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Is Human Security a Relevant Concept in the Context of Climate Change Adaptation Policies?

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Environmental Change and Human Security in Africa and the Middle East

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Abstract

This paper analyses the relevance of the concept of human security for the purpose of climate adaptation policies. The starting point of this inquiry is recent high-level debates and reports framing climate change as a security issue. One way in which climate change can be considered a ‘security risk’ is that its impacts are expected to undermine human security if adaptation measures are not taken. There is ample evidence that climate change poses threats to human security (e.g. water-related, economic, health, physical) from which it is necessary to protect individuals. However, the use and usefulness of the concept of human security for climate adaptation policy-making are much less apparent. This paper discusses the role of the human security concept in adaptation policies from an empirical and normative point of view. It examines its role in high-level discourse (e.g. in national foreign policy statements or at the UN general assembly) as well as in national adaptation policies. The paper is based, inter alia, on case studies that included over 70 in-depth, qualitative interviews with policy-makers and experts in four MMES (Mediterranean, Middle East and Sahel) countries (Ethiopia, Israel, Morocco and the occupied Palestinian territory (oPT)) as well as at EU and UN level.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    (The research that this paper is based on was carried out as part of the conducted research project “Climate Change, Water Conflict and Human Security” (www.clico.org) funded under the EU’s 7th Research Framework Programme (FP7). The empirical insights are presented at greater length in (Gerstetter et al. 2012).

  2. 2.

    Human security is not only about ‘freedoms’ and protection from threats, but is also closely linked to the development of human capabilities as conceptualised by Amartya Sen and the empowerment to respond to those threats in a positive manner. See (O’Brien et al. 2008; O’Brien and Leichenko 2007).

  3. 3.

    A similar conclusion is presented in Urwin and Jordan (2008).

  4. 4.

    See also d’Alisa (2012) for details of the strong state response to environmental impacts in Sarno, Italy where the politicisation and securitisation of the environmental situation, led to increased threats to human security.

  5. 5.

    Furthermore, deliberative and participative processes can reduce the risks that adaptation may pose to human security and conflict adaptation Albizua and Zografos (2012), Pascual et al. (2012).

  6. 6.

    For a discussion of the various dimensions of the human security concept, see Gasper (2005).

  7. 7.

    These insights are based on an analysis of policy frameworks in Ethiopia, Morocco, Israel and the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) as presented in Gerstetter et al. (2011).

  8. 8.

    The report was written in response to a consensus resolution of the General Assembly noting ongoing efforts to define the concept of human security and requesting member state views (UN General Assembly 2010).

  9. 9.

    Other listed activities included post-conflict peacebuilding, global financial and economic crisis and the Millennium Development Goals, and health and related challenges.

  10. 10.

    Japan also later helped establish the Friends of Human Security network within the United Nations, a discussion forum for member states and organisations which has helped push the concept forward within the system (United Nations Human Security Unit 2009; Takasu 2012).

  11. 11.

    I.e. relating to the protection of the nation state from threats, particularly where these stem from external sources.

  12. 12.

    The Human Security Network consists of over a dozen countries – representing different regions of the world – with a common goal of identifying concrete areas for collective action in the area of human security. The members are committed to (1) promoting respect for human rights and international humanitarian law (2) strengthening the rule of law and good governance and (3) fostering a culture of peace through peaceful resolution of conflicts, controlling the instruments of violence and ending impunity in case of violations of human rights and international law.

  13. 13.

    The Spanish Adaptation Strategy (Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático) states that impacts on human security and other human security-related aspects like food security, poverty or social inequality must be considered, although there is no further guidance on how human security impacts should be addressed or how to relate this action with adaptation actions.

  14. 14.

    The situation of the population in the oPT is different (see Gerstetter and Bar-On 2012).

  15. 15.

    For example, as pioneered in Spain through its Special Plans on Droughts (Planes especiales de sequía).

  16. 16.

    Since the initial research was conducted for this paper, a team at the University of Western Ontario has produced an extensive report which explores human security and its relationship to climate change vulnerabilities and adaptation in the Canadian domestic context (McBean et al. 2012). Nonetheless, this conceptualisation has yet to be taken up in national policy.

  17. 17.

    Examples for this are the decision taken within the UNFCCC context that least-developed countries should adopt National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) and the increasing amount of funding available for adaptation activities at the international level. On NAPAs, see National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs), http://unfccc.int/national_reports/napa/items/2719.php

  18. 18.

    The UNFCCC Paris Agreement changes provides new momentum for this process through the inclusion of a global goal to significantly strengthen adaptation to climate change and the commitment to developing appropriate adaptation policies and programmes (Article 7) (UNFCCC Secretariat 2015).

  19. 19.

    See United Nations Department of Public Information, Security Council SC/10332, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10332.doc.htm

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  1. Ecologic Institute, Pfalzburger Strasse 43/44, 10717, Berlin, Germany

    Katriona McGlade, Christiane Gerstetter, Elizabeth Tedsen & Rodrigo Vidaurre

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  1. Research Laboratory for Territorial Governance, Human Security and Sustainability (LAGOS) Faculty of Law, Economics and Social Sciences, Ibn Zohr University of Agadir, Agadir, Morocco

    Mohamed Behnassi

  2. Ecologic Institute, Berlin, Germany

    Katriona McGlade

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McGlade, K., Gerstetter, C., Tedsen, E., Vidaurre, R. (2017). Is Human Security a Relevant Concept in the Context of Climate Change Adaptation Policies?. In: Behnassi, M., McGlade, K. (eds) Environmental Change and Human Security in Africa and the Middle East. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45648-5_3

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