Rotation and Rotation-Angulation Deformities

Abstract

Rotation deformities are termed as angulation on the axial or longitudinal axis of the bone. These deformities also change the orientation of the ankle, knee, and hip joints. Rotation deformity of the lower extremity is evaluated clinically and radiologically.

The physical examination of the patient starts with observing the gait. The torsional profile of the patient is determined during the gait examination. The thigh-foot angle is measured in the supine position. Normally, when the knee is in 90° of flexion, axis of the thigh is in line with the second metatarsal. If the foot is positioned lateral to the thigh, measurement takes a positive sign (+), whereas if it is medial to it, the sign is negative (−). Additionally, axes are measured in the standing position with the patella in a neutral position angle between the foot and tibia. This also yields the tibial torsion angle.