Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Graphene-based Materials in Health and Environment pp 159–190Cite as

Potentiality of Graphene-Based Materials for Neural Repair

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1108 Accesses

Part of the book series: Carbon Nanostructures ((CARBON))

Abstract

The use and interest of graphene-based materials for neural repair is still in its infancy. In the last years, a more and more solid body of work is being published on the ability of these materials to create biocompatible and biofunctional substrates able to promote the in vitro growth of neural cells, often supporting enhanced neural differentiation of stem/progenitor cells. Although in vivo studies with these materials are rare, encouraging pioneer works in the brain and the spinal cord might impulse the research community to translate their potentiality from cell cultures to animal models, a closer scenario for their potential use in human healthcare in the future. In this chapter, we first describe some relevant generalities regarding the nervous tissue and approaches to accomplish neural repair. Then, we expose the literature published to date on the use of graphene-based materials for neural repair and neural-related applications and discuss their potentiality in the field.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

3DG:

3D Printable Graphene

AMSC:

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

BMSC:

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow stromal cells

CNS:

Central nervous system

CNTF:

Ciliary neurotrophic factor

CVD:

Chemical vapor deposition

DMAEMA:

Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate

ELF-EMF:

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields

ES:

Electrical Stimulation

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GalC:

Galactocerebroside

GAP-43:

Growth-associate protein 43

GBM:

Graphene-based materials

GDNF:

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor

GFAP:

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

GO:

Graphene oxide

hOR:

Human olfactory receptors

IκB:

Inhibitor of kappa B

IL-1β:

Interleukin 1β

ITO:

Indium tin oxide

LPS:

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide

Map-2:

Microtubule-associated protein 2

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cells

MTT:

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

NGC:

Nerve guidance channel

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

NSC:

Neural stem cells

NT-3:

Neurotrophin 3

Olig2:

Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2

O4:

Oligodendrocyte marker O4

PDGRβ:

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β

PDMS:

Poly(dimethylsiloxane)

PEDOT:

Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)

PLGA:

Polylactic-co-glycolic acid

PNS:

Peripheral nervous system

rGO:

Partially reduced graphene oxide

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

sPSC:

Spontaneous post-synaptic currents

TCPS:

Tissue culture polystyrene

TENG:

Tissue engineered nerve graft

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor α

USFDA:

Food and Drug Administration of the USA

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

References

  1. Tavangarian F, Li Y (2012) Carbon nanostructures as nerve scaffolds for repairing large gaps in severed nerves. Ceram Int 38:6075–6090

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Li D, Müller MB, Gilje S et al (2008) Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. Nat Nanotechnol 3:101–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Yang X, Zhang X, Liu Z et al (2008) High-efficiency loading and controlled release of doxorubicin hydrochloride on graphene oxide. J Phys Chem C 112:17554–17558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Yang L, Wang F, Han H et al (2015) Functionalized graphene oxide as a drug carrier for loading pirfenidone in treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Colloids Surf B 129:21–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Chau NDQ, Ménard-Moyon C, Kostarelos K, Bianco A (2015) Multifunctional carbon nanomaterial hybrids for magnetic manipulation and targeting. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 468:454–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Soldano C, Mahmood A, Dujardin E (2010) Production, properties and potential of graphene. Carbon 48:2127–2150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Lee C, Wei X, Kysar JW et al (2008) Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321:385–388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Fraczek-Szczypta A (2014) Carbon nanomaterials for nerve tissue stimulation and regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C 34:35–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Gu X, Ding F, Williams DF (2014) Neural tissue engineering options for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 35:6143–6156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhang N, Yan H, Wen X (2005) Tissue-engineering approaches for axonal guidance. Brain Res Rev 49:48–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Nakanishi W, Minami K, Shrestha LK, Ji Q, Hill JP, Ariga K (2014) Bioactive nanocarbon assemblies: nanoarchitectonics and applications. Nano Today 9:378–394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Fattahi P, Yang G, Kim G, Abidian MR (2014) A review of organic and inorganic biomaterials for neural interfaces. Adv Mater 26:1846–1885

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. John AA, Subramanian AP, Vellayappan MV, Balaji A, Mohandas H, Jaqanathan SK (2015) Carbon nanotubes and graphene as emerging candidates in neuroregeneration and neurodrug delivery. Int J Nanomed 10:4267–4277

    Google Scholar 

  14. Li X, Katsanevakis E, Liu X et al (2012) Engineering neural stem cell fates with hydrogel design for central nervous system regeneration. Prog Polym Sci 37:1105–1129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Goshmitra S, Diercks D, Mills NC, Hynds A, Ghosh S (2012) Role of engineered nanocarriers for axón regeneration and guidance: current status and future trends. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64:110–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Chen R, Cohen LG, Hallett M (2002) Nervous system reorganization following injury. Neuroscience 111:761–773

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Fawcett JW, Asher RA (1999) The glial scar and central nervous system repair. Brain Res Bull 49:377–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Seil JT, Webster TJ (2010) Electrically active nanomaterials as improved neural tissue regeneration scaffolds. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2:635–647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Donaghue IE, Tam R, Sefton MV, Shoichet MS (2014) Cell and biomolecule delivery for tissue repair and regeneration in the central nervous system. J Control Rel 190:219–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hsieh FY, Lin HH, Hsu SH (2015) 3D bioprinting of neural stem cell-laden thermoresponsive biodegradable polyurethane hydrogel and potential in central nervous system repair. Biomaterials 71:48–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Thelin J, Jorntell H, Psouni E et al (2011) Implant size and fixation mode strongly influence tissue reactions in the CNS. PLoS One 6:e16267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Robinson LR (2000) Traumatic injury to peripheral nerves. Muscle Nerve 23:863–873

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Taylor CA, Braza D, Rice JB et al (2008) The incidence of peripheral nerve injury in extremity trauma. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 87:381–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Wolford LM, Stevao ELL (2003) Considerations in nerve repair. BUMC Proc 16:152–156

    Google Scholar 

  25. Meek MF, Coert JH (2008) US Food and Drug Administration/Conformit Europe-approved absorbable nerve conduits for clinical repair of peripheral and cranial nerves. Ann Plast Surg 60:466–472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Kehoe S, Zhang XF, Boyd D (2012) FDA approved guidance conduits and wraps for peripheral nerve injury: a review of materials and efficacy. Injury 43:553–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Matsumoto K, Ohnishi K, Kiyotani T et al (2000) Peripheral nerve regeneration across an 80-mm gap bridged by a poly-glycolic acid (PGA)-collagen tube filled with laminin-coated collagen fibers: a histological and electrophysiological evaluation of regenerated nerves. Brain Res 868:315–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Cai J, Peng X, Nelson KD et al (2005) Permeable guidance channels containing microfilament scaffolds enhance axon growth and maturation. J Biomed Mater Res A 75:374–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Chew SY, Mi R, Hoke A et al (2007) Aligned protein-polymer composite fibers enhance nerve regeneration: a potential tissue-engineering platform. Adv Funct Mater 17:1288–1296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Gu X, Ding F, Yang Y et al (2011) Construction of tissue engineered nerve grafts and their application in peripheral nerve regeneration. Prog Neurobiol 93:204–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hu N, Wu H, Xue C et al (2013) Long-term outcome of the repair of 50 mm long median nerve defects in rhesus monkeys with marrow mesenchymal stem cells-containing chitosan-based tissue engineered nerve grafts. Biomaterials 34:100–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Ding F, Wu J, Yang Y et al (2010) Use of tissue-engineered nerve grafts consisting of a chitosan/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based scaffold included with bone marrow mesenchymal cells for bridging 50-mm dog sciatic nerve gaps. Tissue Eng Part A 16:3779–3790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Yang Y, Yuan X, Ding F et al (2011) Repair of rat sciatic nerve gap by a silk fibroin-based scaffold added with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 17:2231–2244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kingham PJ, Kalbermatten DF, Mahay D et al (2007) Adipose-derived stem cells differentiate into a Schwann cell phenotype and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro. Exp Neurol 207:267–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Xu Y, Liu L, Li Y et al (2008) Myelin-forming ability of Schwann cell-like cells induced from rat adipose-derived stem cells in vitro. Brain Res 1239:49–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Georgiou M, Golding JP, Loughlin AJ et al (2015) Engineered neural tissue with aligned, differentiated adipose-derived stem cells promotes peripheral nerve regeneration across a critical sized defect in rat sciatic nerve. Biomaterials 37:242–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Rooney GE, Moran C, McMahon SS et al (2008) Gene-modified mesenchymal stem cells express functionally active nerve growth factor on an engineered poly lactic glycolic acid (PLGA) substrate. Tissue Eng Part A 14:681–690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Hudson TW, Evans GR, Schmidt CE (2000) Engineering strategies for peripheral nerve repair. Orthop Clin N Am 31:485–498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Evans GR (2001) Peripheral nerve injury: a review and approach to tissue engineered constructs. Anat Rec 263:396–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Hopkins AM, DeSimone E, Chwalek K, Kaplan DL (2015) 3D in vitro modeling of the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 125:1–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Pancrazio JJ, Wang F, Kelley CA (2007) Enabling tools for tissue engineering. Biosens Bioelectron 22:2803–2811

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Cao H, Liu T, Chew SY (2009) The application of nanofibrous scaffolds in neural tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 61:1055–1064

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Spivey EC, Khaing ZZ, Shear JB et al (2012) The fundamental role of sub-cellular topography in peripheral nerve repair therapies. Biomaterials 33:4264–4276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Schmidt CE, Leach JB (2003) Neural tissue engineering: strategies for repair and regeneration. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 5:293–347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Khaing ZZ, Schmidt CE (2012) Advances in natural biomaterials for nerve tissue repair. Neurosci Lett 519:103–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Jin GZ, Kim M, Shin US et al (2011) Neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglia neurons is enhanced on aligned nanofibrous biopolymer scaffold with carbon nanotube coating. Neurosci Lett 501:10–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Jiang X, Lim SH, Mao HQ et al (2010) Current applications and future perspectives of artificial nerve conduits. Exp Neurol 223:86–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Oh SH, Kim JH, Song KS et al (2008) Peripheral nerve regeneration within an asymmetrically porous PLGA/Pluronic F127 nerve guide conduit. Biomaterials 29:1601–1609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Novosel EC, Kleinhans C, Kluger PJ (2011) Vascularization is the key challenge in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 63:300–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Ferrara N (1999) Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the regulation of angiogenesis. Kidney Int 56:794–814

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Sondell M, Lundborg G, Kanje M (1999) Vascular endothelial growth factor has neurotrophic activity and stimulates axonal outgrowth, enhancing cell survival and Schwann cell proliferation in the peripheral nervous system. J Neurosci 19:5731–5740

    Google Scholar 

  52. Hobson MI, Green CJ, Terenghi G (2000) VEGF enhances intraneural angiogenesis and improves nerve regeneration after axotomy. J Anat 197:591–605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Pola R, Aprahamian TR, Bosch-Marcé M et al (2004) Age-dependent VEGF expression and intraneural neovascularization during regeneration of peripheral nerves. Neurobiol Aging 25:1361–1368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Aizawa Y, Wylie R, Shoichet M (2010) Endothelial cell guidance in 3D patterned scaffolds. Adv Mater 22:4831–4835

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Lee YB, Polio S, Lee W et al (2010) Bio-printing of collagen and VEGF-releasing fibrin gel scaffolds for neural stem cell culture. Exp Neurol 223:645–652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Benowitz LI, Popovich PG (2011) Inflammation and axon regeneration. Curr Opin Neurol 24:577–583

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Al-Majed AA, Neumann CM, Brushart TM et al (2000) Brief electrical stimulation promotes the speed and accuracy of motor axonal regeneration. J Neurosci 20:2602–2608

    Google Scholar 

  58. Brushart TM, Hoffman PN, Royall RM et al (2002) Electrical stimulation promotes motoneuron regeneration without increasing its speed or conditioning the neuron. J Neurosci 22:6631–6638

    Google Scholar 

  59. Brushart TM, Jari R, Verge V et al (2005) Electrical stimulation restores the specificity of sensory axon regeneration. Exp Neurol 194:221–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Geremia NM, Gordon T, Brushart TM et al (2007) Electrical stimulation promotes sensory neuron regeneration and growth-associated gene expression. Exp Neurol 205:347–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. McCaig CD, Rajnicek AM, Song B et al (2005) Controlling cell behavior electrically: current views and future potential. Physiol Rev 85:943–978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Clagett-Dame M, McNeill EM, Muley PD (2006) Role of all-trans retinoic acid in neurite outgrowth and axonal elongation. J Neurobiol 66:739–756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Teng YD, Lavik EB, Qu X et al (2002) Functional recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury mediated by a unique polymer scaffold seeded with neural stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:3024–3029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Li N, Zhang X, Song Q et al (2011) The promotion of neurite sprouting and outgrowth of mouse hippocampal cells in culture by graphene substrates. Biomaterials 32:9374–9382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Sahni D, Jea A, Mata JA et al (2013) Biocompatibility of pristine graphene for neuronal interface: laboratory investigation. J Neurosurg Pediatr 11:575–583

    Google Scholar 

  66. Hong D, Bae K, Yoo S et al (2013) Generation of cellular micropatterns on single-layered graphene film. Macromol Biosci 14:314–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Kim SM, Joo P, Ahn G et al (2013) Transparent conducting films based on reduced graphene oxide multilayers for biocompatible neuronal interfaces. J Biomed Nanothechnol 9:403–408

    Google Scholar 

  68. Lv M, Zhang Y, Liang L et al (2012) Effect of graphene oxide on undifferentiated and retinoic acid-differentiated SHSY5Y cells line. Nanoscale 4:3861–3866

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Lee JS, Lipatov A, Ha L et al (2015) Gaphene substrate for inducing neurite outgrowth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 460:267–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Tu Q, Pang L, Chen Y et al (2014) Effects of surface charges of graphene oxide on neuronal outgrowth and branching. Analyst 139:105–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Tu Q, Pang L, Wang L et al (2013) Biomimetic choline-like graphene oxide composites for neurite sprouting and outgrowth. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:13188–13197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Meng S (2014) Nerve cell differentiation using constant and programmed electrical stimulation through conductive non-functional graphene nanosheets film. Tissue Eng Reg Med 11:274–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Heo C, Yoo J, Lee S et al (2011) The control of neural cell-to-cell interactions through non-contact electrical field stimulation using graphene electrodes. Biomaterials 32:19–27

    Google Scholar 

  74. Liu HW, Huang WC, Chiang CS et al (2014) Arrayed rGOSH/PMASH microcapsule platform integrating surface topography, chemical cues, and electrical stimulation for three-dimensional neuron-like cells growth and neurite sprouting. Adv Funct Mater 24:3715–3724

    Google Scholar 

  75. Baniasadi H, Ramazani A, Mashayelhan S et al (2015) Design, fabrication and characterization of novel porous conductive scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater 64:969–977

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Song J, Gao H, Zhu G et al (2015) The preparation and characterization of polycaprolactone/graphene oxide biocomposite nanofiber scaffolds and their application for directing cell behaviors. Carbon 95:1039–1050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Zhou K, Thouas GA, Bernand CC et al (2012) Method to impart electro- and biofunctionality to neural scaffolds using graphene–polyelectrolyte multilayers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:4524–4531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Park SY, Park J, Sim SH et al (2011) Enhanced differentiation of human neural stem cells into neurons on graphene. Adv Mater 23:H263–H267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Solanki A, Dean Chueng ST, Yin PT et al (2013) Axonal alignment and enhanced neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells on graphene-nanoparticle hybrid structures. Adv Mater 25:5477–5482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Akhavan O, Ghaderi E (2013) Differentiation of human neural stem cells into neural networks on graphene nanogrids. J Mater Chem B 1:6291–6301

    Google Scholar 

  81. Akhavan O, Ghaderi E, Emamy H et al (2013) Genotoxicity of graphene nanoribbons in human mesenchymal stem cells. Carbon 54:419–431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Akhavan O, Ghaderi E (2013) Flash photo stimulation of human neural stem cells on graphene/TiO2 heterojunction for differentiation into neurons. Nanoscale 5:10316–10326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Akhavan O, Ghaderi E, Abouei E et al (2014) Accelerated differentiation of neural stem cells into neurons on ginseng-reduced graphene oxide sheets. Carbon 66:395–406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Akhavan O, Ghaderi E, Shirazian SA (2015) Near infrared laser stimulation of human neural stem cells into neurons on graphene nanomesh semiconductors. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 126:313–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Akhavan O, Ghaderi E (2014) The use of graphene in the self-organized differentiation of human neural stem cells into neurons under pulsed laser stimulation. J Mater Chem B 2:5602–5611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Akhavan O, Ghaderi E, Shirazian SA et al (2016) Rolled graphene oxide foams as three-dimensional scaffolds for growth of neural fibers using electrical stimulation of stem cells. Carbon 97:71–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Tang M, Song Q, Li N et al (2013) Enhancement of electrical signaling in neural networks on graphene films. Biomaterials 34:6402–6411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Shah S, Yin PT, Uehara TM et al (2014) Guiding stem cell differentiation into oligodendrocytes using graphene-nanofiber hybrid scaffolds. Adv Mater 26:3673–3680

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Weaver CL, Cui XT (2015) Directed neural stem cell differentiation with a functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite. Adv Healthc Mater 4:1408–1416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. González-Mayorga A, Gutiérrez MC, Collazos-Castro JE, Ferrer ML, del Monte F, Serrano MC (2016) Graphene oxide microfibers as selective substrates for neural regeneration. J Mater Chem B (under review)

    Google Scholar 

  91. Wang Y, Lee WC, Manga KK et al (2012) Fluorinated graphene for promoting neuro-induction of stem cells. Adv Mater 24:4285–4290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Müller K, Faeh C, Diederich F (2007) Fluorine in pharmaceuticals: looking beyond intuition. Science 317:1881–1886

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Oh HG, Nam HG, Kim DH et al (2014) Neuroblastoma cells grown on fluorine or oxygen treated graphene sheets. Mater Lett 131:328–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Lee YJ, Jang W, Im H et al (2015) Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields enhance neuronal differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on graphene-based substrates. Curr Appl Phys 15:S95–S102

    Google Scholar 

  95. Kim TH, Shah S, Yang L et al (2015) Controlling differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells using combinatorial graphene hybrid-pattern arrays. ACS Nano 9:3780–3790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Chen GY, Pang DWP, Hwang SM et al (2012) A graphene-based platform for induced pluripotent stem cells culture and differentiation. Biomaterials 33:418–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Li N, Zhang Q, Gao S et al (2013) Three-dimensional graphene foam as a biocompatible and conductive scaffold for neural stem cells. Sci Rep 3:1604

    Google Scholar 

  98. Yang D, Li T, Xu M et al (2014) Graphene oxide promotes the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells to dopamine neurons. Nanomedicine (Lond) 9:2445–2455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Song Q, Jiang Z, Li N et al (2014) Anti-inflammatory effects of three-dimensional graphene foams cultured with microglial cells. Biomaterials 35:6930–6940

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Block ML, Zecca L, Hong JS (2007) Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 8:57–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Defterali C, Verdejo R, Peponi L et al (2016) Thermally reduced graphene is a permissive material for neurons and astrocytes and de novo neurogenesis in the adult olfactory bulb in vivo. Biomaterials 82:84–93

    Google Scholar 

  102. Serrano MC, Patiño J, García-Rama C et al (2014) 3D free-standing porous scaffolds made of graphene oxide as substrates for neural cells growth. J Mater Chem B 2:5698–5706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. López-Dolado E, González-Mayorga A, Portolés MT et al (2015) Subacute tissue response to 3D graphene oxide scaffolds implanted in the injured rat spinal cord. Adv Healthc Mater 4:1861–1868

    Google Scholar 

  104. López-Dolado E, González-Mayorga A, Gutiérrez MC, Serrano MC (2016) Immunomodulatory and angiogenic responses induced by graphene oxide scaffolds in chronic spinal hemisected rats. Biomaterials 99:72–81

    Google Scholar 

  105. Jakus AE, Secor EB, Rutz AL et al (2015) Three-dimensional printing of high-content graphene scaffolds for electronic and biomedical applications. ACS Nano 9:4636–4648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Nguyen JK, Park DJ, Skousen JL et al (2014) Mechanically-compliant intracortical implants reduce the neuroinflammatory response. J Neural Eng 11:056014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Chen CH, Lin CT, Hsu WL et al (2013) A flexible hydrophilic modified graphene microprobe for neural and cardiac recording. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 9:600–604

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Apollo NV, Maturana MI, Tong W et al (2015) Soft, flexible freestanding neural stimulation and recording electrodes fabricated from reduced graphene oxide. Adv Funct Mater 25:3551–3559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Du X, Wu L, Cheng J et al (2015) Graphene microelectrode arrays for neural activity detection. J Biol Phys 41:339–347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Blau A (2013) Cell adhesion promotion strategies for signal transduction enhancement in microelectrode array in vitro electrophysiology: an introductory overview and critical discussion. Curr Opin Coll Interf Sci 18:481–492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Sherrell PC, Thompson BC, Wassei JK et al (2014) Maintaining cytocompatibility of biopolymers through a graphene layer for electrical stimulation of nerve cells. Adv Funct Mater 24:769–776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Pérez E, Lichtenstein MP, Suñol C et al (2015) Coatings of nanostructured pristine graphene-IrOx hybrids for neural electrodes: layered stacking and the role of non-oxygenated graphene. Mater Sci Eng C 55:218–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Luo X, Weaver CL, Tan S et al (2013) Pure graphene oxide doped conducting polymer nanocomposite for bio-interfacing. J Mater Chem B 1:1340–1348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Tian HC, Liu JQ, Wei DX et al (2014) Graphene oxide doped conducting polymer nanocomposite film for electrode–tissue interface. Biomaterials 35:2120–2129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Kwon OS, Song HS, Park SJ et al (2015) An ultrasensitive, selective, multiplexed superbioelectronic nose that mimics the human sense of smell. Nano Lett 15:6559–6567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Kim TH, Lee KB, Choi JW (2013) 3D graphene oxide-encapsulated gold nanoparticles to detect neural stem cell differentiation. Biomaterials 34:8660–8670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Chauhan N, Narang J, Jain U (2015) Highly sensitive and rapid detection of acetylcholine using an ITO plate modified with platinum–graphene nanoparticles. Analyst 140:1988–1994

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Hossain FM, Al-Dirini F, Skafidas E (2014) A graphene nanoribbon neuro-sensor for glycine detection and imaging. J Appl Phys 115:214303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Han J, Zhuo Y, Chai YQ, Yuan YL, Yuan R (2012) Novel electrochemical catalysis as signal amplified strategy for label-free detection of neuron-specific enolase. Biosens Bioelectron 31:399–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Li GZ, Tian F (2013) Magnetic graphene nanosheet-based electrochemical immunosensing platform for sensitive monitoring of neuron-specific enolase. Sens Lett 11:1931–1936

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Li GZ, Tian F (2013) Guanine-decorated graphene nanostructures for sensitive monitoring of neuron-specific enolase based on an enzyme-free electrocatalytic reaction. Anal Sci 29:1195–1201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Medina-Sánchez M, Miserere S, Merkoçi A (2012) Nanomaterials and lab-on-a-chip technologies. Lab Chip 12:1932–1943

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Arsiwala A, Desai P, Patravale V (2014) Recent advances in micro/nanoscale biomedical implants. J Control Rel 189:25–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. www.cyberkinetics.com. Last retrieved 03 June 2016

  125. www.2-sight.eu/en/patients-families-en. Last retrieved 03 June 2016

  126. Gardin C, Piattelli A, Zavan B (2016) Graphene in regenerative medicine: focus on stem cells and neuronal differentiation. Trends Biotechnol. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.01.006

    Google Scholar 

  127. Dong HS, Qi SJ (2015) Realising the potential of graphene-based materials for biosurfaces: a future perspective. Biosurf Biotribol 1:229–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Veliev F, Briançon-Marjollet A, Bouchiat V, Delacour C (2016) Impact of crystalline quality on neuronal affinity of pristine graphene. Biomaterials 86:33–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

MCS thanks the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain for a Miguel Servet I contract (MS13/00060, co-funded by FEDER).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, IdISSC, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    María Teresa Portolés

  2. Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Finca de La Peraleda s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain

    María Concepción Serrano

Authors
  1. María Teresa Portolés
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. María Concepción Serrano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to María Concepción Serrano .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Nanoengineering Research Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

    Gil Gonçalves

  2. Nanoengineering Research Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

    Paula Marques

  3. Nanoengineering Research Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

    Mercedes Vila

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Portolés, M.T., Serrano, M.C. (2016). Potentiality of Graphene-Based Materials for Neural Repair. In: Gonçalves , G., Marques, P., Vila, M. (eds) Graphene-based Materials in Health and Environment. Carbon Nanostructures. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45639-3_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation