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Australia: Trading with the Dragon, But Flying with the Eagle

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Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific?

Part of the book series: Global Power Shift ((GLOBAL))

Abstract

Among the six countries identified by cluster analysis as being middle powers in Asia-Pacific, Australia was the country that consistently gained the highest relative ranking from 1992 to 2012. Moreover, as Table 6.3 showed, Australia was one of only two countries (the other being Japan) that were consistently identified by k-means clustering as middle powers in Asia-Pacific from 1992 to 2012. Additionally, when looking at the three criteria for middle powers set out in Chap. 4 (sufficient control over resources, exercising responsibility in regional affairs and military self-sufficiency), Australia seems to be—as I have already argued elsewhere—a middle power par excellence.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Fels, Enrico (2012): ‘Power Shift? Power in International Relations and the Allegiance of Middle Powers’. In Fels, Enrico et al. (Eds.): Power in the 21st Century. International Security and International Political Economy in a Changing World, Springer, Heidelberg, 2012, pp. 3–28, p. 17f.

  2. 2.

    IMF (2014): World Economic Database. October 2014, http://tinyurl.com/pdmbhcm (18.03.2015).

  3. 3.

    World Bank (2015): ‘GDP 2013’, World Bank Database, http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP_PPP.pdf (07.05.2015).

  4. 4.

    THES (2015): THES World University Rankings 2014–2015. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2014-15/world-ranking (25.02.2015).

  5. 5.

    DFAT (2015a): ‘Education’, http://www.dfat.gov.au/about-australia/society-culture/Pages/education.aspx (25.02.2015).

  6. 6.

    See UN (2013): ‘Australia. HDI Values and Rank Changes in the 2013 Human Development Report’, Explanatory Note on 2013 HDR Composite Indices, http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/AUS.pdf (25.02.2015) and UN (2014): Human Development Report 2014. Database, http://hdr.undp.org/en/data (25.02.2015).

  7. 7.

    Fels (2012): 17.

  8. 8.

    Huang, Xueli/Austin, Ian (2011): Chinese Investment in Australia. Houndmills and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 5.

  9. 9.

    DFAT (2015b): ‘Looking Outward’, http://www.dfat.gov.au/about-australia/australia-world/Pages/looking-outward.aspx (25.02.2015) and Bellamy, Alex J. (2012): ‘Contributor Profile: Australia’, Providing for Peacekeeping Project, 26th September 2012, http://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/australia_bellamy-120926.pdf

  10. 10.

    IISS (2010): The Military Balance 2010. London: Routledge, pp. 394ff.

  11. 11.

    Gregory Ferguson cited in Vaughn, Bruce (2007): ‘The US-Australia Treaty on Defense Trade Cooperation’, CRS Report for Congress, 12th December 2007, p. 5, http://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS22772.pdf (03.03.2015).

  12. 12.

    SIPRI (2015a): Military Expenditure Database. http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/milex_database (19.03.2015).

  13. 13.

    SIPRI (2014a): ‘Military Spending and Regional Security in Asia-Pacific’, SIPRI Yearbook 2014, http://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198712596/sipri-9780198712596-chapter-5-div1-4.xml#sipri-9780198712596-chapter-5-note-40 (03.03.2015) and SIPRI (2014b): ‘The Share of World Military Expenditures of the 15 States With the Highest Defence Expenditures’, SIPRI Military Expenditure Infographics, http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/recent-trends (03.03.2015). The other four countries are China (second), Japan (eighth), India (ninth) and South Korea (tenth).

  14. 14.

    STOVL: Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing.

  15. 15.

    IISS (2015): 229.

  16. 16.

    White (2010): 68.

  17. 17.

    Dibb, Paul (1986): Review of Australia’s Defence Capabilities. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Services.

  18. 18.

    For the time prior to the Cold War see the overview provided by Ayson, Robert (2007): ‘The Alliance and the Asia-Pacific Region: An Australian Perspective’, in: McCausland, Jeffrey D./Stuart, Douglas T./Tow, William R./Wesley, Michael (eds.): The Other Special Relationship: The United States and Australia at the Start of the 21st Century. Carlisle: Strategic Studies Institute, pp. 109–131.

  19. 19.

    Vaughn, Bruce (2006): ‘Australia: Background and US Relations’, CRS Report for Congress, 20th April 2006, p. 1.

  20. 20.

    Baker, John/Paal, Douglas H (2000): ‘The US-Australia Alliance’, in: Blackwill, Robert D./Dibb, Paull (eds.): America’s Asian Alliances. Cambridge and London: MIT Press, pp. 87–109, p. 88.

  21. 21.

    DFAT (2015c): AUSMIN – Australia-United States Ministerial Consultations. http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/united-states-of-america/ausmin/Pages/ausmin-australia-united-states-ministerial-consultations.aspx (25.02.2015).

  22. 22.

    US Reference Service (2011a): ‘Australia-United States Ministerial Consultations Joint Communiqué’, 1st October 1992, http://usrsaustralia.state.gov/us-oz/1992/10/01/communique.html (25.02.2015).

  23. 23.

    Commonwealth of Australia (1994): Defending Australia. Defence White Paper 1994. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, p. 16.

  24. 24.

    US Reference Service (2011b): ‘Christopher: US Sees Australia as a Champion of Open Trade’, 20th April 1995, http://usrsaustralia.state.gov/us-oz/1995/04/20/wf1.html (25.02.2015).

  25. 25.

    Ibid.

  26. 26.

    Ibid.

  27. 27.

    Ibid.

  28. 28.

    Ibid., emphasis added.

  29. 29.

    Cited in Australian Department of Defence (2006): Founded in History, Forging Ahead, p. 8, http://www.defence.gov.au/publications/amend2_27.09.06.pdf (03.03.2015).

  30. 30.

    ABC (1999): ‘Australia as Regional Police Doctrine Puts Howard in Damage Control’, 7:30 Report, 27th September 1999, http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/stories/s55116.htm (03.03.2015).

  31. 31.

    McDonald, Hamish (2011): ‘Nobody Keen to Answer the Big Taiwan Question’, Sydney Morning Herald, 31st December 2011, http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-opinion/nobody-keen-to-answer-the-big-taiwan-question-20111230-1pfem.html (04.30.2015).

  32. 32.

    Vaughn (2006): 2f. See on this also O’Connor, Brendon (2007): ‘Australian Public Opinion and the Australia-US Alliance’, in: McCausland, Jeffrey D./Stuart, Douglas T./Tow, William R./Wesley, Michael (eds.): The Other Special Relationship: The United States and Australia at the Start of the 21st Century. Carlisle: Strategic Studies Institute, pp. 161–177, p. 172–175.

  33. 33.

    US Department of State (1996): Background Notes: Australia. May 1996, http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/eap/australia9605.html (26.02.2015).

  34. 34.

    Ibid.: 3.

  35. 35.

    According to one interesting report, anti-Americanism in Australia is a “political undercurrent, but not one that can be utilized yet at the political level”. See O’Connor (2007): 161.

  36. 36.

    Tow, William T. (2006): ‘Still an ‘Excellent’ Relationship: Australian-American Relations in Testing Times’, Paper at the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, February 2006, p. 2, http://www.apcss.org/Publications/TOW.pdf (03.03.2015).

  37. 37.

    Cited in Vaughn (2007): 3.

  38. 38.

    Smith, Anthony L. (2003): ‘Still Great Mates: Australia and the United States’, Asian Affairs, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 114–121, p. 118f.

  39. 39.

    Vaughn (2006): 11.

  40. 40.

    Cited in Wikileaks (2011a): Cable 77562, 9/8/2006 6:10, 06Canberra1366.

  41. 41.

    Tow (2006): 8.

  42. 42.

    Commonwealth of Australia (2000): Defence 2000. Our Future Defence Force, p. X, http://www.defence.gov.au/publications/wpaper2000.pdf (26.02.2015).

  43. 43.

    Ibid.: 18.

  44. 44.

    Ibid. 33.

  45. 45.

    Ibid.: X.

  46. 46.

    Ibid.: 34.

  47. 47.

    Cited in Kelly, Paul (2007): ‘The Australian-American Alliance: Towards a Revitalization’, in: McCausland, Jeffrey D./Stuart, Douglas T./Tow, William R./Wesley, Michael (eds.): The Other Special Relationship: The United States and Australia at the Start of the 21st Century. Carlisle: Strategic Studies Institute, pp. 39–62, p. 39.

  48. 48.

    Ibid.: 44.

  49. 49.

    Cited in Spillius, Alex (2003): ‘Bush Entrusts ‘Deputy Sheriff’ Howard With Pacific Policing Role’, The Telegraph, 15th August 2003, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/1438992/Bush-entrusts-deputy-sheriff-Howard-with-Pacific-policing-role.html (03.03.2015).

  50. 50.

    BBC (2003): ‘Bush Hails ‘Sheriff’ Australia’, 16th October 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3196524.stm (03.03.2015).

  51. 51.

    Tow (2006): 3.

  52. 52.

    Hulsman, John C. (2007): ‘The Future of US-Australian Relations and the Curse of George Harrison’, in: McCausland, Jeffrey D./Stuart, Douglas T./Tow, William R./Wesley, Michael (eds.): The Other Special Relationship: The United States and Australia at the Start of the 21st Century. Carlisle: Strategic Studies Institute, pp. 29–38.

  53. 53.

    Kelly (2007): 40.

  54. 54.

    Higley, John (2007): ‘The Relationship’s Political Aspects: An American Perspective’, in: McCausland, Jeffrey D./Stuart, Douglas T./Tow, William R./Wesley, Michael (eds.): The Other Special Relationship: The United States and Australia at the Start of the 21st Century. Carlisle: Strategic Studies Institute, pp. 145–159, p. 145.

  55. 55.

    US Department of State (2004): ‘Remarks by the President at a Joint Press Availability with Australian Prime Minister John Howard’, Archive of the US Department of State, 3rd June 2004, http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2004/33176.htm (26.02.2015).

  56. 56.

    Ibid., emphasis added.

  57. 57.

    Vaughn (2006): 5f.

  58. 58.

    Ibid.: 6.

  59. 59.

    Ibid.

  60. 60.

    McDonald, Hamish (2004): ‘ANZUS Loyalties Fall Under China’s Shadow’, Sydney Morning Herald, 18th August 2004, http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/08/17/1092508475915.html (03.03.3015).

  61. 61.

    Kurlantzick, Joshua (2007): Charm Offensive. How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 215.

  62. 62.

    Fels (2012): 20.

  63. 63.

    Vaughn (2006): 19.

  64. 64.

    US Department of State (2005): ‘Remarks with Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer After Their Meeting’, Archive of the US Department of State, 4th May 2005, emphasis added, http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2005/45632.htm (26.02.2015).

  65. 65.

    Ibid.

  66. 66.

    Ibid.

  67. 67.

    Australian Government (2005): Australia’s National Security. A Defence Update 2005, p. 13, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA481121 (07.02.2015).

  68. 68.

    Ibid.: 13f.

  69. 69.

    Australian Department of Defence (2006): 2.

  70. 70.

    Ibid.

  71. 71.

    Ibid.: 5.

  72. 72.

    Cited in ibid.: 8f.

  73. 73.

    Dibb, Paul (2005): ‘US-Australia Alliance Relations: An Australian View’, World Security Network, 05th November 2005, emphasis added, http://www.worldsecuritynetwork.com/Other/Dibb-Paul/U.S.-Australia-Alliance-Relations-An-Australian-View (26.02.2015).

  74. 74.

    Ibid.

  75. 75.

    Vaughn (2006): 2.

  76. 76.

    Cited in Australian Government (2007): Australia’s National Security. A Defence Update 2007, p. 7, http://web.archive.org/web/20111118082733/http://www.defence.gov.au/ans/2007/pdf/Defence_update.pdf (07.02.2015).

  77. 77.

    Ibid.: 27.

  78. 78.

    Ibid.: 34.

  79. 79.

    DFAT (2007): Treaty Between the Government of Australia and the Government of the United States of America Concerning Defense Trade Cooperation. 5th September 2007, http://www.defence.gov.au/publications/docs/DefenceTradeCooperation_Treaty.pdf (02.02.2015).

  80. 80.

    Vaughn (2007): 3.

  81. 81.

    Chanlett-Avery, Emma/Vaughn, Bruce (2008): ‘Emerging Trends in the Security Architecture in Asia: Bilateral and Multilateral Ties Among the United States, Japan, Australia, and India’, CRS Report for Congress, 7th January 2008, p. 4.

  82. 82.

    Ibid.

  83. 83.

    Australian Parliament (2008): ‘The First National Security Statement to the Australian Parliament’, Address by the Prime Minister of Australia, 4th December 2008, p. 8, http://www.royalcommission.vic.gov.au/getdoc/596cc5ff-8a33-47eb-8d4a-9205131ebdd0/TEN.004.002.0437.pdf (03.03.2015).

  84. 84.

    Ibid.

  85. 85.

    Vaughn, Bruce (2012): ‘Australia: Background and US Relations’, CRS Report for Congress, 13th January 2012, p. 4, http://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33010.pdf (04.03.2015).

  86. 86.

    Ibid.

  87. 87.

    Cited in Commonwealth of Australia (2009): Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030, p. 9, http://www.defence.gov.au/Whitepaper/2009/docs/defence_white_paper_2009.pdf (03.03.2015).

  88. 88.

    Ibid.: 93.

  89. 89.

    Ibid.

  90. 90.

    Ibid.: 121.

  91. 91.

    Cited in Wikileaks (2011b): Cable EO 12958, 28/03/2009 02:24, STATE 030049.

  92. 92.

    O’Hanlon, Michael/Fullilove, Michael (2009): ‘Barack Obama, Kevin Rudd and the Alliance: American and Australian Perspectives’, Lowy Institute Perspectives, August 2009, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2009/8/america-australia-fullilove/08_america_australia_fullilove.pdf (04.03.2015).

  93. 93.

    Nikitin, Mary B./Vaughn, Bruce (2010): ‘US-Australian Civilian Nuclear Cooperation: Issues for Congress’, CRS Report for Congress, 30th September 2010, http://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/R41312.pdf (04.03.2015).

  94. 94.

    Cited in Vaughn (2012): 1, emphasis added.

  95. 95.

    Clinton, Hillary (2011): ‘America’s Pacific Century’, Foreign Policy, 11th October 2011, http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/americas-pacific-century/ (04.03.2015).

  96. 96.

    Ibid., emphasis added.

  97. 97.

    The White House (2011a): ‘Remarks by President Barack Obama to the Australian Parliament’, 17th November 2011, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/17/remarks-president-obama-australian-parliament (04.03.2015).

  98. 98.

    Ibid.

  99. 99.

    Ibid.

  100. 100.

    Cited in Vaughn (2012): 1, emphasis added.

  101. 101.

    Taylor, Rob (2014): ‘Australia Embraces US Marine Presence in Darwin’, The Wall Street Journal, 14th August 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/australia-embraces-u-s-marine-presence-in-darwin-as-nations-gather-for-pitch-black-drills-1408035997 (04.03.2015).

  102. 102.

    See for instance the overview of critical academic voices in Thompson, Matthew (2011): ‘Is A US Marine Base in Darwin Really a Good Idea?’, The Conversation, 10th November 2011, http://theconversation.com/is-a-us-marine-base-in-darwin-really-a-good-idea-4260 (04.03.2015).

  103. 103.

    Deloitte (2013): Economic Impact of the Rotation 1,100 Marines and Associated Equipment in Northern Australia. Report for the Department of Defence. 10th April 2013, Kingston: Deloitte Press, http://www.defence.gov.au/publications/docs/USMC1100economicassessment.pdf (04.03.2015).

  104. 104.

    Johnson, Robert (2013): ‘Why the US Appointing an Aussie General to Command its Pacific Troops is a Big Deal’, Business Insider, 2nd February 2013, http://www.businessinsider.com/usarpac-post-australian-major-general-richard-burr-australian-defence-force-2013-2?IR=T (03.03.2015).

  105. 105.

    Salette, William F. (2014): ‘US Army Pacific Honors Australian Generals’, Official Homepage of the United States Army, 17th November 2014, http://www.army.mil/article/138484/US_Army_Pacific_honors_Australian_generals/ (03.04.2015).

  106. 106.

    McGuirk, Rod (2012): ‘Australia Rejects Proposal to Base US Carrier’, Navy Times, 02nd August 2012, http://archive.navytimes.com/article/20120802/NEWS/208020308/Australia-rejects-proposal-base-U-S-carrier (04.03.2015).

  107. 107.

    Dudley, Richard (2012): ‘US Report Recommending Hosting of US Carrier Force Rejected by Australia’, Defence Update, 4th August 2012, http://defense-update.com/20120824_us-report-recommending-hosting-of-us-carrier-force-rejected-by-australia.html (04.03.2015).

  108. 108.

    Cited in Tanter, Richard (2012): ‘Memo Stephen Smith: There Are US Bases in Australia and They Are Expanding’, The Conversation, 7th August 2012, http://theconversation.com/memo-stephen-smith-there-are-us-bases-in-australia-and-they-are-expanding-8622 (04.03.2015).

  109. 109.

    Ibid., emphasis added.

  110. 110.

    National Institute for Defence Studies (2013): East Asia Strategic Review 2013. Tokyo: The Japan Times Ltd., p. 78ff, http://www.nids.go.jp/english/publication/east-asian/e2013.html (03.04.2015).

  111. 111.

    Ibid.: 81.

  112. 112.

    Commonwealth of Australia (2013): 2013 Defence White Paper. Defending Australia and Its National Interests, p. 26, http://www.defence.gov.au/whitepaper/2013/docs/WP_2013_web.pdf (04.03.2015).

  113. 113.

    Ibid.: 27.

  114. 114.

    See for instance ibid.: 29, 41, 51, 57, 78, 82 & 110.

  115. 115.

    Ibid.: 56.

  116. 116.

    Ibid., emphasis added.

  117. 117.

    Australian Government (2013): Strong and Secure. A Strategy for Australia’s National Security, p. 22f, http://apo.org.au/files/Resource/dpmc_nationalsecuritystrategy_jan2013.pdf (07.02.2015).

  118. 118.

    Ibid.: ii.

  119. 119.

    CCEB (2015): ‘An Introduction to Allied Communication Publications’, http://jcs.dtic.mil/j6/cceb/acps/ (26.02.2015).

  120. 120.

    TTCP (2015): ‘Overview’, http://www.acq.osd.mil/ttcp/ (26.02.2015).

  121. 121.

    ASIC (2015): ‘Air and Space Interoperability Council’, http://www.airstandards.org (26.02.2015).

  122. 122.

    ABCA Armies (2015): ‘History’, http://www.abca-armies.org/History.aspx (26.02.2015).

  123. 123.

    AUSCANNZUKUS (2006): ‘Combined Joint Military Information Exchange Annex’, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/76043.pdf (26.02.2015).

  124. 124.

    Parliament of Australia (2015): ‘Cyber Security’, http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/Cyber (26.02.2015).

  125. 125.

    US Joint Chiefs of Staff (2015): ‘Quadrilateral Logistics Forum (J4)’, http://www.jcs.mil/Directorates/J4%7CLogistics/QuadrilateralLogisticsForum.aspx (26.02.2015).

  126. 126.

    Australian Government (2002): Naval Communications Station Harold E. Holt (Area A), Exmouth, WA, Australia. http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=103552 (26.02.2015).

  127. 127.

    Raytheon Australia (2011): Raytheon Australia Commences Operations at the Naval Communications Station, Harold E. Holt. http://www.raytheon.com.au/news/features_archive/heh/index.html (25.02.2015). Note that US personnel officially left the station in 1993, yet the US armed forces continue to rely on the communication service from the station.

  128. 128.

    Tanter, Richard (2013): ‘The US Military Presence in Australia: Asymmetrical Alliance Cooperation and its Alternatives’, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1, http://japanfocus.org/-Richard-Tanter/4025 (26.02.2015).

  129. 129.

    Dorling, Philip (2013): ‘Snowden Reveals Australia’s Links to US Spy Web’, The Age, 8th July 2013, http://www.theage.com.au/world/snowden-reveals-australias-links-to-us-spy-web-20130708-2plyg.html (26.02.2015) and Lee, Michael (2013): ‘Snowden Leak Reaffirms Australia’s Four Spy Installations’, ZDNet, 9th July 2013, http://www.zdnet.com/article/snowden-leak-reaffirms-australias-four-spy-installations/ (26.02.2015).

  130. 130.

    Brown, James (2013): ‘Australia’s Election, the US Alliance & the Pivot’, Real Clear Defence, 12th September 2013, http://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/australias-election-us-alliance-and-pivot (26.02.2015).

    ISR = intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition.

  131. 131.

    Rawlins, Anthony (2013): ‘Australia, ANZUS and Rising China: Can Melos Have Cake and Eat it too?’, Shedden Papers, December 2013, p. 7.

  132. 132.

    See for instance White, Hugh (2011): ‘Power Shift: Rethinking Australia’s Place in the Asian Century, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 81–93; Green, Michael J. (2013): ‘Keating Speech Exposes ‘China Choice’ Flaws’, The Interpreter, 29th November 2013, http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2013/11/29/keating-speech-exposes-china-choice-flaws-v2.aspx (04.03.2015); Medcalf, Rory (2012): ‘Why a US-China ‘Grand Bargain’ Would Fail’, The Diplomat, 10th August 2012, http://thediplomat.com/2012/08/why-a-u-s-china-grand-bargain-in-asia-would-fail/?allpages=yes (04.03.2015); Hugh White (2012): The China Choice: Why America Should Share Power. Melbourne: Black Inc.; N.N. (2012): ‘Too Small and Ocean’, The Economist, 8th September 2012, http://www.economist.com/node/21562212 (04.03.2015); Lieven, Anatol (2012): ‘Avoiding a US-China War’, The New York Times, 12th June 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/opinion/avoiding-a-us-china-war.html?_r=0 (04.03.2012); Keating, Paul (2012): ‘Remarks at the Launch of ‘China Choice”, The Lowy Institute, 6th August 2012, http://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/keating_the_china_choice_by_hugh_white.pdf (04.03.2015) and Zalski, Richard (2013): ‘Australia’s Economic and Security Dilemma: US or China?’, E-International Relations, 6th January 2013, http://www.e-ir.info/2013/01/06/australias-economic-and-security-dilemma-us-or-china/ (04.03.2015).

  133. 133.

    Malcolm, Frazer/Cain, Roberts (2014): Dangerous Allies. Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing.

  134. 134.

    Manne, Robert (2014): ‘Malcolm Fraser: An Unlikely Radical’, Sydney Morning Herald, 26th April 2014, http://www.smh.com.au/national/people/malcolm-fraser-an-unlikely-radical-20140425-36ze8.html (04.03.2015).

  135. 135.

    Manne (2014).

  136. 136.

    Shevarnanadze, Sophie (2014): ‘Australian ex-PM: Alliance With US May End Up Pulling Australia Into War’, Russia Today, 25th November 2014, emphasis added, http://rt.com/shows/sophieco/208155-pacific-region-us-china/ (04.03.2015).

  137. 137.

    Pickering, Heath (2014): ‘Review: Dangerous Allies by Malcom Fraser’, Australian Institute of Foreign Affairs, http://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/review-dangerous-allies-by-malcolm-fraser/ (04.03.2015); Lowy Institute (2014a): ‘Video: ‘Dangerous Allies’ – Malcolm Fraser & Michael Fullilove on Australian Foreign Policy’, 9th July 2014, http://www.lowyinstitute.org/news-and-media/videos/video-dangerous-allies-malcolm-fraser-michael-fullilove-australian-foreign-policy (04.03.2014); Medcalf, Rory (2014a): ‘Blinkered Views on China and the US Feed Malcolm Fraser’s Asia Delusion’, The Australian, 20th October 2014, http://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/blinkered-views-china-and-us-feed-malcolm-frasers-asia-delusion (04.03.2015); Medcalf, Rory (2014b): ‘Malcolm Fraser’s Asia Delusion’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 2–7; Roggeveen, Sam (2014): ‘Interview: Malcolm Fraser on ‘Dangerous Allies”, The Lowy Interpreter, 2nd May 2014, http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2014/05/02/Interview-Malcolm-Fraser-on-Dangerous-Allies.aspx (03.04.2015).

  138. 138.

    Beeson, Mark (2014): ‘Book Review: Dangerous Allies by Malcom Fraser’, The Conversation, 30th May 2014, http://theconversation.com/book-review-dangerous-allies-by-malcolm-fraser-25995 (04.03.2015).

  139. 139.

    Kelly (2007): 61.

  140. 140.

    Manne (2014).

  141. 141.

    Rawlins (2013): 34.

  142. 142.

    Schörnig, Niklas (2010): ‘The Roo and the Dragon. Australia’s Foreign Policy Towards China During the Rudd era’, PRIF Report, No. 99, p. 8, http://hsfk.de/fileadmin/downloads/prif99.pdf (04.03.2015).

  143. 143.

    Huang and Austin (2011): 9f.

  144. 144.

    Rosenberger, Leif (2007): ‘The United States and Australia: Competing Economic Perspectives’, in: McCausland, Jeffrey D./Stuart, Douglas T./Tow, William R./Wesley, Michael (eds.): The Other Special Relationship: The United States and Australia at the Start of the 21st Century. Carlisle: Strategic Studies Institute, pp. 189–214, p. 190.

  145. 145.

    Schörnig (2010): 7.

  146. 146.

    Atkinson, Joel (2013): Australia and Taiwan. Bilateral Relations, China, the United States, and the South Pacific. Leiden & Boston: Koninklijke Brill NV, p. 62.

  147. 147.

    Cited in ibid.

  148. 148.

    Mackerras, Colin (1996): ‘Australia-China Relations: An Agenda’, in ibid. (ed.): Australia and China. Partners in Asia. Melbourne: Macmillan, pp. 1–6, p. 1.

  149. 149.

    Harris, Stuart (1996): ‘Australia-China Political Relations 1985–95: Fear, Friendly Relations or What?’, Mackerras, Colin. (ed.): Australia and China. Partners in Asia. Melbourne: Macmillan, pp. 7–21, p. 10.

  150. 150.

    Commonwealth of Australia (1994): 91.

  151. 151.

    US Reference Service (2011b).

  152. 152.

    Atkinson (2013): 65.

  153. 153.

    Ibid.: 65.

  154. 154.

    Ibid.: 66.

  155. 155.

    Ibid.

  156. 156.

    Ibid.: 67.

  157. 157.

    Ibid.

  158. 158.

    Cited in ibid.: 67.

  159. 159.

    Ibid.

  160. 160.

    Ibid.: 68.

  161. 161.

    Cited in ibid.

  162. 162.

    Commonwealth of Australia (1997): Australia’s Strategic Policy, p. 14, emphasis added, http://www.defence.gov.au/minister/sr97/SR97.pdf (26.02.2015).

  163. 163.

    Ibid.: 24, emphasis added.

  164. 164.

    Cited in Atkinson (2013): 68f, emphasis added.

  165. 165.

    Ibid.: 69.

  166. 166.

    Mackerras, Colin (2004): ‘The Australia-China Relationship: A Partnership of Equals?’, in: Thomas, Nicholas (ed.): Re-orienting Australia-China Relations. 1972 to the Present. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, pp. 15–33, p. 24.

  167. 167.

    Cited in Atkinson (2013): 69.

  168. 168.

    Ibid.: 70.

  169. 169.

    Ibid.

  170. 170.

    Ibid.: 69.

  171. 171.

    Commonwealth of Australia (1994): 91.

  172. 172.

    Cited in Atkinson (2013): 71.

  173. 173.

    Cited in ibid.: 73.

  174. 174.

    Commonwealth of Australia (2000): 18.

  175. 175.

    Ibid.: 37, emphasis added.

  176. 176.

    Cited in Atkinson (2013): 74, emphasis added.

  177. 177.

    Ibid.: 75.

  178. 178.

    Ibid.

  179. 179.

    Ibid.

  180. 180.

    Ibid.: 76.

  181. 181.

    Ibid.: 77.

  182. 182.

    Cited in ibid: 88.

  183. 183.

    Jennings, Peter (2005): ‘Getting China Right: Australia’s Policy Options for Dealing With China’, ASPI Strategic Insights, Vol. 19, October 2005, p. 5.

  184. 184.

    Blumenthal, Dan (2005): ‘Strengthening the US-Australian Alliance: Progress and Pitfalls’, Asian Outlook, April–May 2005, p. 5, http://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/20050429_AsianOutlook_g.pdf (05.03.2015).

  185. 185.

    Kurlantzick (2007): 3.

  186. 186.

    Cited in Jennings (2005): 7.

  187. 187.

    Kurlantzick (2007): 214.

  188. 188.

    Although it took more than 10 years and 21 negotiation rounds, in November 2014 Canberra announced that negotiations were finally concluded over ChAFTA, the China-Australia Free Trade Agreement. See DFAT (2014): ‘Conclusion of China-Australia FTA negotiations’, November 2014, http://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/chafta/news/Pages/news.aspx (05.03.2015).

  189. 189.

    Cited in Atkinson (2013): 78.

  190. 190.

    Ibid.: 79.

  191. 191.

    Ibid.

  192. 192.

    Cited in ibid.: 81.

  193. 193.

    N.N. (2004a): ‘China-Australia Ministerial Economic Commission Meeting Held in Beijing’, Xinhua, 28th April 2004, http://au.china-embassy.org/eng/zagx/t93623.htm (02.02.2015).

  194. 194.

    N.N. (2004b): ‘Chinese Vice President Calls for Closer Sino-Australian Links’, Note from the Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in Australia, 09th June 2004, http://au.china-embassy.org/eng/zagx/t128847.htm (02.02.2015).

  195. 195.

    Rudd, Kevin (2004): ‘Australia and China: A Strong and Stable Partnership for the 21st Century’, 1st July 2004, Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in Australia, emphasis in original, http://au.china-embassy.org/eng/zagx/t142076.htm (02.02.2015).

  196. 196.

    Blumenthal (2005): 5.

  197. 197.

    Dupont, Allan (2004): ‘The Strategic Implications for Australia of a Free Trade Agreement with China’, Paper prepared for the Australian-China Free Trade Agreement Conference, Australian APEC Study Centre, Sydney, 12th August 2004, http://www.apec.org.au/docs/China04Dupont.pdf (02.02.2015).

  198. 198.

    McDonald, Hamish/Allard, Tom (2004): ‘ANZUS Loyalties Fall Under China’s Shadow’, Sydney Morning Herald, 18th August 2004, http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/08/17/1092508475915.html (02.02.2015).

  199. 199.

    US-China Economic and Security Review Commission (2006): China’s Military Modernization and Cross-Strait Balance, p. 225, http://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/transcripts/9.15.05HT.pdf (02.02.2015).

  200. 200.

    Cited in Atkinson (2013): 83.

  201. 201.

    McDonald and Allard (2004).

  202. 202.

    Atkinson (2013): 82, emphasis added.

  203. 203.

    Ibid.: 82f.

  204. 204.

    White, Hugh (2005b): ‘It’s a Delicate Dance Indeed to Tiptoe Between Colliding Giants’, Sydney Morning Herald, 13th April 2005, p. 9.

  205. 205.

    White, Hugh (2006c): ‘Just Who’s Afraid of China?’, The Age, 21st June 2006, p. 15, emphasis added. In an interesting 2011 essay, Marc Thompson echoed White’s warning that building an anti-Chinese alliance to contain China might result into a China that needs to be contained. See Thompson, Marc (2011): ‘History Rhymes: The Danger of Containing China’, Pnyx, 8th August 2011, https://www.aspi.org.au/media-centre/aspi-in-the-media/history-rhymes-the-danger-of-containing-china (08.03.2015).

  206. 206.

    Cited in Kurlantzick (2007): 215.

  207. 207.

    Ibid.

  208. 208.

    Cited in Blumenthal (2005): 5.

  209. 209.

    White (2005b).

  210. 210.

    Ibid.

  211. 211.

    Cited in ibid.: 6.

  212. 212.

    Atkinson (2013): 85.

  213. 213.

    US-China Economic and Security Review Commission (2006): 225.

  214. 214.

    Cited in Atkinson (2013): 89.

  215. 215.

    Cited in ibid.: 91.

  216. 216.

    Dibb, Paul (2005): ‘Don’t Get Too Close to Beijing’, The Australian, 02nd August 2005, http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=3743&page=0 (07.03.2015).

  217. 217.

    Ibid.

  218. 218.

    Ibid., emphasis added.

  219. 219.

    Atkinson (2013): 92.

  220. 220.

    Cited in ibid.: 93.

  221. 221.

    Hartcher, Peter/Bantham, Cynthia (2005): ‘Bush Gives Howard the Nod for Summit’, Sydney Morning Herald, 21st July 2005, http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/bush-gives-howard-the-nod-for-summit/2005/07/20/1121539033170.html (07.03.2015).

  222. 222.

    Cited in Atkinson (2013): 94.

  223. 223.

    Cited in ibid.

  224. 224.

    Ibid.: 100f.

  225. 225.

    Terrill, Ross (2006): ‘Riding the Wave. The Rise of China and Options for Australian Policy’, ASPI Strategy, March 2006, p. 33.

  226. 226.

    Ibid.: 38.

  227. 227.

    White, Hugh (2006b): ‘Beyond the Defence of Australia. Finding a New Balance in Australian Strategic Policy’, Lowy Institute Paper, No. 16, p. 49.

  228. 228.

    Atkinson (2013): 102.

  229. 229.

    Dupont, Alan (2006): ‘We Need to Tell Condi Some Blunt Truths’, The Australian, 15th March 2006, p. 12, emphasis added.

  230. 230.

    White, Hugh (2006a): ‘A Rising China Tests Australia’s Ties With the US and Japan’, The Age, 18th March 2006, p. 11, emphasis added.

  231. 231.

    Cited in Atkinson (2013): 104.

  232. 232.

    Ibid.: 105–108.

  233. 233.

    Kurlantzick (2007): 226.

  234. 234.

    Cited in Toy, Mary-Anne (2007): ‘China’s Military Fears Put to Rest’, The Age, 10th July 2007, http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/chinas-military-fears-put-to-rest/2007/07/09/1183833431722.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 (07.03.2015).

  235. 235.

    Dupont, Alan (2007): ‘Not the Time to Deal Out Beijing’, The Australian, 26th March 2007, p. 16.

  236. 236.

    Ibid., emphasis added.

  237. 237.

    Cook, Malcolm (2007): ‘Building on Strong Foundations: The Future of the China-Australia Relationship’, Lowy Institute Perspectives, July 2007, p. 3.

  238. 238.

    Australian Government (2007): 19.

  239. 239.

    Ibid.: 20.

  240. 240.

    Ibid.: 35.

  241. 241.

    N.N. (2007): ‘Great and Powerful – But is China our Friend?’, The Age, 18th June 2007, http://www.theage.com.au/news/editorial/great-and-powerful-8212-but-is-china-our-friend/2007/06/17/1182018932029.html?page=fullpage (07.03.2015).

  242. 242.

    Zhang, Jian (2007): ‘Building ‘a Harmonious World’? Chinese Perceptions of Regional Order and Implications for Australia’, ASPI Strategic Insights, No. 35, June 2007, p. 9.

  243. 243.

    Yangtze, Yan (2007): ‘China Voices Stern Objection to Australian PM Meeting Dalai Lama’, Xinhua, 15th June 2007, http://www.gov.cn/misc/2007-06/15/content_650580.htm (07.03.2015).

  244. 244.

    Medcalf, Rory (2007): ‘Australia’s Strategic Dilemmas’, RUSI Newsbrief, October 2007, p. 3.

  245. 245.

    Ayson (2008): 9.

  246. 246.

    Atkinson (2013): 108.

  247. 247.

    Australian Parliament (2008): 13.

  248. 248.

    Wikileaks (2008): ‘Scenesetter: Prime Minister Rudd’s Visit to the United States’, 19th March 2008, 08Canberra267_a, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08CANBERRA267_a.html (07.03.2015).

  249. 249.

    Ibid.

  250. 250.

    Callick, Rowan (2009): ‘China finds Kevin Rudd ‘more difficult’ than John Howard’, News.com.au, 18th May 2009, http://www.news.com.au/national/china-finds-rudd-difficult/story-e6frfkp9-1225713061394 (07.03.2013).

  251. 251.

    Wikileaks (2009a): ‘(U) Secretary Clinton’s March 24, 2009 Conversation with Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd’, 28th March 2009, 9STATE30049_a, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09STATE30049_a.html (07.03.2015).

  252. 252.

    Ibid.

  253. 253.

    Ibid.

  254. 254.

    For an analysis of the Rio Tinto case and its effect on Sino-Australian relations see Huang and Austin (2011): 82–99.

  255. 255.

    Atkinson (2013): 114.

  256. 256.

    Ibid.: 115.

  257. 257.

    Lyon, Rod (2009): ‘Changing Asia, Rising China, and Australia’s Strategic Choices’, ASPI Policy Analysis, No. 40, 17th April 2009, p. 1.

  258. 258.

    Commonwealth of Australia (2009): 34f.

  259. 259.

    Garrett, Geoffrey (2009): ‘After the GFC. Australia and the Chimerica Challenge’, ASPI Strategy, September 2009, p. 30.

  260. 260.

    Commonwealth of Australia (2009): 95f.

  261. 261.

    Cited in Atkinson (2013): 123.

  262. 262.

    Garrett, Geoffrey (2010): ‘Strategic Choices. Australia, China and the US in Asia’, Asialink, Vol. 2, No. 5, p. 1–6, part. p. 3, http://ussc.edu.au/s/media/docs/publications/1008AsiaLinkGarrett.pdf (07.03.2015).

  263. 263.

    N.N. (2009a): ‘Rudd Accused of Fuelling New Arms Race’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 4th May 2009, http://www.smh.com.au/national/rudd-accused-of-fuelling-new-arms-race-20090503-arll.html (07.03.2015).

  264. 264.

    Ibid.

  265. 265.

    Ibid.

  266. 266.

    Ibid.

  267. 267.

    N.N. (2009b): ‘Interview with Ambassador Zhang Junsai on Vice Premier Li Keqiang’s Visit to Australia’, Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in Australia, 30th October 2009, http://au.china-embassy.org/eng/zagx/zzgx/t623517.htm (10.03.2015).

  268. 268.

    N.N. (2009c): ‘Chinese Vice Premier Arrives in Australia for Official Visit’, Xinhua, 30th October 2009, http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/66102/6798479.html (07.03.2015).

  269. 269.

    Malcolm Turnbull cited by N.N. (2009d): ‘China is Not a Strategic Threat: Australian Opposition Leader’, Xinhua, 31st October 2009, http://english.cctv.com/20091101/101054.shtml (07.03.2015).

  270. 270.

    Li, Xianzhi (2009): ‘China, Australia Agree to Enhance Co-Op in Joint Statement’, Xinhua, 31st October 2009, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/31/content_12365241.htm (07.03.2015).

  271. 271.

    Wikileaks (2009b): ‘Australia Raises Concern About China’s Assertiveness, Regional Architecture Proposals and Bilateral Issues’, 11th December 2009, 09CANBERRA1089_a, emphasis added, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09CANBERRA1089_a.html (07.03.2015).

  272. 272.

    Atkinson (2013): 126ff.

  273. 273.

    N.N. (2010a): ‘Chinese Vice President Calls for Further Deepening Ties with Australia’, Xinhua, 20th June 2010, http://www.mcot.net/site/content?id=4ff671450b01dabf3c006603#.VQBdnDqtXiw (07.03.2015).

  274. 274.

    Wu, Liming/Cao, Yang (2010): ‘Xi Jinping, Kevin Rudd Call for Boosting China-Australia Ties’, Xinhua, 21st June 2010, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-06/21/c_13360916_3.htm (07.03.2015).

  275. 275.

    Ibid.

  276. 276.

    Ma, Vienna (2010): ‘Chinese Vice President’s Visit Boosts Sino-Australian Ties: Media’, Xinhua, 22nd June 2010, http://au.china-embassy.org/eng/zagx/zzgx/t710595.htm (07.03.2015).

  277. 277.

    Wang, Guanqun (2010): ‘China Congratulates New Australian PM, Pledges Close Ties’, Xinhua, 28th June 2010, http://www.gov.cn/english/2010-06/24/content_1636462.htm (07.03.2015).

  278. 278.

    N.N. (2010b): ‘China, Australia Vow to Increase Ties’, Xinhua, 05th November 2010, http://au.china-embassy.org/eng/zagx/t766744.htm (08.03.2015).

  279. 279.

    Shearer, Andrew (2010): ‘Sweet and Sour: Australian Public Attitudes Towards China’, Lowy Institute Analysis, August 2010, p. 7ff, http://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/pubfiles/Shearer,_Sweet_and_sour_web.pdf (07.03.2015). As Darl Morini made clear, the “crystallising Australian consensus on the risk of war breaking out from China’s rise is much more than a bogus ‘China threat’ theory base on ideological thinking”, but based on the public’s fear of strategic miscalculations on behalf of either Beijing or Washington. See Morini, Daryl (2012): ‘Why Australia Fears China’s Rise: The Growing War Consensus’, E-International Relations, 8th February 2012, http://www.e-ir.info/2012/02/08/why-australia-fears-chinas-rise-the-growing-war-consensus/ (10.03.2015).

  280. 280.

    Danby, Michael/Ungerer, Carl/Khalil, Peter (2010): ‘No Winners by Appeasing China’, The Australian, 16th September 2010, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/no-winners-by-appeasing-china/story-e6frg6zo-1225924276179 (07.03.2015).

  281. 281.

    Heinrichs, Raoul (2010): ‘Little Power, Big Choices: Australia’s Strategic Future’, Lowy Institute Snapshot, No. 4, September 2010, p. 2.

  282. 282.

    Mearsheimer, John J. (2010): ‘Australians Should Fear the Rise of China’, The Spectator Australia, 2nd October 2010, http://www.spectator.co.uk/australia/6320273/australians-should-fear-the-rise-of-china/ (08.03.2015). See also Yoshihara, Toshi (2011): ‘Resident Power: The Case for An Enhanced US Military Presence in Australia’, Lowy Institute Snapshot, No. 9, pp. 3f.

  283. 283.

    Johnston, Matt (2011): ‘Aussies Fear Threat of War with China’, Herald Sun, 25th April 2011, http://www.heraldsun.com.au/archive/news/aussies-fear-threat-of-war-with-china/story-fn7x8me2-1226044141380 (08.03.2015).

  284. 284.

    Medcalf, Rory (2011): ‘Australia-China Defence Ties: Beyond the Hype’, The Interpreter, 29th April 2011, http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2011/04/29/Australia-China-defence-ties-Beyond-the-hype.aspx?COLLCC=3638812374& (08.03.2015).

  285. 285.

    Dupont, Alan (2011): ‘Living With the Dragon: Why Australia Needs A China Strategy’, Lowy Institute Policy Brief, June 2011, p. 11.

  286. 286.

    Medcalf, Rory (2012): ‘Stakes in Uncertainty: Australia’s Future With China, India and the United States’, Speech delivered at the Observer Research Foundation/New Delhi, 19th June 2012, p. 10, http://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/stakes-uncertainty-australias-future-china-india-and-united-states (10.03.2015).

  287. 287.

    Davis, Andrew/Schreer, Benjamin (2011): ‘Whither US Forces? US Military Presence in the Asia-Pacific and the Implications for Australia’, ASPI Policy Analysis, No. 87, 8th September 2011, p. 6.

  288. 288.

    Cook, Malcolm/Shearer, Andrew (2011): ‘Reluctant Realists’, CSIS cogitAsia, 28th November 2011, http://cogitasia.com/reluctant-realists/ (10.03.2015).

  289. 289.

    Rudd, Kevin (2012): ‘The West isn’t Ready For the Rise of China’, New Statesman, 11th July 2012, http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/international-politics/2012/07/kevin-rudd-west-isnt-ready-rise-china (07.03.2015).

  290. 290.

    Reilley, James (2012): ‘Counting On China? Australia’s Strategic Response to Economic Interdependence’, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 369–394.

  291. 291.

    Ibid.: 393.

  292. 292.

    Ayson, Robert (2012): ‘Choosing Ahead of Time? Australia, New Zealand and the US-China Contest in Asia’, Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 338–364, p. 343.

  293. 293.

    Thomson, Marc (2012): ‘Trade, Investment and Australia’s National Security. …or How I learned to Stop Worrying and Love Chinese Money’, ASPI Strategic Insights, No. 56, April 2012, p. 12.

  294. 294.

    Atkinson (2013): 129.

  295. 295.

    Cited in Han, Feng (2011): ‘Australia Faces Hobson’s Choice’, China Daily, 7th December 2011, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-12/07/content_14223624.htm (07.03.2015).

  296. 296.

    Cited in Bajoria, Jayshree (2011): ‘US-Australia Alliance and China’, CFR Analysis Brief, 16th November 2011, http://www.cfr.org/world/us-australia-alliance-china/p26518 (10.03.2015).

  297. 297.

    N.N. (2011): ‘US Asia-Pacific Strategy Brings Steep Price’, Global Times, 18th November 2011, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/684596.shtml (07.03.2015).

  298. 298.

    Cited in Garnaut, John (2011): ‘Analysts Say China Stung by Defence Pact’, Sydney Morning Herald, 18th November 2011, http://www.smh.com.au/national/analysts-say-china-stung-by-defence-pact-20111117-1nl8p.html (07.03.2015).

  299. 299.

    Cited in ibid.

  300. 300.

    Cited in ibid, emphasis added.

  301. 301.

    Han (2011), emphasis added.

  302. 302.

    Cited in Atkinson (2013): 132, emphasis added.

  303. 303.

    Cited in Mahbubani, Kishore (2012): ‘Australia’s Destiny in the Asian Century: Pain or no Pain?’, Paper at the 2nd Workshop ‘Emerging Asia and the Future of the US-Australia Alliance, Australian National University/Canberra, 30–31st August 2012, p. 13, http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/researchschool/emerging_asia/papers/Mahbubani_Australia’s_place.pdf (10.03.2015).

  304. 304.

    Ibid.

  305. 305.

    Ibid.

  306. 306.

    Australian Government (2013): 30. Note that in the same sentence the NSS refers to the US as “our ally” and to India as “our Strategic Partner [sic]”.

  307. 307.

    Jakobson, Linda (2012): ‘Australia-China Ties: In Search of Political Trust’, Lowy Institute Policy Brief, June 2012, http://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/australia-china-ties-search-political-trust (10.03.2015).

  308. 308.

    Peter Leahey cited in Snow, Deborah/McDonald, Hamish (2012): ‘Defence Ready to Muscle Up’, Sydney Morning Herald, 7th July 2012, http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/defence-ready-to-muscle-up-20120706-21mdj.html (10.03.2015).

  309. 309.

    Ibid.

  310. 310.

    Ibid.

  311. 311.

    David Morrison cited in ibid.

  312. 312.

    Reilley (2012): 394.

  313. 313.

    Rawlins (2013): 35.

  314. 314.

    Australian Government (2013): 30. 23.

  315. 315.

    Ibid.: 38.

  316. 316.

    Ibid.: 29.

  317. 317.

    Mackerras, Colin (2014): ‘China and the Australia-US Relationship: A Historical Perspective’, Asian Survey, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 223–246, p. 244.

  318. 318.

    Georgieff, Jack (2013): ‘Australia’s Changing Outlook on China: From Strategic Threat to Strategic Partner’, CSIS cogitAsia, 7th May 2013, http://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/australias-changing-outlook-china-strategic-threat-strategic-partner (10.03.2015).

  319. 319.

    Commonwealth of Australia (2013): 61f.

  320. 320.

    Ibid.: 11.

  321. 321.

    Ibid.

  322. 322.

    Minnick, Wendell (2013): ‘Australia’s White Paper Reveals Reluctance to Paint China Red’, DefenseNews, 5th May 2013, http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20130505/DEFREG/305050003/Australia-s-White-Paper-Reveals-Reluctance-Paint-China-Red (10.03.2015).

  323. 323.

    Georgieff (2013), emphasis added.

  324. 324.

    Commonwealth of Australia (2013): 62.

  325. 325.

    Ibid.: 62.

  326. 326.

    Murdoch, Scott (2014): ‘Angry China Rebukes Julie Bishop Over East China Sea Dispute’, The Australian, 07th December 2013, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/foreign-affairs/angry-china-rebukes-julie-bishop-over-east-china-sea-dispute/story-fn59nm2j-1226777522342 (10.03.2015). See also Ben Schreer’s interesting take on the ADIZ. Schreer, Benjamin (2013): ‘Decoding the Defence Minister: Getting Serious About Asia’, The Strategist, 9th December 2013, http://www.aspistrategist.org.au/decoding-the-defence-minister-getting-serious-about-asia/ (10.03.2015).

  327. 327.

    Oliver, Alex (2013): The Lowy Institute Poll 2013. http://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/lowy-institute-poll-2013 (10.03.2015).

  328. 328.

    Rawlins (2013): 16.

  329. 329.

    Tow, William/Rigby, Richard (2011): ‘China’s Pragmatic Security Policy: The Middle-Power Factor’, The China Journal, No. 65, pp. 157–178, p. 167.

  330. 330.

    Australian Government (2013): 27, 29 & 39 and Commonwealth of Australia (2013): 25f.

  331. 331.

    Vaughn (2012): 12.

  332. 332.

    AAP (2014): ‘China, Australia Strike Agreement on Defence Action Plan’, SBS, 15th January 2014, http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/01/15/china-australia-strike-agreement-defence-action-plan (07.03.2015).

  333. 333.

    Hale, David D. (2014): ‘China’s New Dream. How Will Australia and the World Cope with the Re-emergence of China as a Great Power’, ASPI Special Report, February 2014, p. 38.

  334. 334.

    Jennings, Peter (2014a): ‘Move Closer to US to Avoid Bowing to China’, Australian Financial Review, 17. February 2014, p. 47.

  335. 335.

    Australia has greatly intensified its security cooperation with India in recent years. See Brewster, David (2014): ‘The India-Australia Security and Defence Relationship: Developments, Constraints and Prospects’, Security Challenges, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 65–86. As a recent report suggest, Chinese strategists are worried about Canberra’s closer ties with New Delhi and Washington (and Tokyo). See Yuan, Jingdong (2014): ‘A Rising Power Looks Down Under. Chinese Perspectives on Australia’, ASPI Strategy, March 2014.

  336. 336.

    Cited in Benson, Simon (2014): ‘Prime Minister Tony Abbott and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang Agree to High-Level Defence Exchanges’, News Corp Australia, 09th April 2014, http://www.news.com.au/national/prime-minister-tony-abbott-and-chinese-premier-li-keqiang-agree-to-highlevel-defence-exchanges/story-fncynjr2-1226879315090 (10.03.2015).

  337. 337.

    Kenny, Mark (2013): ‘Tony Abbott says Japan is Australia’s ‘Closest Friend in Asia”, Sydney Morning Herald, 9th October 2013, http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/tony-abbott-says-japan-is-australias-closest-friend-in-asia-20131009-2v8ty.html (12.03.2015).

  338. 338.

    See the stimulating discussion of eight prominent Australian scholars in Jennings, Peter (2014b): ‘To Choose or Not to Choose. How to Deal With China’s Growing Power and Influence’, ASPI Strategic Insights, No. 74, https://www.aspi.org.au/publications/to-choose-or-not-to-choose-how-to-deal-with-chinas-growing-power-and-influence (13.03.2015).

  339. 339.

    Fullilove, Michael (2014): ‘Are Australia and China Frenemies?’ The Guardian, 6th June 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jun/06/are-australia-and-china-frenemies (13.03.2015).

  340. 340.

    See for instance the comments of Wu Xinbo and Huang Yiping in Tingle, Laura/Murray, Lisa (2014): ‘China Relationship Set to Get Harder, Experts Say’, Australian Financial Review, 30th June 2014, http://www.afr.com/p/national/china_relationship_set_to_get_harder_R9OI5tikTD0T3r1TtDN6rL (13.03.2015).

  341. 341.

    Wu cited in ibid.

  342. 342.

    Grey, Alexandra (2014): ‘Is Australia the Third Wheel in US-China Relations?’, Business Spectator, 10th December 2014, http://www.businessspectator.com.au/article/2014/12/10/china/australia-third-wheel-us-china-relations (13.03.2015).

  343. 343.

    Rawlins (2013): 41, emphasis added.

  344. 344.

    See Australian Government (2013).

  345. 345.

    Babbage, Ross (2011): ‘Australia’s Strategic Edge in 2030’, Kokoda Papers, No. 15, 15th February 2011, p. vii.

  346. 346.

    As a developed country, Australia does also not receive foreign aid from either the US or China.

  347. 347.

    Nye, Joseph (1990): ‘Soft Power’, Foreign Policy, No. 80, pp. 153–171, p. 167f.

  348. 348.

    Carr (2001 [1939]): 108.

  349. 349.

    Heinrichs, Raoul (2011): ‘Relying on a Great Power for Defence is Foolhardy’, Canberra Times, 19th February, p. 23.

  350. 350.

    Apart from establishing a security dialogue and some minor military-to-military relations.

  351. 351.

    Cook, Malcolm/Heinrichs, Raoul/Medcalf, Rory/Shearer, Andrew (2010): ‘Power and Choice: Asian Security Futures’, Lowy Institute Report, June 2010, p. 30, http://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/pubfiles/Asian_security_futures.pdf (14.03.2015).

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    Enrico Fels

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Fels, E. (2017). Australia: Trading with the Dragon, But Flying with the Eagle. In: Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific?. Global Power Shift. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45689-8_7

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