Skip to main content

Describing Intercultural Competence

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Intercultural Competence in Organizations

Part of the book series: Management for Professionals ((MANAGPROF))

Abstract

This chapter introduces the focus of the book—intercultural competence in organizations. The chapter provides most recent and established definitions of intercultural competence, explains its relevance to contemporary organizations, and highlights its perceptual nature. Further, the chapter describes a common framework for intercultural competence analysis and research, introduces how intercultural competence is viewed in the context of multicultural teams, and outlines the basis for researching and practicing intercultural competence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abe, H., & Wiseman, R. (1983). A cross-cultural confirmation of the dimensions of intercultural effectiveness. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 7, 53–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, P. S. (1975). The transitional experience: An alternative view of culture shock. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 15(4), 13–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, N. J. (1991). International dimensions of organizational behavior (2nd ed.). Boston: PWS-Kent.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aharoni, Y. (1994). How can small firms achieve competitive advantage in an interdependent world? In T. Agmon & R. Drobnick (Eds.), Small firms in global competition (pp. 9–18). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alder, R. B., & Towne, N. (1993). Looking out/looking in. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, R. R., & Wood, B. S. (1978). Beyond reading and writing to communication competence. Communication Education, 27, 286–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. W. (1994). A comparison of Arab and American conceptions of “effective” persuasion. In L. A. Samovar & R. E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (pp. 104–113). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. A. (1996). Communication theory: Epistemological foundations. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, P. H., Lawton, L., Rexeisen, R. J., & Hubbard, A. C. (2006). Short-term study abroad and intercultural sensitivity: A pilot study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 457–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arasaratnam, L. A. (2008, May). Further testing of a new model of intercultural communication competence. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arasaratnam, L. A. (2009). The development of a new instrument of intercultural communication competence. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 20, 2–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arasaratnam, L. A. (2012). Intercultural competence. In A. Kurylo (Ed.), Intercultural communication. Representation and construction of culture (pp. 47–68). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arasaratnam, L. A. (2014). Ten years of research in intercultural communication competence (2003-2013): A retrospective. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arasaratnam, L. A., & Doerfel, M. L. (2005). Intercultural communication competence: Identifying key components from multicultural perspectives. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(2), 137–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barna, L. M. (1994). Intercultural communication stumbling blocks. In L. A. Samovar & R. E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (pp. 337–346). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beamer, L. (1992). Learning intercultural communication competence. The Journal of Business Communication, 29(3), 285–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M. J. (1986). A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10, 179–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M. J. (1993). Cultural marginality: Identity issues in intercultural training. In R. M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 109–136). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M. J. (1997). How not to be a fluent fool: Understanding the cultural dimensions of language. In A. E. Fantini, (Vol. Ed.) & J. C. Richards (Series Ed.), New ways in teaching culture. New ways in TESOL series II: Innovative classroom techniques (pp. 16–21). Alexandria, VA: TESOL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M. J. (2004). Becoming interculturally competent. In J. Wurzel (Ed.), Toward multiculturalism: A reader in multicultural education (2nd ed., pp. 62–77). Newton, MA: Intercultural Resource Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M. J., & Hammer, M. R. (1998). The intercultural development inventory (IDI) manual. Portland, OR: The Intercultural Communication Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson, P. G. (1978). Measuring cross-cultural adjustment: The problem of criteria. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2, 21–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, C. B., & Bradac, J. J. (1982). Language and social knowledge: Uncertainty in interpersonal relations. London: Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, C. B., & Calabrese, R. J. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1, 99–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, C. R., & Roloff, M. E. (1982). Thinking about friends and lovers: Social cognition and relational trajectories. In M. E. Roloff & C. R. Berger (Eds.), Social cognition and communication (pp. 151–192). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D. A., Shaffer, M. A., & Luk, D. M. (2005). Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 257–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Brislin, R. (1992). The measurement of intercultural sensitivity using the concepts of individualism and collectivism. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16, 413–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. S. (1990). The relationship of personal characteristics with the adjustment of Japanese expatriate managers. Management International Review, 30, 119–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. S., & Gregersen, H. B. (1991). Antecedents to cross-cultural adjustments for expatriates in Pacific Rim assignments. Human Relations, 44, 497–515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. S., Gregersen, H. B., & Mendenhall, M. E. (1992). Global assignments. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. E. (1990). Cross-cultural training effectiveness: A review and theoretical framework for future research. Academy of Management Review, 15, 113–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. (1991). The U-curve adjustment hypothesis revisited: A review and theoretical framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 22, 225–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourhis, R. Y., Moïse, L. C., Perreault, S., & Senécal, S. (1997). Towards an interactive acculturation model: A social psychological approach. International Journal of Psychology, 32, 369–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, L., Allen, M., & Beisser, K. R. (2000). Meta-analysis of intercultural communication competence research. World Communication, 29, 28–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bremer, D. (2006). Wanted: Global workers. International Educator, 15(3), 40–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann, U. (2011). Connecting intercultural learning with personal development: Insights from the Intercultural Readiness Check. Retrieved March 30, 2012, from http://www.wu.ac.at/iaccm/files/iaccm09/pa/brinkmann.pdf

  • Briscoe, D. R. (2015). Expatriate integration and performance in emerging markets. In F. Horwitz & P. Budhwar (Eds.), Handbook of human resource management in emerging markets (pp. 150–172). Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R. W. (1981). Cross-cultural encounters: Face-to-face interaction. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R. W. (2000). Understanding culture influence on behavior (2nd ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R. W. (2010). The undreaded job: Learning to thrive in a less-than-perfect workplace. Westport, CN: Greenwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R. W., Landis, D., & Brandt, M. E. (1983). Conceptualizations of intercultural behavior and training. In R. Brislin & D. Landis (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (Vol. 1, pp. 2–26). Toronto, ON, Canada: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broome, B. J., Nadler, L. B., & Nadler, M. K. (1985). Culture and the management of conflict situations. In W. B. Gudykunst, L. P. Stewart, & S. Ting-Toomey (Eds.), Communication, culture, and organizational processes (pp. 87–113). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgoon, J. K. (1978). A communication model of personal space violations: Expectation and an initial test. Human Communication Research, 4, 129–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burgoon, J. K. (1994). Nonverbal signals. In M. L. Knapp & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (pp. 229–285). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgoon, J. K., & Hale, C. (1988). Nonverbal expectancy violations: Model elaboration and application to immediacy behaviors. Communication Monographs, 55, 58–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burgoon, J. K., & Walthers, J. B. (1990). Nonverbal expectancies and the evaluative consequences of violations. Human Communication Research, 17, 232–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byram, M. (2003). On being ‘bicultural’ and ‘intercultural’. In G. Alred, M. Byram, & M. Fleming (Eds.), Intercultural experience and education (pp. 50–66). Tonowanda, NY: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byram, M., Nichols, A., & Stevens, D. (2001). Developing intercultural competence in practice. New York: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairncross, F. (2001). The death of distance. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, S. C., Inkson, K., & Thorn, K. (2005). From global careers to talent flow: Reinterpreting ‘brain drain’. Journal of World Business, 40, 386–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G. M. (1989). Relationships of the dimensions of intercultural communication competence. Communication Quarterly, 37, 118–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G. M. (1992). A test of intercultural communication competence. Intercultural Communication Studies, 2, 63–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G. M. (1995). Differences in self-disclosure patterns among American versus Chinese: A comparative study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 84–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, L. (2002). Perceptions of intercultural interaction and communication satisfaction: A study on initial encounters. Communication Research, 15, 133–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (1996). Intercultural communication competence: A synthesis. In R. B. Brant (Ed.), Communication yearbook (Vol. 19). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (2008). Intercultural communication competence: A synthesis. In M. K. Asante, Y. Mike, & J. Yin (Eds.), The global intercultural communication reader. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, B. A. (2007). Supervisor/Subordinate disconnect: An analysis of URT organizational research regarding employee information acquisition. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland, H., Mangone, G., & Adams, J. (1960). The overseas Americans. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier, M. J. (1989). Cultural and intercultural communication competence: Current approaches and directions for future research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 287–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collier, M. J. (1996). Communication competence problematic in ethnic friendships. Communication Monographs, 63, 314–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collier, V. P, & Thomas, W. P. (1988). Acquisition of cognitive academic second language proficiency: A six year study. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Committee for Economic Development. (2006). Education for global leadership: The importance of international studies and foreign language education for U.S. economic and national security. Washington, DC: Committee for Economic Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Condon, J. C., & Yousef, F. (1975). An introduction to intercultural communication. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill Educational.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cui, G., & Awa, N. E. (1992). Measuring intercultural effectiveness: An integrative approach. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16, 311–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Culley, L. (1996). A critique of multiculturalism in health care: The challenges for nurse education. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 23, 564–570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dainton, M., & Zelley, E. D. (2010). Applying communication theory for professional life: A practical introduction (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10, 241–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deardorff, D. K., & Hunter, W. (2006). Educating global-ready graduates. International Educator, 15(3), 72–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, A. R. (1996). Information exchange and use in small group decision making. Small Group Research, 27(4), 532–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz-Lazaro, C. M., & Cohen, B. B. (2001). Cross-cultural contact in counseling training. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 29(1), 41–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dinges, N. G. (1983). Intercultural competence. In D. Landis & R. W. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training: Issues in theory and design (Vol. 1, pp. 176–202). New York: Pergamon Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dowling, P. J., & Welch, D. E. (2005). International human resource management: Managing people in a multinational context (5th ed.). London: Thomson Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, P., Engardio, P., Schiller, S., & Reed, S. (1994, November 18). The new model: Tearing up today’s organizational chart. Business Week, 80–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erez, M., & Earley, P. C. (1993). Culture, self-identify and work. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ezekiel, R. S. (1968). The personal future and Peace Corps competence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(Monograph Suppl., No. 2, Pt. 2), 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fantini, A. E. (1995a). Report by the intercultural communicative competence task force. Brattleboro, VT: World Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantini, A. E. (1995b). Language, culture, and world view: Exploring the nexus. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 19, 143–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fantini, A. E. (1999). At the heart of things: CISV’s educational purpose. Interspectives, 17, 7–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantini, A. E. (2000a). A central concern: Developing Intercultural Competence. SIT Occasional Papers Series: Addressing Intercultural Education, Training & Service (pp. 25–33). Brattleboro, VT: School for International Training.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantini, A. E. (2000b). Assessing intercultural competence: A YOGA form. In SIT Occasional Papers Series: Addressing International Education, Training & Service, 34-42. Brattleboro, VT: School for International Training.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantini, A. E. (2000c). Designing quality intercultural programs: A model and a process. Interspectives, 18, 100–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantini, A. E. (2001, April). Exploring intercultural competence: A construct proposal. Paper presented at the National Council of Less Commonly Taught Languages, Arlington, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantini, A. E. (2006). A list of alternative terms for ICC [Electronic version]. Brattleboro, VT: School for International Training. Retrieved January 10, 2012, from http://www.sit.edu/graduate/7803.cfm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro, G. P., & Briodi, E. K. (2012). The cultural dimension of global business (7th ed.). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, R., Ferreira, M. C., Assmar, E., Redford, P., Harb, C., Glazer, S., et al. (2009). Individualism-collectivism as descriptive norms: Development of a subjective norm approach to culture measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 187–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitch, P. (2004). Cultural competence and dental hygiene care delivery: Integrating cultural care into the dental hygiene process of care. The Journal of Dental Hygiene, 78(1), 11–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flew, T. (2005). Creative economy. In J. Hartley (Ed.), Creative industries (pp. 344–360). Malden, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortune Global 500. (2006). Time, 168(4), 5–7. Retrieved February 15, 2014, from http://backissues.fortune.com/storefront/2006/cBackissuesFO2006-p1.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freire, P. (1998). Teachers as cultural workers: Letters to those who dare teach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuertes, J. N., Bartolomeo, M., & Nichols, M. C. (2001). Future research directions in the study of counselor multicultural competency. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 29(1), 3–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, A., & Bochner, S. (1989). Culture shock: Psychological reactions to unfamiliar environments. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardenswartz, L., & Rowe, A. (1993). Managing diversity: A complete desk reference and training guide. Homewood, IL: Business One Irwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaw, K. F. (2000). Reverse culture shock in students returning from overseas. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24, 83–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Getter, H., & Nowinski, J. K. (1981). A free response test of interpersonal effectiveness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 45, 301–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, D., & Zhong, M. (2005). Intercultural communication competence in the healthcare context. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 621–634.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Global Commission on International Migration. (2005). Migration in an interconnected world: New direction for action. New York: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gochenour, T., & Janeway, A. (1993). Seven concepts in cross-cultural interaction: A training design. In T. Gochenour (Ed.), Beyond experience: The experiential approach to cross-cultural education (pp. 1–9). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Govindarajan, V., & Gupta, A. K. (2001). The quest for global dominance: Transforming global presence into global competitive advantage. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenholtz, J. (2000). Assessing cross-cultural competence in transnational education: The intercultural development inventory. Higher Education in Europe, 25(3), 411–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, D. A., & Harvey, M. G. (2000). An intercultural communication model for use in global interorganizational networks. Journal of International Marketing, 9(3), 87–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gudykunst, W. B. (1979). The effects of an intercultural communication workshop on cross-cultural attitudes and interaction. Communication Education, 28, 179–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gudykunst, W. B. (1995). Anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory: Current status. In R. L. Wiseman (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory (pp. 8–58). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gudykunst, W. B., & Hammer, M. R. (1983). Basic training design: Approaches to intercultural training. In R. W. Brislin & D. Landis (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (Vol. 1, pp. 118–154). New York: Pergamon.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gudykunst, W. B., & Hammer, M. R. (1984). Dimensions of intercultural effectiveness: Culture specific or culture general? International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 8, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gudykunst, W. B., Hammer, M. R., & Wiseman, R. L. (1977). An analysis of an integrated approach to cross-cultural training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 1, 99–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gullahorn, J. T., & Gullahorn, J. E. (1963). An extension of the U-curve hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues, 19, 33–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hajek, C., & Giles, H. (2003). New directions in intercultural communication competence: The process model. In J. O. Greene & B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of communication and social interaction skills (pp. 935–957). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E. T. (1959). The silent language. Greenwich, CT: Fawcent Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, M. (1987). Behavioral dimensions of intercultural effectiveness: A replication and extension. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 11, 65–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, M. R. (1998). A measure of intercultural sensitivity: the intercultural development inventory. In S. Fowler & M. Fowler (Eds.), The intercultural sourcebook (Vol. 2, pp. 61–72). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, M. R., Bennet, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 421–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, M. R., Gudykunst, W. B., & Wiseman, R. C. (1978). Dimensions of intercultural effectiveness: An exploratory study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2, 382–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, M. R., Wiseman, R. L., Rasmussen, J. L., & Bruschke, J. C. (1998). A test of anxiety/uncertainty management theory: The intercultural adaptation context. Communication Quarterly, 46, 309–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J. G., Jr. (1977). Identification of cross-cultural talent: The empirical approach of the Peace Corps. In R. W. Brislin (Ed.), Culture learning: Concepts, applications, and research (pp. 182–194). Honolulu: University of Hawaii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, P. R., & Moran, R. T. (1991). Managing cultural differences. Houston, TX: Gulf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hecht, M. L., Larkey, L. K., & Johnson, J. N. (1992). African American and European American perceptions of problematic issues in interethnic communication effectiveness. Human Communication Research, 19, 209–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hecht, M. L., & Ribeau, S. (1984). Ethnic communication: A comparative analysis of satisfying communication. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 8, 135–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heyward, M. (2002). From international to intercultural: Redefining the international school for a globalized world. Journal of Research in International Education, 1, 9–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoerr, J. (1989, July 10). The payoff from teamwork. Business Week, 5–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofner Saphiere, D. M. (1996). Productive behaviors of global business teams. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20(2), 227–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture consequences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J. L., & Baird, L. L. (1968). An interpersonal competence scale. Education and Psychological Measurement, 28, 503–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoopes, D. S. (Ed.). (1973). Readings in intercultural communication (Vol. III). Washington, DC: Council for International Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoopes, D. (1979). Intercultural communication concepts and the psychology of intercultural experience. In M. Pusch (Ed.), Multicultural education: A cross-cultural training approach. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard Hamilton, M. F., Richardson, B. J., & Shuford, B. (1998). Promoting multicultural education: A holistic approach. College Student Affairs Journal, 18, 5–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulstrand, J. (2008). Building a fluent workforce. International Educator, 17(5), 24–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, B., White, G. P., & Godbey, G. C. (2006). What does it mean to be globally competent? Journal of Studies in Intercultural Education, 10, 267–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imahori, T. T., & Lanigan, M. L. (1989). Relational model of intercultural communication competence. Intercultural Communication Competence, 13, 269–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Intercultural Business Improvement. (2012). IBI: Creating the international mindset. Retrieved September 26, 2012, from http://www.ibinet.nl

  • International Trade Administration. (2004). Historical U.S. travel and tourism statistics and analyses. Retrieved February 15, 2014, from http://travel.trade.gov/outreachpages/outbound.general_information.outbound_overview.html

  • Jackson, D. N., & Hayes, D. H. (1993). Multicultural issues in consultation. Journal of Counseling & Development, 72(2), 144–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jarillo, J. (1988). On strategic networks. Strategic Management Journal, 9, 31–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Javidan, M., & House, R. J. (2001). Cultural acumen for the global manager: Lessons from project GLOBE. Organizational Dynamics, 29(4), 289–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, W. B. (1991). Global Workforce 2000: The new world labor market. Harvard Business Review, 69, 115–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katzenbach, J. R., & Smith, D. K. (1999). The wisdom of teams: Creating the high-performance organization. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kayes, D. C., Kayes, A. B., & Yamazaki, Y. (2005). Essential competencies for cross-cultural knowledge absorption. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20, 578–589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kealey, D. J. (1989). A study of cross-cultural effectiveness: Theoretical issues, practical applications. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 387–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kealey, D. J., & Ruben, B. D. (1983). Cross-cultural personnel selection criteria, issues, and methods. In D. Landis & R. W. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training: Issues in theory and design (Vol. 1, pp. 155–175). New York: Pergamon.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, C., & Meyers, J. (2011). Cross-cultural adaptability inventory. Retrieved August 30, 2011, from http://ccaiassess.com/CCAI_Tools.html

  • Kim, Y. Y. (1994). Interethnic communication: The context and the behavior. In S. A. Deetz (Ed.), Communication yearbook (Vol. 17, pp. 511–538). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, B. S. K., Cartwright, B. Y., Asay, P. A., & D’Andrea, M. J. (2003). A revision of the multicultural awareness, knowledge, and skills survey: Counselor edition. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 36, 161–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, P. M., & Baxter Magolda, M. B. (2005). A developmental model of intercultural maturity. Journal of College Student Development, 46, 571–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klemp, G. O., Jr. (1979). Identifying, measuring and integrating competence. In P. S. Pottinger & J. Goldsmith (Eds.), New directions for experiential learning: Defining and measuring competence (pp. 41–52). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klineberg, O., & Hull, F. (1979). At a foreign university. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koester, J., & Olebe, M. (1988). The behavioral assessment scale for intercultural effectiveness. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 12, 233–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koester, J., & Olebe, M. (1989). Exploring the cross-cultural equivalence of the behavioral assessment scale for intercultural communication. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 333–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kogut, B. (1989). Strategic Management Journal, 10(4), 383–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koskinen, L., & Tossavainen, K. (2004). Study abroad as a process of learning intercultural competence in nursing. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 10, 111–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kupka, B. (2008). Creation of an instrument to assess intercultural communication competence for strategic international human resource management. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landis, D., & Bhagat, R. S. (Eds.). (1996). Handbook of intercultural training (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, H. C. (2007). Metacognition and the development of intercultural competence. Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Roux, J. (2002). Effective educators are culturally competent communicators. Intercultural Education, 13(1), 37–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leclerc, D., & Martin, J. N. (2004). Tour guide communication competence: French, German, and American tourists’ perceptions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28, 181–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, B. K., & Chen, L. (2000). Cultural communication competence and psychological adjustment: A study of Chinese immigrant children’s cross-cultural adaptation in Canada. Communication Research, 27, 764–792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, L. C., Kim, B. S., & O’Brien, K. M. (2007). An analogue study of the effects of Asian cultural values and counselor multicultural competence on counseling process. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 44, 90–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lustig, M. W. (2005). Toward a well-functioning intercultural nation. Western Journal of Communication, 69, 377–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lustig, M. W., & Koester, J. (2009). Intercultural competence: Interpersonal communication across cultures (6th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lysgaard, S. (1955). Adjustment in a foreign society. International Social Science, 7(1), 45–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manese, J. E., Wu, J. T., & Nepomuceno, C. A. (2001). The effect of training on multicultural counseling competencies: An exploratory study over a ten-year period. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 29(1), 31–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manovich, L. (2003). New medial from Borges to HTML. In N. Wardrip-Fruin & N. Montfort (Eds.), The new media reader (pp. 13–25). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquardt, M. J., & Horvath, L. (2001). Global teams: How top multinationals span boundaries and cultures with high-speed teamwork. Palo Alto, CA: Davies-Black.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. N. (1987). The relationship between student sojourner perceptions of intercultural competence and previous sojourn experience. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 11, 337–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. N., & Hammer, M. R. (1989). Behavioral categories of intercultural communication competence: Everyday communicator’s perceptions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 303–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. N., Hammer, M. R., & Bradford, L. (1994). The influence of cultural and situational contexts on Hispanic and non-Hispanic communication competence behaviors. Communication Quarterly, 42, 160–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. N., Hecht, M. L., & Larkey, L. K. (1994). Conversational improvement strategies for interethnic communication: African American and European American perspectives. Communication Monographs, 61, 236–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matveev, A. V. (2002). The perception of intercultural communication competence by American and Russian Managers with experience on multicultural teams, dissertation, Ohio University. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Dissertation Services

    Google Scholar 

  • Matveev, A. V. (2016). Applying multiple research methods in intercultural research: A study of intercultural communication competence in Russia. In W. Jia (Ed.), Intercultural communication: Adapting to emerging global realities (pp. 107–118). San Diego, CA: Cognella.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matveev, A. V., & Merz, M. Y. (2014). Intercultural competence assessment: A systematic review. In L. Jackson, D. Meiring, F. van der Vijver, & E. Idemudia (Eds.), Towards sustainable development through nurturing (or appreciating) diversity (2012 IACCP International Conference Proceedings). Stellenbosch, South Africa: International Association of Cross Cultural Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matveev, A. V., & Merz, M. Y. (2011). Current Issues of Intercultural Competence Assessment and Development. Paper presented at the 21st World Communication Association Conference, Lima, Peru.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matveev, A. V., & Nelson, P. E. (2004). Cross cultural communication competence and multicultural team performance: Perceptions of American and Russian Managers. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 4(2), 253–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mažeikienė, N., & Virgailaitė-Mečkauskaitė, E. (2007). The experience of measurement and assessment of intercultural competence in education. Social Sciences, 4(58), 70–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maznevski, M., & Peterson, M. F. (1997). Societal values, social interpretation, and multinational teams. In C. S. Granrose & S. Oskamp (Eds.), Cross-cultural work groups (pp. 61–89). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCroskey, J. C. (1982). Communication competence and performance: A research and pedagogical perspective. Communication Education, 31, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Méndez García, M. C., & Pérez Caňado, M. L. (2005). Language and power: Raising awareness of the role of language in multicultural teams. Language and Intercultural Communication, 5(1), 86–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milhouse, V. H. (1993). The applicability of interpersonal communication competence to the intercultural communication context. In R. L. Wiseman & J. Koester (Eds.), Intercultural communication competence (pp. 184–203). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milhouse, V. H. (1996). Intercultural strategic competence: An effective tool collectivist and individualist students can use to better understand each other. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 23, 45–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monge, P. R. (1998). Communication theory for a globalizing world. In J. S. Trent (Ed.), Communication: Views from the helm for the 21 st century (pp. 3–7). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mooradian, B. L. (2004). Going home when home does not feel like home. Journal of Intercultural Communication Studies, 13(1), 40–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morreale, S. P., & Pearson, J. C. (2008). Why communication education is important: The centrality of the discipline in the 21st century. Communication Education, 57(2), 224–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naisbitt, J. (1994). Global paradox. New York: William Morrow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakanishi, M. (1987). Perceptions of self-disclosure in initial interaction: A Japanese sample. Human Communication Research, 13, 167–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakanishi, M., & Johnson, K. M. (1993). Implications of self-disclosure on conversational logics, perceived communication competence, and social attraction. In R. L. Wiseman & J. Koester (Eds.), Intercultural communication competence (pp. 168–183). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, P. E., Titsworth, S., & Pearson, J. C. (2013). iSpeak: Public speaking for contemporary life (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuliep, J. W. (2011). Intercultural communication: A contextual approach (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Hara-Devereaux, M., & Johansen, R. (1994). Globalwork: Bridging distance, culture, and time. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberg, K. (1960). Cultural shock: Adjustment to new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology, 7, 177–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Offerman, L. R., & Gowing, M. K. (1990). Organizations of the future: Changes and challenges. American Psychologist, 45, 95–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohmae, K. (1995). The end of the nation state. Cambridge, MA: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onorati, M. G., Bednarz, F., & Comi G. (2011). Il professionista interculturale: Nuove competenze nella società del cambiamento. Biblioteca di testi e studi. Università - Scienze dell’ educazione. Roma, Carocci.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onwumechili, C., Nwosu, P. O., Jackson, R. L., II, & James-Hughes, J. (2003). In the deep valley with mountains to climb: Exploring identity and multiple reacculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 41–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paige, M. R., Jacobs-Cassuto, M., Yershova, Y. A., & DeJaeghere, J. (2003). Assessing intercultural sensitivity: An empirical analysis of the Hammer and Bennett Intercultural Development Inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 467–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palthe, J. (2009). Global human resource management. In M. A. Moodian (Ed.), Contemporary leadership and intercultural competence: Exploring the cross-cultural dynamics within organizations (pp. 175–189). New York: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, B. (2005). Introduction to globalization and business: Relationships and responsibilities. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parks, M. R. (1984). Communication competence and interpersonal control. In M. L. Knapp & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (2nd ed., pp. 589–618). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parks, M. R. (1985). Interpersonal communication and the quest for personal competence. In M. L. Knapp & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (pp. 171–201). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, J. C., & Nelson, P. E. (2000). An introduction to human communication: Understanding and sharing (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, R. E., & Samovar, L. A. (1976). Communicating interculturally. In L. A. Samovar & R. E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (2nd ed., pp. 4–23). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prechtl, E., & Lund, A. D. (2007). Intercultural competence and assessment: Perspectives from the INCA project. In H. Kotthoff & H. Spencer-Oatey (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural communication (pp. 467–490). New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rathje, S. (2007). Intercultural competence: The status and future of a controversial concept. Language and Intercultural Communication, 7, 254–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reddin, W. J. (1994). Using test to improve training: The complete guide to selecting, developing and using training instruments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redmond, M. V., & Bunyi, J. M. (1991). The relationship of intercultural communication competence with stress and the handling of stress as reported by international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 17, 235–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renesch, J. (Ed.). (1992). New traditions in business. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhinesmith, S. H. (1983). A manager’s guide to globalization. Alexandria, VA: Irwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhinesmith, S. H. (1984). Training in the era of globalization. In Institute for International Business Communication (Ed.), The seventh corporate communications seminar (pp. 10–21). Tokyo, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, E. P. Jr. (2016). Personal interview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, R. (1995). Glocalization: Time-space and homogeneity–heterogeneity. In M. Featherstone, S. Lash, & R. Roberson (Eds.), Global modernities (pp. 25–44). London: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Robins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2014). Organizational behavior (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. D. (1984). The internationalization of business: An introduction. Chicago, IL: Dryden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruben, B. D. (1976). Assessing communication competency for intercultural adaptation. Group & Organization Studies, 1, 334–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruben, B. D., & Kealey, D. J. (1979). Behavioral assessment of communication competency and the prediction of cross-cultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 3, 15–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, R. B. (1980). A constructivist approach to uncertainty reduction in initial impressions. A paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Communication Association, Acapulco, Mexico.

    Google Scholar 

  • Searle, W., & Ward, C. (1990). The prediction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 449–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selltiz, C., Christ, J., Havel, J., & Cook, S. (1963). Attitudes and social relations of foreign students in the United States. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sercu, L. (2004). Assessing intercultural competence: A framework for systematic test development in foreign language education and beyond. Intercultural Education, 15(1), 73–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sevig, T., & Etzkorn, J. (2001). Transformative training: A year-long multicultural counseling seminar for graduate students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 29(1), 57–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shore, B., & Cross, B. J. (2005). Exploring the role of national culture in the management of large-scale international science projects. International Journal of Project Management, 23, 55–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silverblatt, A., & Zlobin, N. (2014). International communications: A media literacy approach. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinicropi, C., Norris, J., & Watanabe, Y. (2007). Understanding and assessing intercultural competence: A summary of theory, research, and practice (Technical Report for the Foreign Language Program Evaluation Project). Second Language Studies, 26(1), 1–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. B. (1966). Explorations in competence: A study of Peace Corps teachers in Ghana. American Psychologist, 21, 555–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. B., Fawcett, J. T., Ezekiel, R., & Roth, S. (1963). A factorial study of morale among Peace Corps teachers in Ghana. Journal of Social Issues, 14, 10–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzber, B. H. (1988). Communication competence: Measures of perceived effectiveness. In C. H. Tardy (Ed.), A handbook for the study of human communication (pp. 67–105). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (1983). Communication competence as knowledge, skill and impression. Communication Education, 32, 323–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (1993). The dialectics of (in)competence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10, 137–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (1994a). A model of intercultural communication competence. In L. A. Samovar & R. E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (pp. 347–359). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (1994b). The dark side of (in)competence. In W. R. Cupach & B. H. Spitzberg (Eds.), The dark side of interpersonal communication (pp. 25–49). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (1994c). Ideological issues in competence assessment. In S. Morreale, M. Brooks, R. Berko, & C. Cooke (Eds.), Assessing college student competency in speech communication (1994 SCA Summer Conference Proceedings, pp. 129–148). Annandale, VA: Speech Communication Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (2000). A model of intercultural communication competence. In L. Samovar & R. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (9th ed., pp. 375–387). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (2000b). What is good communication? Journal of the Association for Communication Administration, 29, 103–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H. (2003). Methods of skill assessment. In J. O. Greene & B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of communication and social interaction skills (pp. 93–134). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H., & Changnon, G. (2009). Conceptualizing intercultural competence. In D. K. Deardorff (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence (pp. 2–52). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (1984). Interpersonal communication competence. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (1989). Handbook of interpersonal competence research. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (2002). Interpersonal skills. In M. L. Knapp & J. R. Daly (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (3rd ed., pp. 564–611). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straffon, D. A. (2003). Assessing the intercultural sensitivity of high school students attending an international school. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 487–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W. (2001). Multidimensional facets of cultural competence. Counseling Psychologist, 29, 790–821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. C. (2008). Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts (2nd ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. C., & Lazarova, M. B. (2006). Expatriate adjustment and performance: A critical review. In G. K. Stahl & I. Bjorkman (Eds.), Handbook of research in international human resource management (pp. 247–264). Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. C., Ravlin, E. R., & Barry, D. (2000). Creating effective multicultural teams. University of Auckland Business Review, 2(1), 10–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ting-Toomey, S. (1993). Communication resourcefulness: An identity negotiation perspective. In R. L. Wiseman & J. Koester (eds.), Intercultural communication competence (pp. 72–111). Newbury Park. CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ting-Toomey, S. (1999). Communicating across cultures. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ting-Toomey, S., & Kurogi, A. (1998). Facework competence in intercultural conflict: An updated face-negotiation theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22, 187–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toporek, R. L. (2001). Context as a critical dimension of multicultural counseling. Articulating personal, professional, and institutional competence Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 29(1), 13–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trenholm, S., & Rose, T. (1981). The compliant communicator: Teacher perception of classroom behavior. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 45, 13–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trompenaars, F., & Woolliams, P. (2009). Getting the measure of intercultural leadership. In M. A. Moodian (Ed.), Contemporary leadership and intercultural competence: Exploring cross-cultural dynamics within organizations (pp. 161–174). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tuckman, B. W. (1965). Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 63, 384–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tung, R. L. (1987). Expatriate assignments: Enhancing success and minimizing failure. Academy of Management Executive, 1, 341–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. H. (1985). In defense of positivism. Sociological Theory, 3, 24–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. H. (1990). The misuse and use of metatheory. Sociological Forum, 5, 37–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs. (2006). U.S. Passport Issuance data. Retrieved February 15, 2004, from http://travel.state.gov/passport/ppi/stats/stats_890.htm

  • UN Conference on Trade and Development. (1999). World investment report 1999. New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN Conference on Trade and Development. (2005). World investment report 2005. New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uwaje, A. C. (2009). Culture shock, re-integration and re-entry culture shock: Managing cultural differences. Master’s thesis. Seminar International Management, Munich Business School, Munich, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Zee, K. I., & Brinkmann, U. (2004). Construct validity evidence for the intercultural readiness check against the multicultural personality questionnaire. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 12(3), 285–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Zee, K. I., & Van Oudenhoven, J. P. (2000). The multicultural personality questionnaire: A multidimensional instrument of multicultural effectiveness. European Journal of Personality, 14, 291–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Zee, K. I., & Van Oudenhoven, J. P. (2001). The multicultural personality questionnaire: Reliability and validity of self- and other ratings of multicultural effectiveness. Journal of Research in Personality, 35(3), 278–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1993). Where is the “culture” in cross-cultural transitions? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24, 221–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, S. N. (1994). The need to be: The socio-cultural significance of black language. In L. A. Samovar & R. E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (pp. 221–226). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, E. A. (1969). The development of interpersonal competence. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 753–775). Chicago: Rand McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheelan, S. A. (1990). Facilitating training groups: A guide to leadership and verbal intervention skills. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheelan, S. A. (1999). Creating effective teams: A guide for members and leaders. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheelan, S. A. (2010). Att skapa effective & välmåebde team Ledarskapcenttrum. A talk in Umeå, Sweden. Retrieved from http://vimeo.com/9853941

  • Wheelan, S. A., & Furbur, S. (2006). Facilitating team development: Communication, and productivity. In L. Frey (Ed.), Facilitating group communication in context: Innovations and applications with natural groups, 2 (pp. 155–176). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66, 297–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiemann, J. M. (1977). Explication and test of a model of communication competence. Human Communication Research, 3, 195–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A. H. (1993). Conversation partners: Helping students gain a global perspective through cross-cultural experiences. Theory into Practice, 32(1), 21–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiseman, R. L., & Abe, H. (1986). Cognitive complexity and intercultural effectiveness: Perceptions in American-Japanese dyads. In M. L. McLaughlin (Ed.), Communication yearbook (Vol. 9, pp. 611–622). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Trade Organization. (2005). WTO annual report. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapf, M. K. (1991). Cross-cultural transitions and wellness: Dealing with culture shock. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 14, 105–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Further Reading

Further Reading

  • Arasaratnam, L. A., & Doerfel, M. L. (2005). Intercultural communication competence: Identifying key components from multicultural perspectives. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(2), 137–163.

  • Bennett, M. J. (2004). Becoming interculturally competent. In J. Wurzel (Ed.), Toward multiculturalism: A reader in multicultural education (2nd ed., pp. 62–77). Newton, MA: Intercultural Resource Corporation.

  • Deardorff, D. K., & Hunter, W. (2006). Educating global-ready graduates. International Educator, 15(3), 72–83.

  • Dowling, P. J., & Welch, D. E. (2005). International human resource management: Managing people in a multinational context (5th ed.). London: Thomson Learning.

  • Gibson, D., & Zhong, M. (2005). Intercultural communication competence in the healthcare context. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 621–634.

  • Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 421–443.

  • Lustig, M. W. (2005). Toward a well-functioning intercultural nation. Western Journal of Communication, 69, 377–379.

  • Matveev, A. V., & Nelson, P. E. (2004). Cross cultural communication competence and multicultural team performance: Perceptions of American and Russian Managers. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 4(2), 253–270.

  • Neuliep, J. W. (2011). Intercultural communication: A contextual approach (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • Palthe, J. (2009). Global human resource management. In M. A. Moodian (Ed.), Contemporary leadership and intercultural competence: Exploring the cross-cultural dynamics within organizations (pp. 175–189).

  • Pearson, J. C., & Nelson, P. E. (2000). An introduction to human communication: Understanding and sharing (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

  • Robins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2014). Organizational behavior (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

  • Spitzberg, B. H., & Changnon, G. (2009). Conceptualizing intercultural competence. In D. K. Deardorff (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence (pp. 2–52). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

  • Thomas, D. C. (2008). Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts (2nd ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

  • Trompenaars, F., & Woolliams, P. (2009). Getting the measure of intercultural leadership. In M. A. Moodian (Ed.), Contemporary leadership and intercultural competence: Exploring cross-cultural dynamics within organizations (pp. 161–174). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Matveev, A. (2017). Describing Intercultural Competence. In: Intercultural Competence in Organizations. Management for Professionals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45701-7_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics