Abstract
Has there been a power shift in Asia-Pacific as the brief US-Chinese navy encounter suggested? This study has addressed this puzzle by conducting the most extensive assessment of the alleged power shift in Asia-Pacific so far. It provided an extensive overview of some of the major Western texts on Sino-US competition, which overall suggested that we are in the midst of a power shift. As shown in Chap. 1, immediately after the end of the Cold War, the demise of the Soviet Union altered the international system profoundly. Western scholars grew concerned about China as a new potential challenger to US primacy. This was particularly due to the growing Chinese economic and military profile. While not all of the authors addressed referred to China as a threat to US or Western interests, the number of authors concerned about Chinese advances both economic and the militaristic steadily grew. Particularly authors writing in a realist tradition warned about the effects of the diverging relative developments in both countries. According to them, this almost certainly lays the basis for further Chinese challenges to Washington’s leadership, both in the Asia-Pacific and beyond. Section 1.2 demonstrated that authors who write in the liberal and constructivist traditions of IR also generally accept the strategic competition between Washington and Beijing. They likewise acknowledge that some kind of power shift between both nations is happening (however, in contrast to realist authors they do not believe that this dynamic leads necessarily to increasing militarisation, hostility and violence between China and the US in the long run).
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Notes
- 1.
Gu, Xuewu (2012): ‘Strukturelle Macht: Eine dritte Machtquelle?’, Östereichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 259–276, p. 152 (Sackgasse, own translation).
- 2.
These states are: the United States, China, Russia, India, Australia, Pakistan, Japan, Republic of Korea, Thailand and Indonesia.
- 3.
The Leader-Laggard standardisation methodologically supports this kind of analysis.
- 4.
Zakaria, Fareed (1999): From Wealth to Power. The Unusual Origins of America’s World Role. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 191.
- 5.
Security indicators: security and stationing agreements, participation in military exercises and trainings, arms trade, external defence funding; economic indicators: foreign trade, FDI (flows and stock), foreign aid; political indicators: public opinion, congruence of voting behaviour with the US in the UN General Assembly, share of Chinese population.
- 6.
A novel approach on the issue can be found in Pustovitovskij, Andrej (2016): Strukturelle Kraft in den Internationalen Beziehungen. Heidelberg: Springer.
- 7.
See for instance Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce (1981): The War Trap. New Haven: Yale University Press as well as Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce/Lalman, David (1989): ‘Dyadic Power, Expectations, and War’, in: Stoll, Richard J./Ward, Michael D. (eds.): Power in World Politics. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, pp. 177–191.
- 8.
Zheng, Bingwen (2011): ‘The ‘Middle Income Trap’ and China’s Path to Development: International Experiences and Lessons’, China Economist, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 16–27.
- 9.
Ferguson, Niall/Kotlikoff, Laurence J. (2003): ‘Going Critical. American Power and the Consequences of Fiscal Overstretch’, The National Interest, Fall 2003, No. 73, pp. 22–32; Layne, Christopher (2009): ‘The Waning of US Hegemony – Myth or Reality? A Review Essay’, International Security, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 147–172, p. 168; Haass, Richard N. (2014): Foreign Policy Begins at Home. The Case for Putting America’s House in Order. New York: Basic Books, pp. 123–164.
- 10.
Bergsten, C. Fred (2005): ‘Two’s Company’, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2009, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/americas/2009-09-01/twos-company (22.09.2015).
- 11.
Jones, David M./Smith, M.L.R. (2015): ‘Return to Reason: Reviving Political Realism in Western Foreign Policy’, International Affairs, Vol. 91, No. 5, pp. 933–952.
References
Bergsten, C. F. (2005). Two’s Company. Foreign Affairs, September/October 2009. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/americas/2009-09-01/twos-company. Accessed 22 Sep 2015.
Bueno de Mesquita, B. (1981). The war trap. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Bueno de Mesquita, B., & Lalman, D. (1989). Dyadic power, expectations, and war. In R. J. Stoll & M. D. Ward (Eds.), Power in world politics (pp. 177–191). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Ferguson, N., & Kotlikoff, L. J. (2003). Going critical. American power and the consequences of fiscal overstretch. The National Interest, Fall, No. 73, 22–32.
Gu, X. (2012). Strukturelle Macht: Eine dritte Machtquelle? Östereichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft, 41(3), 259–276.
Haass, R. N. (2014). Foreign policy begins at home. The case for putting America’s house in order. New York: Basic Books.
Jones, D. M., & Smith, M. L. R. (2015). Return to reason: Reviving political realism in western foreign policy. International Affairs, 91(5), 933–952.
Layne, C. (2009). The waning of US hegemony—Myth or reality? A review essay. International Security, 34(1), 147–172.
Pustovitovskij, A. (2016). Strukturelle Kraft in den Internationalen Beziehungen. Heidelberg: Springer.
Zakaria, F. (1999). From wealth to power. The unusual origins of America’s world role. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zheng, B. (2011). The ‘middle income trap’ and China’s path to development: International experiences and lessons. China Economist, 6(3), 16–27.
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Fels, E. (2017). Conclusion: Does ‘Rising’ in Power Equate to ‘Shifting’ of Power?. In: Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific?. Global Power Shift. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45689-8_13
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