Skip to main content

The Intercultural Competence Models

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 5311 Accesses

Part of the book series: Management for Professionals ((MANAGPROF))

Abstract

As described in the previous chapter, practitioners use different approaches to understand intercultural competence in different facets of organizational lives, including situations of overseas performance, intercultural adjustment, and effective intercultural performance. However, due to a high level of complexity of intercultural situations some theoretical background and knowledge of existing models of intercultural competence is deemed necessary. This chapter describes the foundational dimensions of intercultural competence and presents modes typical models of intercultural competence, including the compositional, relational, behavioral, traits and skills, developmental and causal models. While these models are descriptive and multifaceted, a more integrated model of intercultural competence would be helpful to better examine and understand the intercultural competence phenomenon in multicultural organizations. Hence, this chapter introduces the collaborative intercultural competence model and explains its dimensions and applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abe, H., & Wiseman, R. (1983). A cross-cultural confirmation of the dimensions of intercultural effectiveness. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 7, 53–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alder, R. B., & Towne, N. (1993). Looking out/looking in. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altshuler, L., Sussman, N. M., & Kachur, E. (2003). Assessing changes in intercultural sensitivity among physician trainees using the intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 387–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. W. (1994). A comparison of Arab and American conceptions of “effective” persuasion. In L. A. Samovar & R. E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (pp. 104–113). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arasaratnam, L. A. (2004). Intercultural communication competence: Development and empirical validation of a new model. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, New Orleans, LA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arasaratnam, L. A. (2008, May). Further testing of a new model of intercultural communication competence. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barna, L. M. (1994). Intercultural communication stumbling blocks. In L. A. Samovar & R. E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (pp. 337–346). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M. J. (1986). A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10, 179–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M. J. (1993). Cultural marginality: Identity issues in intercultural training. In R. M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 109–136). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M. J. (2001). Developing intercultural competence for global leadership. In R.-D. Reineke & C. Fussinger (Eds.), Interkulturelles management: Konzeption-Beratung-Training (pp. 207–226). Wiesbaden, Germany: Gabler.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M. (2013). Basic concepts of intercultural communication: Paradigms, principles, & practices. Boston: Intercultural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M. (2014). DMIS summary. Retrieved April 28, 2016, from http://www.idrinstitute.org/page.asp?menu1=15

  • Berger, C. B. (1979). Beyond initial interactions. In H. Giles & R. S. Clair (Eds.), Language and social psychology (pp. 122–144). London: Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Brislin, R. (1992). The measurement of intercultural sensitivity using the concepts of individualism and collectivism. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16, 413–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. S., & Gregersen, H. B. (2000). The right way to manage expats. In J. E. Garten (Ed.), World view: Global strategies for the new economy (pp. 187–200). Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. (1991). The U-curve adjustment hypothesis revisited: A review and theoretical framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 22, 225–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R. W. (1981). Cross-cultural encounters: Face-to-face interaction. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R. W., Landis, D., & Brandt, M. E. (1983). Conceptualizations of intercultural behavior and training. In R. Brislin & D. Landis (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (Vol. 1, pp. 2–26). Toronto, ON, Canada: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byram, M. (2003). On being ‘bicultural’ and ‘intercultural’. In G. Alred, M. Byram, & M. Fleming (Eds.), Intercultural experience and education (pp. 50–66). Tonowanda, NY: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byram, M., Nichols, A., & Stevens, D. (2001). Developing intercultural competence in practice. New York: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castiglioni, I. (2013). Constructing Intercultural Competence in Italian Social Service and Healthcare Organizations. Pedagogical Design, Effectiveness Research and Alternative Visions for Promoting Ethnorelativism. Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities, 213. Jyväskylä, Finland: University of Jyväskylä Printing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G. M. (1989). Relationships of the dimensions of intercultural communication competence. Communication Quarterly, 37, 118–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G. M. (1992). A test of intercultural communication competence. Intercultural Communication Studies, 2, 63–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G. M. (1995). Differences in self-disclosure patterns among American versus Chinese: A comparative study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 84–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (1996). Intercultural communication competence: A synthesis. In R. B. Brant (Ed.), Communication yearbook (Vol. 19). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2008). Intercultural communication competence: A synthesis. In M. K. Asante, Y. Mike, & J. Yin (Eds.), The global intercultural communication reader. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G. M., & Tan, L. (1995). A theory of intercultural sensitivity. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Communication Association, Pittsburg, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland, H., Mangone, G., & Adams, J. (1960). The overseas Americans. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier, M. J. (1989). Cultural and intercultural communication competence: Current approaches and directions for future research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 287–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Congden, S. W., Matveev, A. V., & Desplaces, D. E. (2009). Cross-cultural communication and multicultural team performance: A German and American comparison. The Journal of Comparative International Management, 12(2), 73–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cui, G., & Awa, N. E. (1992). Measuring intercultural effectiveness: An integrative approach. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16, 311–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, O., & Popp, G. E. (1990). Intercultural communication effectiveness as perceived by American managers in Saudi Arabia and French managers in the U.S. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 405–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10, 241–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deardorff, D. K. (Ed.). (2009). The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deardorff, D. K. (2011). Assessing intercultural competence. New directions for institutional research: Assessing complex general education student leaning outcomes, 149, 65–79. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desplaces, D. E., Matveev, A. V., & Congden, S. W. (2009). Importance of cross-cultural communication: A comparison across American, German and Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates. Eastern Academy of Management International, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diaz-Lazaro, C. M., & Cohen, B. B. (2001). Cross-cultural contact in counseling training. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 29(1), 41–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fantini, A. E. (1995b). Language, culture, and world view: Exploring the nexus. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 19, 143–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fantini, A. E. (Ed.). (1997). New ways in teaching culture. Alexandria, VA: TESOL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantini, A. E. (2000a). A central concern: Developing Intercultural Competence. SIT Occasional Papers Series: Addressing Intercultural Education, Training & Service (pp. 25–33). Brattleboro, VT: School for International Training.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantini, A. E. (2000b). Assessing intercultural competence: A YOGA form. In SIT Occasional Papers Series: Addressing International Education, Training & Service, 34-42. Brattleboro, VT: School for International Training.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantini, A. E. (2000c). Designing quality intercultural programs: A model and a process. Interspectives, 18, 100–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantini, A. E. (2001, April). Exploring intercultural competence: A construct proposal. Paper presented at the National Council of Less Commonly Taught Languages, Arlington, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forman, S., & Zachar, P. (2001). Cross-cultural adjustment of international officers during professional military education in the United States. Military Psychology, 13, 117–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freire, P. (1998). Teachers as cultural workers: Letters to those who dare teach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, L. W., Botan, C. H., Friedman, P. G., & Kreps, G. L. (1991). Investigating communication: An introduction to research methods. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gudykunst, W. B. (1992). Being perceived as a competent communicator. In W. Gudykunst & Y. Kim (Eds.), Readings on communicating with strangers (pp. 382–392). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gudykunst, W. B. (1998a). Bridging differences: Effective intergroup communication (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gudykunst, W. B. (1998b). Applying anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory to intercultural adjustment training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22, 227–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gudykunst, W. B., & Hammer, M. R. (1988). Strangers and hosts: An uncertainty reduction based theory of intercultural adaptation. In Y. Y. Kim & W. B. Gudykunst (Eds.), Cross-cultural adaptation: Current approaches (pp. 107–139). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gudykunst, W. B., & Ting-Toomey, S. (1988a). Culture and interpersonal communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gudykunst, W. B., & Ting-Toomey, S. (1988b). Affective communication across cultures. American Behavioral Scientist, 31, 384–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gudykunst, W. B., Ting-Toomey, S., & Wiseman, R. (1991). Taming the beast: Designing a course in intercultural communication. Communication Education, 40, 272–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gudykunst, W. B., Wiseman, R. L., & Hammer, M. R. (1977). Determinants of a sojourner’s attitudinal satisfaction: A path model. In B. Ruben (Ed.), Communication yearbook (Vol. 1, pp. 425–427). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E. T. (1983). The dance of life: The other dimension of time. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, M. R. (1989). Intercultural communication competence: A synthesis. In M. K. Asante & W. B. Gudykunst (Eds.), Handbook of international and intercultural communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, M. R. (1998). A measure of intercultural sensitivity: the intercultural development inventory. In S. Fowler & M. Fowler (Eds.), The intercultural sourcebook (Vol. 2, pp. 61–72). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, M. R., Bennet, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 421–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, M. R., Gudykunst, W. B., & Wiseman, R. C. (1978). Dimensions of intercultural effectiveness: An exploratory study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2, 382–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, D. A., & McLaughlin, M. E. (1993). Cognitive processes in self-report responses: Tests of item context effects in work attitude measures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 129–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture consequences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holtgraves, T., Eck, J., & Lasky, B. (1997). Face management, question wording and social desirability. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(18), 1650–1671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard Hamilton, M. F., Richardson, B. J., & Shuford, B. (1998). Promoting multicultural education: A holistic approach. College Student Affairs Journal, 18, 5–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imahori, T. T., & Lanigan, M. L. (1989). Relational model of intercultural communication competence. Intercultural Communication Competence, 13, 269–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Javidan, M., & House, R. J. (2001). Cultural acumen for the global manager: Lessons from project GLOBE. Organizational Dynamics, 29(4), 289–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kealey, D. J. (1989). A study of cross-cultural effectiveness: Theoretical issues, practical applications. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 387–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kealey, D. J., & Protheroe, D. R. (1996). The effectiveness of cross-cultural training for expatriates: An assessment of the literature on the issue. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20(2), 141–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. Y. (1986). Cross-cultural adaptation: A critical assessment of the field. Chicago: Speech Communication Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. Y. (1994). Interethnic communication: The context and the behavior. In S. A. Deetz (Ed.), Communication yearbook (Vol. 17, pp. 511–538). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, P. M., & Baxter Magolda, M. B. (2005). A developmental model of intercultural maturity. Journal of College Student Development, 46, 571–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klak, T., & Martin, P. (2003). Do university-sponsored international cultural events help students to appreciate “difference”? International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 445–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klemp, G. O., Jr. (1979). Identifying, measuring and integrating competence. In P. S. Pottinger & J. Goldsmith (Eds.), New directions for experiential learning: Defining and measuring competence (pp. 41–52). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koester, J., & Olebe, M. (1988). The behavioral assessment scale for intercultural effectiveness. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 12, 233–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koester, J., & Olebe, M. (1989). Exploring the cross-cultural equivalence of the behavioral assessment scale for intercultural communication. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 333–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koskinen, L., & Tossavainen, K. (2004). Study abroad as a process of learning intercultural competence in nursing. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 10, 111–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kupka, B. (2008). Creation of an instrument to assess intercultural communication competence for strategic international human resource management. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Roux, J. (2002). Effective educators are culturally competent communicators. Intercultural Education, 13(1), 37–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Major, T. E., & Mangope, B. (2014). Multicultural competence in student affairs: The case of the University of Botswana. Journal of Student Affairs in Africa, 2(1), 23–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. N., & Hammer, M. R. (1989). Behavioral categories of intercultural communication competence: Everyday communicator’s perceptions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 303–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matveev, A. V. (2002). The perception of intercultural communication competence by American and Russian Managers with experience on multicultural teams, dissertation, Ohio University. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Dissertation Services

    Google Scholar 

  • Matveev, A. V., & Del Villar, C. P. (2014). Assessing intercultural communication competence of the Filipino and American managers. GSTF International Journal on Business Review, 3(3), 46–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matveev, A. V., & Lee, Y. O. (2015). Comparing Korean and American professionals on intercultural communication competence and multicultural team performance. Lisbon, Portugal: World Communication Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matveev, A. V., Milter, R. G., Deselnicu, D. C., & Muratbekova-Touron, M. (2013). Developing multicultural competence: Exploring the U. S. and Romanian professional teams. Eastern Academy of Management International, Seville, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matveev, A. V., & Nelson, P. E. (2004). Cross cultural communication competence and multicultural team performance: Perceptions of American and Russian Managers. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 4(2), 253–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maznevski, M., & Peterson, M. F. (1997). Societal values, social interpretation, and multinational teams. In C. S. Granrose & S. Oskamp (Eds.), Cross-cultural work groups (pp. 61–89). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCroskey, J. C. (1982). Communication competence and performance: A research and pedagogical perspective. Communication Education, 31, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendenhall, M. E. (2001). New perspectives on expatriate adjustment and its relationship to global leadership development. In M. W. Mendenhall, M. K. Torsten, & K. S. Günter (Eds.), Developing global business leaders: Policies, processes, and innovations (pp. 1–18). Westport, CT: Quorum Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moosmüller, A. (1995). Learning objectives in intercultural competence: Decoding German everyday knowledge from a Japanese perspective. In A. Jensen, K. Jaeger, & A. Lorentsen (Eds.), Intercultural competence (Vol. 2, pp. 191–207). Aalborg: Aalborg University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morreale, S. P., Spitzberg, B. H., & Barge, J. K. (2001). Human communication: Motivation, knowledge, and skills. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakanishi, M. (1987). Perceptions of self-disclosure in initial interaction: A Japanese sample. Human Communication Research, 13, 167–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakanishi, M., & Johnson, K. M. (1993). Implications of self-disclosure on conversational logics, perceived communication competence, and social attraction. In R. L. Wiseman & J. Koester (Eds.), Intercultural communication competence (pp. 168–183). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nancarrow, C., & Brace, I. (2000). Saying the “right thing”: Coping with social desirability bias in marketing research. Bristol Business School Teaching and Research Review, 3, 168–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parks, M. R. (1984). Communication competence and interpersonal control. In M. L. Knapp & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (2nd ed., pp. 589–618). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perez, R. J., Shim, W., King, P. M., & Baxter Magolda, M. B. (2015). Refining King and Baxter Magolda’s model of intercultural maturity. Journal of College Student Development, 56(8), 759–776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, R. E., & Samovar, L. A. (1976). Communicating interculturally. In L. A. Samovar & R. E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (2nd ed., pp. 4–23). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prueggler, V. J., & Rogers, T. B. (1993). Development of a scale to measure cross-cultural sensitivity in the Canadian context. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 25, 615–621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rathje, S. (2007). Intercultural competence: The status and future of a controversial concept. Language and Intercultural Communication, 7, 254–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, W. D., Jr. (1998). The Zen of empirical research. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Risager, K. (2007). Language and culture pedagogy: From a national to a transnational paradigm. Buffalo, NY: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruben, B. D. (1976). Assessing communication competency for intercultural adaptation. Group & Organization Studies, 1, 334–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruben, B. D., & Kealey, D. J. (1979). Behavioral assessment of communication competency and the prediction of cross-cultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 3, 15–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. H. (1990). Individualism-collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural psychology, 21, 139–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality & Social psychology, 58, 878–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. H., & Sagiv, L. (1995). Identifying culture-specifics in the content and structure of values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 92–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, M. (1987). Public appearances, private realities. New York: Friedman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiess, E. (1996). Kooperatives handlen in organisationen. München, Germany: Peter Hampp Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiess, E. (1998). Daz konzept der empathie. In E. Spiess (Ed.), Formen der cooperation: Bedingungen und perspektiven (pp. 53–62). Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (1983). Communication competence as knowledge, skill and impression. Communication Education, 32, 323–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (1989). Issues in the development of a theory of interpersonal competence in the intercultural context. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 241–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (1994a). A model of intercultural communication competence. In L. A. Samovar & R. E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (pp. 347–359). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (1994b). The dark side of (in)competence. In W. R. Cupach & B. H. Spitzberg (Eds.), The dark side of interpersonal communication (pp. 25–49). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (1994c). Ideological issues in competence assessment. In S. Morreale, M. Brooks, R. Berko, & C. Cooke (Eds.), Assessing college student competency in speech communication (1994 SCA Summer Conference Proceedings, pp. 129–148). Annandale, VA: Speech Communication Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (2000). A model of intercultural communication competence. In L. Samovar & R. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (9th ed., pp. 375–387). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (2000b). What is good communication? Journal of the Association for Communication Administration, 29, 103–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (2003). Methods of skill assessment. In J. O. Greene & B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of communication and social interaction skills (pp. 93–134). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (2007). CSRS: The conversational skills rating scale: An instructional assessment of interpersonal competence (NCA Diagnostic Series 2nd ed.). Annandale, VA: National Communication Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H., & Changnon, G. (2009). Conceptualizing intercultural competence. In D. K. Deardorff (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence (pp. 2–52). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (1984). Interpersonal communication competence. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stickler, U., & Emke, M. (2011). Literalia: Towards developing intercultural maturity online. Language Learning & Technology, 15(1), 147–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straffon, D. A. (2003). Assessing the intercultural sensitivity of high school students attending an international school. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 487–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ting-Toomey, S. (1993). Communication resourcefulness: An identity negotiation perspective. In R. L. Wiseman & J. Koester (eds.), Intercultural communication competence (pp. 72–111). Newbury Park. CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H. C. (1977). Subjective culture and interpersonal relations across cultures. In L. Loeb-Adler (Ed.), Issues in cross-cultural research [Special Issue]. Annual of the New York Academy of Sciences, 285, 418–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. H. (1985). In defense of positivism. Sociological Theory, 3, 24–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van de Vijver, F., & Leung, K. (1997). Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, S. N. (1994). The need to be: The socio-cultural significance of black language. In L. A. Samovar & R. E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (pp. 221–226). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiseman, R. L. (2002). Intercultural communication competence. In W. B. Gudykunst & B. Mody (Eds.), Handbook of international and intercultural communication (2nd ed., pp. 207–224). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiseman, R. L., Hammer, M. R., & Nishida, H. (1989). Predictors of intercultural communication competence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 349–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yum J. O. (1989). Communication sensitivity and empathy in culturally diverse organizations. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Further Reading

Further Reading

  • Arasaratnam, L. A. (June 2006). Further testing of a new model of intercultural communication competence. Communication Research Reports, 23(2), 93–99.

  • Deardorff, D. K. (2011). Assessing intercultural competence. New Directions for Institutional Research: Assessing Complex General Education Student Leaning Outcomes, 149, 65–79. John Wiley & Sons.

  • Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 421–443.

  • Matveev, A. V., & Nelson, P. E. (2004). Cross cultural communication competence and multicultural team performance: Perceptions of American and Russian Managers. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 4(2), 253–70.

  • Neuliep, J. W. (2011). Intercultural communication: A contextual approach (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • Spitzberg, B. H., & Changnon, G. (2009). Conceptualizing intercultural competence. In D. K. Deardorff (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence (pp. 2–52). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • Wiseman, R. L. (2002). Intercultural communication competence. In W. B. Gudykunst & B. Mody (Eds.), Handbook of international and intercultural communication (2nd ed., pp. 207–224). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Matveev, A. (2017). The Intercultural Competence Models. In: Intercultural Competence in Organizations. Management for Professionals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45701-7_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics