admission of undesirable chemicals and microorganisms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Barry, T. R., David, D., & Michael, R. (1992). An in vitro method for screening sunscreen formulations for sun protection factor using a full-thickness skin model. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, 43, 307–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartek, M. J., LaBudde, J. A., & Maibach, H. I. (1972). Skin permeability in vivo: Comparison in rat, rabbit, pig and man. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 58, 114–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batheja, P., Song, Y., Michniak, B., & Kohn, J. (2006). A Bioengineered Human Skin Equivalent (HSE) for the Evaluation of Protectants. Accession No. ADA481863, Defense Technical Information Center, Fort Belvoir, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumann, L. (2002). Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belkoff, S. M., & Haut, R. C. (1991). A structural model used to evaluate the changing microstructure of maturing rat skin. Journal of Biomechanics, 24, 711–720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, M. (1991). Interfacial Phenomena in Biological Systems. New York: Marcel Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan, B. (2008). Nanoscale characterization of human hair and hair conditioners. Progress in Materials Science, 53, 585–710.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan, B. (2010). Biophysics of Human Hair—Structural, Nanomechanical and Nanotribological Studies. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan, B., Chen, S., & Ge, S. (2012). Friction and durability of virgin and damaged skin with and without skin cream treatment using atomic force microscopy. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 3, 731–746.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan, B., & Tang, W. (2011). Surface, tribological and mechanical characterization of synthetic skins for cosmetic science. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 120, 2881–2890.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan, B., Tang, W., & Ge, S. (2010). Nanomechanical characterization of skin and skin cream. Journal of Microscopy, 240, 135–144.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan, B., Wei, G., & Haddad, P. (2005). Friction and wear studies of human hair and skin. Wear, 259, 1012–1021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braye, F. M., Stefani, A., Venet, E., Pieptu, D., Tissot, E., & Damour, O. (2001). Grafting of large pieces of human reconstructed skin in a porcine model. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 54, 532–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, J. F., Yannas, I. V., Quinby, W. C., Bondoc, C. C., & Jung, W. K. (1981). Successful use of a physiologically acceptable artificial skin in the treatment of extensive burn injury. Annals of Surgery, 194, 413–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S., & Bhushan, B. (2013). Naonomechanical and nanotribological characterization of two synthetic skins with and without skin cream treatment using atomic force microscopy. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 398, 247–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, Y. S., Hong, S. R., Lee, Y. M., Song, K. W., Park, M. H., & Nam, Y. S. (1999a). Study on gelatin-containing artificial skin: I. Preparation and characteristics of novel gelatin-alginate sponge. Biomaterials, 20, 409–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, Y. S., Hong, S. R., Lee, Y. M., Song, K. W., Park, M. H., & Nam, Y. S. (1999b). Studies on gelatin-containing artificial skin: II. Preparation and characterization of cross-linked gelatin-hyaluronate sponge. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 48, 631–639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, T., Chen, S., Lee, T., Chen, S., Cheng, T., Lee, C., et al. (2001). Reconstruction of burn scar of the upper extremities with artificial skin. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 108, 378–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curren, R. D., Mun, G., Gibson, D. P., & Aardema, M. J. (2005). Development of a novel micronucleus assay in the human 3-D skin model, EpiDermTM. The Toxicologist, 84, 453–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dargahi, J., & Najarian, S. (2004). Human tactile Perception as a standard for artificial tactile sensing—A review. The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, 1, 23–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downing, D. T., Strauss, J. S., & Pochi, P. E. (1969). Variability of the chemical composition of skin surface lipids. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 53, 322–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eaglstein, W. H., & Falanga, V. (1997). Tissue engineering and the development of Apligraf®, a human skin equivalent. Clinical Therapeutics, 19, 894–905.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elias, P. M., & Friend, D. S. (1975). The permeability barrier in mammalian epidermis. The Journal of Cell Biology, 65, 180–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elsner, P., Berardesca, E., & Maibach, H. I. (Eds.). (1994). Bioengineering of the Skin: Water and the Stratum Corneum. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elsner, P., Berardesca, E., Wilhelm, K. P., & Maibach, H. I. (Eds.). (2002). Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Förster, T. (Ed.). (2002). Cosmetic Lipids and the Skin Barrier. New York: Marcel Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francomano, M. T., Accoto, D., & Guglielmelli, E. (2013). Artificial sense of slip—A review. IEEE Sensors Journal, 13, 2489–2498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, E., & Raghavan, S. (2002). Getting under the skin of epidermal morphogenesis. Nature Reviews Genetics, 3, 199–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, E., Martin, J., & Jessell, T. (2000). The bodily senses. In E. Kandel, J. Schwartz, & T. Jessell (Eds.), Principles of Neural Science (pp. 430–450). York: McGraw-Hill New.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gentzkow, G. D., Iwasaki, S. D., Hershon, K. S., Mengel, M., Prendergast, J. J., Ricotta, J. J., et al. (1996). Use of dermagraft, a cultured human dermis, to treat diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care, 19, 350–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerhardt, L. C., Schiller, A., & Müller, B. (2009). Fabrication, characterisation and tribological investigation of artificial skin surface lipid films. Tribology Letters, 34, 81–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harding, C. R., Watkinson, A., & Rawlings, A. V. (2000). Dry skin, moisturization, and corneodesmolysis. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 22, 21–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heimbach, D., Luterman, A., Burke, J., Cram, A., Herndon, D., Hunt, J., et al. (1988). Artificial dermis for major burns. A multi-center randomized clinical trial. Annals of Surgery, 208, 313–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollins, M., & Bensmaïa, S. J. (2007). The coding of roughness. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollins, M., Bensmaïa, S. J., & Washburn, S. (2001). Vibrotactile adaptation impairs discrimination of fine, but not coarse, textures. Somatosensory & Motor Research, 18, 253–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horiuchi, K., Kashimoto, A., & Tsuchiya, R. (2009). Relationship between tactile sensation and friction signals in cosmetic foundation. Tribology Letters, 36, 113–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imokawa, G., Abe, A., Jin, K., Higaki, Y., Kawashima, M., & Hidano, A. (1991). Decreased level of ceramides in stratum corneum of atopic dermatitis: An etiologic factor in atopic dry skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 96, 523–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imokawa, G., Akasaki, S., Minematsu, Y., & Kawai, M. (1989). Importance of intercellular lipids in water-retention properties of the stratum-corneum—Induction and recovery study of surfactant dry skin. Archives of Dermatological Research, 281, 45–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jermann, R., Toumiat, M., & Imfeld, D. (2002). Development of an in vitro efficacy test for self-tanning formulations. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 24, 35–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, I., Currie, L., & Martin, R. (2002). A guide to biological skin substitutes. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 55, 185–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, D. (1989). The World of Touch (L. E. Krueger & Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Trans.). Hillsdale, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, M. A. F., Chong, Y. F., & Cock, A. (2007). The mechanical properties of the skin epidermis in relation to targeted gene and drug delivery. Biomaterials, 28, 4968–4977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kónya, M., Sorrenti, M., Ferrari, F., Rossi, S., & Csóka, I. (2003). Study of the microstructure of O/W creams with thermal and rheological methods. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 73, 623–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, R. J., Kimble, R. M., Boots, R., & Pegg, S. P. (2004). Treatment of partial-thickness burns: A prospective, randomized trial using TranscyteTM. ANZ Journal of Surgery, 74, 622–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaTorre, C., & Bhushan, B. (2005). Nanotribological characterization of human hair and skin using atomic force microscopy. Ultramicroscopy, 105, 155–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, L. B., Freytag, L. C., & Clements, J. D. (2007). Use of nanocarriers for transdermal vaccine delivery. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 82, 641–643.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lederman, S. J., & Taylor, M. M. (1972). Fingertip force, surface geometry, and the perception of roughness by active touch. Perception and Psychophysics, 12, 401–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leyden, J. J., & Rawlings, A. V. (Eds.). (2002). Skin Moisturization. New York: Marcel Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lir, I., Haber, M., & Dodiuk-Kenig, H. (2007). Skin surface model material as a substrate for adhesion-to-skin testing. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 21, 1497–1512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lodén, M., & Maibach, H. I. (Eds.). (2000). Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansbridge, J. (2006). Commercial considerations in tissue engineering. Journal of Anatomy, 209, 527–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Middleton, J. D., & Roberts, M. E. (1978). Effects of a skin cream containing the sodium salts of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid on dry and flaky skin. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, 29, 201–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monterio-Riviere, N. A. (2007). 4 anatomical factors affecting barrier function. In H. Zhai, K. Wilhelm, & H. I. Maibach (Eds.), Marzulli and Maibach’s Dermatotoxicology (7th ed., pp. 39–50). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Netzlaff, F., Lehr, C. M., Wertz, P. W., & Schaefer, U. F. (2005). The human epidermis models EpiSkin®, SkinEthic® and Epiderm®: An evaluation of morphology and their suitability for testing phototoxicity, irritancy, corrosivity, and substance transport. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 60, 167–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nonomura, Y., Fujii, T., Arashi, Y., Miura, T., Maeno, T., Tashiro, K., et al. (2009). Tactile impression and friction of water on human skin. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 69, 264–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pflucker, F., & Hohenberg, H. (1999). The outermost stratum corneum layer is an effective barrier against dermal uptake of topically applied micronized titanium dioxide. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 21, 399–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pugliese, P. T. (Ed.). (1996). Physiology of the Skin. Illinois: Allured Pub Carol Stream.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawlings, A. V., Canestrari, D. A., & Dobkowski, B. (2004). Moisturizer Technology versus clinical performance. Dermatologic Therapy, 17, 49–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rawlings, A. V., Mayo, A. M., Rogers, J., & Scott, J. R. (1993). Aging and the seasons influence stratum corneum lipid levels. Journal of Dermatological Science, 101, 483–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawlings, A. V., Scott, I. R., Harding, C. R., & Bowser, P. A. (1994). Stratum corneum moisturization at the molecular level. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 103, 731–740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rieger, M. M., & Rhein, L. D. (1997). Surfactants in Cosmetics (2nd ed.). New York: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmook, F. P., Meingassner, J. G., & Billich, A. (2001). Comparison of human skin or epidermis models with human and animal skin in in-vitro percutaneous absorption. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 215, 51–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shai, A., Maibach, H. I., & Baran, R. (2001). Handbook of Cosmetic Skin Care. London: Martin Dunitz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan, R. L., Hegarty, M., Tompkins, R. G., & Burke, J. F. (1994). Artificial skin in massive burns-results to ten years. European Journal of Plastic Surgery, 17, 91–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan, R. L., & Tompkins, R. G. (1999). Skin substitutes in burns. Burns, 25, 97–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Someya, T., Sekitani, T., Iba, S., Kato, Y., Kawaguchi, H., & Sakurai, T. (2004). A large-area, flexible pressure sensor matrix with organic field-effect transistors for artificial skin applications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 9966–9970.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl, J., Niedorf, F., & Kietzmann, M. (2009). Characterisation of epidermal lipid composition and skin morphology of animal skin ex vivo. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 72, 310–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, R. L. (1962). The Skin: A Handbook. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang, W., & Bhushan, B. (2010). Adhesion, friction and wear characterization of skin and skin cream using atomic force microscope. Colloid Surface B, 76, 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. B., Biedermann, K. A., Morgan, J. M., Keswick, B., Ertel, K. D., & Barker, M. F. (2004). Efficacy of organic acids in hand cleansers for prevention of rhinovirus infections. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 48, 2595–2598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, H. G., & Denkel, K. (1985). In vivo recovery of mechanical properties in rat skin after repeated strain. Archives of Dermatological Research, 277, 484–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, D. J. (1995). Use of an acellular allograft dermal matrix (alloderm) in the management of full-thickness burns. Burns, 21, 243–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wakefield, G., & Stott, J. (2006). Photostabilization of organic UV-absorbing and anti-oxidant cosmetic components in formulations containing micronized manganese-doped titanium oxide. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 57, 385–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelm, K. P., Elsner, P., Berardesca, E., & Maibach, H. I. (Eds.). (1997). Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Surface Imaging and Analysis. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yourick, J. J., & Bronaugh, R. L. (1997). Percutaneous absorption and metabolism of coumarin in human and rat skin. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 17, 153–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yourick, J. J., Jung, C. T., & Bronaugh, R. L. (2008). In vitro and in vivo percutaneous absorption of retinol from cosmetic formulations: Significance of the skin reservoir and prediction of systemic absorption. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 231, 117–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, Y., & Verma, R. (2006). Measuring microelastic properties of stratum corneum. Colloids Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 48, 6–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bharat Bhushan .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bhushan, B. (2017). Skin and Skin Cream. In: Biophysics of Skin and Its Treatments. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45708-6_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics