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Liquid Phase TEM Investigations of Crystal Nucleation, Growth, and Transformation

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New Perspectives on Mineral Nucleation and Growth

Abstract

The scarcity of high-resolution, in situ tools has left many fundamental questions regarding crystallization processes unanswered. Recent years have seen many advances in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) approaches that allow TEM observations of liquid environments. These liquid phase TEM techniques provide an in situ platform for investigating the early events in materials formation and understanding the mechanisms by which crystals develop. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the liquid phase TEM experimental platforms and discuss recent studies that use the technique to address open questions in crystallization. We first highlight liquid phase TEM investigations into the calcium carbonate system, where the technique provides insights into the formation pathways that take the mineral from its solvated state to one of various solid phases and the effect that an organic additive can have on such processes. In the following section, we discuss studies of metal nanoparticle formation that investigate the mechanisms of nucleation and growth from a precursor solution, as well as the development into faceted nanocrystals in the presence of an organic ligand. We close the chapter with a discussion of areas for future development that would broaden the utility of liquid phase TEM.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation under grant DMR-1312697. Additional support for this work was provided by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Initiative on Materials Synthesis and Simulation Across Scales at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). PNNL is operated by Battelle for the US Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830. Work conducted at LLNL was performed under the auspices of the US DOE by LLNL under Contract DE-AC52-07NA20344.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA

    Michael H. Nielsen

  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Michael H. Nielsen

  3. Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA

    James J. De Yoreo

  4. Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA

    James J. De Yoreo

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  1. Michael H. Nielsen
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Correspondence to Michael H. Nielsen .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University Grenoble Alpes CNRS, ISTerre, Grenoble, France

    Alexander E.S. Van Driessche

  2. Material Physics, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany

    Matthias Kellermeier

  3. German Research Center for Geosciences, GFZ, Interface Geochemistry Section, Potsdam, Germany

    Liane G. Benning

  4. Department of Chemistry Physical Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany

    Denis Gebauer

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Nielsen, M.H., De Yoreo, J.J. (2017). Liquid Phase TEM Investigations of Crystal Nucleation, Growth, and Transformation. In: Van Driessche, A., Kellermeier, M., Benning, L., Gebauer, D. (eds) New Perspectives on Mineral Nucleation and Growth. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45669-0_18

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