Skip to main content

Multi-tasking “Pre-professional” Architect/Engineers and Other Bricolagic Practitioners as Key Figures in the Elision of Boundaries Between Practice and Learning in Sixteenth-Century Europe: Some Roman Examples

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Structures of Practical Knowledge

Abstract

This essay focuses on the multi-variant careers of five individuals, most from practical and technical backgrounds, all of whom worked in a variety of occupations in the city of Rome in the late sixteenth century. Its goal is to investigate the working lives of these men and their friendships and the communicative networks within which they participated. This paper explores their practices as they were involved in trading zones—arenas of substantive communication between individuals from skilled (apprenticeship trained) and learned (university trained) backgrounds. It suggests that such trading zones between the skilled and the learned were also characterized by a certain fluidity of occupation and self-identification and that this fluidity contributed to the elision of the boundaries between the two groups. It thereby contributes to the long-standing and on-going discussion concerning the relationships of artisanal and learned cultures in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the influence of those relationships on the development of new empirical methodologies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, N., and S. Pepper. 1994. The architectural drawings of Antonio Da Sangallo the younger and his circle, Fortifications, machines, and festival architecture ed. N. Admas. vol. 1, 61–74. New York: Architectural History Foundation and Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Almagià, R. 1913. Intorno a un cartografo italiano del secolo XVI. Rivista Geografica Italiana 20 (1): 99–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Almagià, R. 1944–1955. Monumenta cartographica vaticana iussu Pii XII P. M. consilio et opera procuratorum Bibliotecae Apostolicae Vaticanae. 4 vols. Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Almagià, R. 1972. Studi storici di cartografia napoletana. Ch. 3: Una carta del Regno di Napoli per iniziative del Governo. In Cartografia generale del Mezzogiorno e della Sicilia, ed. E. Mazzetti, vol. 1, 87–100, and 2, XI–XXIII. [Naples]: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. 2005. Ligorio, Pirro. In Dizionario biografico degli italiani vol. 65: 109–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aragozzini, G., and M. Nocca. 1993. Le piante di Roma dal Cinquecento all’Ottocento. Rome: Dino Audino Editore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borroni, F. 1977. Cartaro, Mario. In Dizionario biografico degli italiani vol. 20: 796–799.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bragaglia Venuti, C. 2002 (2003). Étienne Dupérac e i paesaggi della loggia di Pio IV. Rivista dell’Istituto Nazionale d’Archeologia e Storia dell’Arte, III ser., 25: 279–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bragaglia Venuti, C. 2006. Étienne Dupérac and Pirro Ligorio. Print Quarterly 23 (4): 408–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bufalini, L. 1560. Roma. Rome: Antonio Blado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, H. 1988. Pirro Ligorio’s reconstruction of ancient Rome: The Anteiquae Urbis Imago of 1561. In Pirro Ligorio: Artist and antiquarian, ed. R.W. Gaston, 19–91. Milan: Silvana Editoriale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bury, M. 2001. The print in Italy, 1550–1620. London: British Museum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, I. 1988. Pirro Ligorio and the temples of Rome on coins. In Pirro Ligorio: Artist and antiquarian, ed. R.W. Gaston, 93–120. Milan: Silvana Editoriale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casanovas, J. 1983. The Vatican tower of the winds and the calendar reform. In Gregorian reform of the calendar. Proceedings of the Vatican conference to Commemorate its 400th anniversary, 1582–1982, eds. G.V. Coyne, M.A. Hoskin and O. Pedersen, 189–198. Vatican City: Specola Vaticano.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattaneo, A. 1998 and 2000. Mario Cartaro, incisore viterbese del XVI secolo. Grafica d’arte: Rivista di Storia dell’Incisione Antica e Moderna e Storia del Disegno. 9 (35): 2–9; 11 (41): 6–14; and 11 (42): 3–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceccarelli, F., and N. Aksamija. 2012. La Sala Bologna nei Palazzi Vaticani: Architettura, cartografia e potere nell’età di Gregorio XIII. Venice: Marsilio Editori.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceen, A. 2012. Bufalini 1551: Distortion and Rectification. In Piante di Roma dal Rinascimento ai Catasti, ed. M. Bevelacqua and M. Fagiolo, 128–133. Rome: Artemide Edizioni.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coffin, D.R. 2004. Pirro Ligorio: The Renaissance artist, architect, and antiquarian. University Park: Pennsylvania State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, M.W. 2011. Ambitious form: Giambologna, Ammanati, and Danti in Florence. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, M., and D. Gamberini. 2016: Vincenzo Danti’s Deceits. Renaissance Quarterly 69 (4): 1296–1342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Courtright, N. 2003. The Papacy and the art of reform in sixteenth-century Rome: Gregory XIII’s tower of the winds in the Vatican. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curran, B. 2007. The Egyptian Renaissance: The afterlife of ancient Egypt in early modern Italy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Marchi, F. 1599. Della architettura militare libre tre. Brescia: Comino Presegni.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delumeau, J. 1957–1959. Vie économique et sociale de Rome dans la seconde moitié du XVI e siècle. 2 vols, Bibliothèque des Écoles Française D’Athènes et de Rome, 184. Paris: E. de Boccard,

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubourg Glatigny, P. 2002. Egnatio Danti O.P. (1536–1586): Itinéraire d’un mathématicien parmi les artistes. Mélanges de l’École Française de Rome: Italie et Méditerranée 114: 543–605.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrle, F. 1909. Roma Prima di Sisto V: La Pianta di Roma du Pérac-Lafréry del 1577. Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrle, F. 1911. Roma al tempo di Giulio III: La pianta di Roma di Leonardo Bufalini del 1551 riprodotta dall’esemplare esistente nella Biblioteca Vaticana. Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagiolo, M., and M.L. Madonna. 1972. La Roma di Pio IV: La ‘Civitas Pia’, la ‘Salus Medica’, la custodia ‘angelica.’ Arte illustrate 5 (4): 383–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federici, V. 1898. Di Mario Cartaro, incisore viterbese del secolo XVI. Archivio della R. Società Romana di Storia Patria. 21: 535–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrary, J.L. 1996. Onofrio Panvinio et les antiquité romaines. Rome: École Française di Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiorani, F. 2005. The marvel of maps: Art, cartography and politics in Renaissance Italy. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiorani, F. 2007. Cycles of painted maps in the Renaissance. In The history of cartography. Vol. 3: Cartography in the European Renaissance, ed. D. Woodward, Pt. 1, 804–829. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiore, F.P. 1986a. Danti, Egnazio (al secolo Carlo Pellegrino). In Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 32, 659–663. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiore, F.P. 1986b. Danti, Piervincenzo. In Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 32, 664–667. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiore, F.P. 1986c. Danti, Vincenzo. In Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 32: 667–673. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiore, F.P. 1989. Rilievo topografico e architettura a grande scala nei disegni di Antonio da Sangallo il Giovane per le fortificazioni di Roma al tempo di papa Paolo III. In Il disegno di architettura. Atti del Convegno Milano 15–18 febbraio 1988, ed. Paolo Carpeggiani and Luciano Patetta, 175–180. Milan: Guerini Associati.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foley, W.A. 1988. Language birth: The processes of Pidginization and Creolization. In Language: The sociocultural context, ed. F.J. Newmeyer. Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedländer, W.F. 1912. Das Kasino Pius des Vierten. Leipzig: K. W. Hiersmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, D., and P. Schlapobersky. 2003. Leonardo Bufalini’s Orthagonal Roma (1551). Thresholds 28: 10–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frutaz, A.P. 1962. Le piante di Roma. 3 vols. Rome: Istituto di Studi Romani.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galison, P. 1997. Image and logic: A material culture of microphysics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galison, P. 2010. Trading with the enemy. In Trading zones and interactional expertise: Creating new kinds of collaboration, ed. Michael E. Gorman, 25–52. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gambi, L., and A. Pinelli (eds.). 2008. La Galleria delle Carte geografiche in Vaticano/The Gallery of Maps in the Vatican. 3 vols, 3rd ed. Modena: Franco Cosimo Panini Editore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garzoni, T. 1587. Le piazza universal di tutte le professioni del mondo, e nobili et ignobili. Venice: Gio. Battista Somasco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaston, R.W. (ed.). 1988. Pirro Ligorio: Artist and antiquarian. Milan: Silvana Editoriale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerbino, A. 2010. François Blondel: Architecture, erudition, and the scientific revolution. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grafton, A. 2000. Leon Battista Alberti: Master builder of the Italian Renaissance. New York: Hill and Wang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heilbron, J.L. 1999. The Sun in the church: Cathedrals as solar observatories. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huelsen, C. 1969. Saggio di bibliografia ragionata delle piante icnografiche e prospettiche di Roma dal 1551 al 1748. Reprint. Rome: Bardi Editore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Infelise, M. 2002. Prima dei giornali: Alle origini della pubblica informazione (secoli XVI e XVII). Rome: Editori Laterza.

    Google Scholar 

  • Insolera, I. 1985. Roma: Immagini e realtà dal X al XX secolo, 3rd ed. Rome: Editori Latereza.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacks, P.J. 1993. The antiquarian and the myth of antiquity: The origins of Rome in Renaissance thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karrow Jr., R.W. 1993. Mapmakers of the sixteenth century and their maps. Chicago: Speculum Orbis Press for the Newberry Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamberini, D. 1990. Francesco De Marchi. In Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, vol. 38: 447–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laureys, M., and A. Schreurs. 1996. Egio, Marliano, Ligorio, and the Forum Romanum in the 16th Century. Humanistica Lovaniensia 45: 385–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemaitre, N. 1994. Saint Pie V. Paris: Fayard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ligorio, P. 1553. Libro di M. Pirrho Ligori Napolitano delle antichità di Roma nel quale si tratta de’ circi, theatri e anfitheatri, con le Paradosse del medesimo auttore, quai confutano la commune opinione sopra varii luoghi della città di Roma. Venice: Michele Tramezino. [On line edition: http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/artdok/volltexte/2008/562. Edited by M. D. Davis (accessed 22 January 2016)].

  • Ligorio, P. 1561. Anteiquae urbis imago accuratissime ex vetusteis monumenteis formata. Rome: M. and Fr. Tramezini.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ligorio, P. 2005. Libro di diversi terremoti, ed Emanuela Guidoboni. Rome: De Luca.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, P.O. 2008. Hydraulic engineering and the study of antiquity: Rome, 1557–1570. Renaissance Quarterly 61 (4): 1098–1138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long, P.O. 2011. Artisan/practitioners and the rise of the new sciences, 1400–1600. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, P.O. 2015. Trading zones in early modern Europe. Isis 106 (4): 840–847.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Losito, M. 2000. Pirro Ligorio e il casino di Paolo IV in Vaticano: l’essempio delle cose passate. Rome: Palombi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lurin, E. 2006. Étienne Duperac, graveur, peintre et architecte (vers 1535–1604): Une artiste-antiquaire entre L’Italie et la France. 3 vols. These de Docteur de L’Université Paris IV, Sorbonne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lurin, E. 2007. Les restitutions de scènes antiques: Onofrio Panvinio iconographe et inventeur d’images. In Programme et invention dans l’art de la Renaissance, ed. M. Hichmann, J. Koering, and Ph. Morel, 153–173. Actes Colloque de la Villa Medici, 2005. Rome: Villa Medici.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lurin, E. 2008. Étienne Dupérac vedutista e cartografo: La costruzione della pianta di Roma del 1577. In La città dei cartografi. Studi e ricerche di storia urbana, ed. C. De Seta, B. Marin, and M. Tuliano, 49–59. Naples: Electa Napoli.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier, J. 2007. Mapping past and present: Leonardo Bufalini’s Plan of Rome (1551). Imago Mundi 59 (1): 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier, J. 2011. Roma Renascens: Sixteenth-century maps of the eternal city. In Rome: Continuing encounters between past and present, ed. D. Caldwell and L. Caldwell, 35–55. Surrey: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier, J. 2012a. Leonardo Bufalini e la prima pianta a stampa di Roma, ‘la più bella di tutte le cose.’ In Piante di Roma dal Rinascimento ai Catasti, ed. M. Bevelacqua and M. Fagiolo, 117–127. Rome: Artemide Edizioni.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier, J. 2012b. A ‘True Likeness:’ The renaissance city portrait. Renaissance Quarterly 65(3): 711–752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier, J. 2015. Rome measured and imagined: Early modern maps of the eternal city. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mandowsky, E. and C. Mitchell (eds.). 1963. Pirro Ligorio’s Roman antiquities: The drawings in MS XIII, B.7 in the National Library in Naples. London: Warburg Institute, University of London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marconi, N. 2004. Edificando Roma Barocca: Macchine, apparati, maestranze e cantieri tra XVI e XVIII secolo. Città di Castello: Edimond.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marino, J. 1992. Administrative mapping in the Italian states. In Monarchs, ministers, and maps: The emergence of cartography as a tool of government in early modern Europe, ed. D. Buisseret, 5–25. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, C. 2011. Renaissance meteorology: Pompanazzi to Descartes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClure, G.W. 2004. The culture of profession in late Renaissance Italy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Peter N. (ed.). 2007. Momigliano and antiquarianism: Foundations of the modern cultural sciences. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldoini, A. 1678. Athenaeaum augustum in quo Persinorum scripta publice exponutur. Perugia: L. Ciani & F. Desideri.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palagiano, C. 1972. Bufalini, Leonardo. In Dizionario biografico degli italiani, vol. 14: 798–999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palagiano, C. 1974. Gli atlantini manoscritti del Regno di Napoli di Mario e di Paolo Cartaro. Rome: Istituto di geografia dell’Università.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palma Venetucci, B. 2003. Pirro Ligorio and the rediscovery of antiquity. In The rediscovery of antiquity: The role of the artist, eds. Jane Fejfer, Tobias Fischer-Hansen, and Annette Rathje, 63–68. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pastor, L. von. 1951–1952. History of popes. Vols. 17–18: Pius V (1566–1572), ed. R. Kerr. Reprinted. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul/St. Louis, Mo.: B. Herder Book Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrucci, C.A. 1953. Catalogo generale delle stampe tratte dai rami incise posseduti dalla Calcografia Nazionale. Rome: La Libreria dello Stato.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popplow, M. 2015. Formalization and interaction: Toward a comprehensive history of technology-related knowledge in early modern Europe. Isis 106 (4): 848–856.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rankin, A. 2013. Panaceia’s daughters: Noblewomen as healers in early modern Germany. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rinne, K.W. 2010. The waters of Rome: Aqueducts, fountains, and the birth of the Baroque City. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rocchi, E. 1902. Le piante icnografiche e prospettiche di Roma del secolo XVI. 2 vols. Turin and Rome: Roux e Viarengo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, I.D. 1996. The culture of the high Renaissance: Ancients and moderns in sixteenth-century Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapori, G. 1986. Danti, Girolamo. In Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, vol. 32, 663–664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scaccia Scarafoni, C. 1939. Le piante di Roma possedute dalla biblioteca dell’Istituto e dalle altre biblioteche governative della città. Rome: La Libreria dello Stato.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnapp, A. 1997. The discovery of the past. Trans. I. Kinnes and G. Varndell. New York: Harry N. Abrams.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreurs, A. 2000. Antikenbild und Kunstanschauungen des neapolitanischen Malers, Architekten und Antiquars Pirro Ligorio (1513–1583). Cologne: Walther König.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, J. 1987. Maps as metaphors: Mural map cycles of the Italian renaissance. In Art and cartography: Six historical essays, ed. David Woodward, 97–122. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sickel, L. 2007. Der Romgedanke in der Selbstdarstellung der Familie Cesarini im Rom des 16. Jahrhunderts. http://www.ducatocesarini.it/articoli_e_studi/articolo%20di%20Sickel%20L.pdf. Accessed 24 January 2016.

  • Simoncini, G. 2008. Roma: Le trasformazioni urbane nel cinquecento. I: Topografia e urbanistica da Giulio II a Clemente VIII. Florence: Leo S. Olschki.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simoncini, G. (ed.). 2011. Roma: Le trasformazioni urbane nel cinquecento. II: Dalla città al territorio. Florence: Leo S. Olschki.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. 1977. The Casino of Pius IV. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stenhouse, W. 2005. Reading inscriptions and writing ancient history. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Supplement 86. London: Institute of Classical Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summers, D. 1979. The sculpture of Vincenzio Danti. New York: Garland Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summers, D. 1996. Danti Family (1) Vincenzo [Vincenzio] Danti. Dictionary of Art. 34 vols, ed. Jane Turner, vol. 8, 511–513. New York: Grove Dictionaries.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabarroni, G. 1996. Ignazio [Egnazio] Danti. In Dictionary of Art, ed. Jane Turner, 34 vols, vol. 8, 513. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taussig, M.T. 2010. The devil and commodity: Fetishism in South America. 30th Anniversary Edition. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valeriani, S. 2006. Zimmermannskunst und Kirchenbau von der Spätantike bis zur Barockzeit. Petersberg: Michael Imhof Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valerio, V. 1982. The Neapolitan Saxton and his Survey of the Kingdom of Naples. The map collector 18 (1): 14–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valerio, V. 1993. Società uomini e istitutzioni cartografiche nel mezzogiorno d’Italia. Florence: Istituto Geografico Militare.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valerio, V. 2007. Cartography in the Kingdom of Naples during the early modern period. In The history of cartography. Vol. 3: Cartography in the European Renaissance, ed. Woodward, Pt. 1, 940–973. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, R. 1988. The Renaissance discovery of classical antiquity. 2d ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witcombe, C.L.C.E. 2008. Print publishing in sixteenth-century Rome: Growth and expansion, rivalry and murder. London: Harvey Miller Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zannini, G.L.M. 1980. Stampatori e librai a Roma nella seconda metà del cinquecento. Rome: Fratelli Palombi Editori.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pamela O. Long .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Long, P.O. (2017). Multi-tasking “Pre-professional” Architect/Engineers and Other Bricolagic Practitioners as Key Figures in the Elision of Boundaries Between Practice and Learning in Sixteenth-Century Europe: Some Roman Examples. In: Valleriani, M. (eds) The Structures of Practical Knowledge. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45671-3_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45671-3_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-45670-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-45671-3

  • eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics