Abstract
Graphene can be found in pure form or as derivatives of graphene; both forms are known as graphene-based nanoparticles (GNPs). These derivatives of graphene include graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO, GNP–polymer nanocomposites, and GNP–metal hybrids. These modifications of graphene nanoparticles can lead to nanomaterials or nanocomposites with different and novel properties, such as antimicrobial, adsorbent, and catalytic properties. As antimicrobials, GNPs can be used in environmental and medical applications. In environmental application, as an antimicrobial, the particles of GNPs have shown to inactivate both pure cultures and wastewater microbial communities. When using the GNPs as coatings in medical devices or water treatment membranes, the surface inhibits microbial survival and biofilm growth. Aside from antimicrobial applications, GNPs have also been used as adsorbent; owing to their large surface area and presence of functional groups. These GNPs have the ability to remove both heavy metals and organic contaminants from water. In addition, GNPs can serve as semiconductors to increase the efficiencies of photocatalytic and electrocatalytic systems, which can be used to inactivate microorganisms and degrade organic chemicals in water. The many uses and applications of GNPs will inevitably lead to their way to the environment through manufacturing byproducts and wastes, as well as weathering of commercial products containing GNP-based nanomaterials. GNPs are bioactive and they can impact the environment. While GNPs might be extremely useful, we should find a middle ground between toxicity and applications to minimize risks to the ecosystem.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Wu J, Pisula W, Müllen K (2007) Graphenes as potential material for electronics. Chem Rev 107(3):718–747
Miller RD, Chandross EA (2010) Introduction: materials for electronics. Chem Rev 110(1):1–2
Lee C et al (2008) Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321(5887):385–388
Balandin AA et al (2008) Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett 8(3):902–907
Hwang EH, Das Sarma S (2008) Acoustic phonon scattering limited carrier mobility in two-dimensional extrinsic graphene. Phys Rev B 77(11):115449
Stoller MD et al (2008) Graphene-based ultracapacitors. Nano Lett 8(10):3498–3502
Gao N, Fang X (2015) Synthesis and development of graphene–inorganic semiconductor nanocomposites. Chem Rev 115(16):8294–8343
Mao HY et al (2013) Graphene: promises, facts, opportunities, and challenges in nanomedicine. Chem Rev 113(5):3407–3424
Perreault F, Fonseca de Faria A, Elimelech M (2015) Environmental applications of graphene-based nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 44(16):5861–5896
Liu S et al (2011) Antibacterial activity of graphite, graphite oxide, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide: membrane and oxidative stress. ACS Nano 5(9):6971–6980
Navalon S et al (2014) Carbocatalysis by graphene-based materials. Chem Rev 114(12):6179–6212
Dale AL et al (2015) Modeling nanomaterial environmental fate in aquatic systems. Environ Sci Technol 49(5):2587–2593
Jung S-K et al (2015) Multi-endpoint, high-throughput study of nanomaterial toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ Sci Technol 49(4):2477–2485
Catherine MS et al (2012) Graphene nanocomposite for biomedical applications: fabrication, antimicrobial and cytotoxic investigations. Nanotechnology 23(39):395101
Kurantowicz N et al (2015) Interaction of graphene family materials with Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica. Nanoscale Res Lett 10:23
Bansal P et al (2015) Exoelectrogens leading to precise reduction of graphene oxide by flexibly switching their environment during respiration. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(37):20576–20584
Ristic BZ et al (2014) Photodynamic antibacterial effect of graphene quantum dots. Biomaterials 35(15):4428–4435
Efremova LV et al (2015) Toxicity of graphene shells, graphene oxide, and graphene oxide paper evaluated with Escherichia coli biotests. BioMed Res Int 2015:10
Markovic ZM et al (2012) Graphene quantum dots as autophagy-inducing photodynamic agents. Biomaterials 33(29):7084–7092
Chen J et al (2015) Antibacterial activity of graphene-modified anode on Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilm in microbial fuel cell. J Power Sources 290:80–86
Kim H, Abdala AA, Macosko CW (2010) Graphene/polymer nanocomposites. Macromolecules 43(16):6515–6530
Gurunathan S et al (2012) Oxidative stress-mediated antibacterial activity of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Nanomed 7:5901–5914
Ahmed F, Rodrigues DF (2013) Investigation of acute effects of graphene oxide on wastewater microbial community: a case study. J Hazard Mater 256–257:33–39
Mejias Carpio IE et al (2012) Toxicity of a polymer–graphene oxide composite against bacterial planktonic cells, biofilms, and mammalian cells. Nanoscale 4(15):4746–4756
Lee J et al (2013) Graphene oxide nanoplatelets composite membrane with hydrophilic and antifouling properties for wastewater treatment. J Membr Sci 448:223–230
Camden AN, Barr SA, Berry RJ (2013) Simulations of peptide–graphene interactions in explicit water. J Phys Chem B 117(37):10691–10697
Cao Y-C et al (2015) The preparation of graphene reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) antibacterial nanocomposite thin film. Int J Polym Sci 2015(407043):1–7
Kumar D et al (2015) Microwave-assisted synthesis, characterization of reduced graphene oxide, and its antibacterial activity. Bull Korean Chem Soc 36(8):2034–2038
Akhavan O, Ghaderi E (2010) Toxicity of graphene and graphene oxide nanowalls against bacteria. ACS Nano 4(10):5731–5736
Akhavan O, Ghaderi E (2010) Toxicity of graphene and graphene oxide nanowalls against bacteria. ACS Nano 4(10):5731–5736
Gurunathan S et al (2013) Antibacterial activity of dithiothreitol reduced graphene oxide. J Ind Eng Chem 19(4):1280–1288
Bora C et al (2013) Strong and conductive reduced graphene oxide/polyester resin composite films with improved mechanical strength, thermal stability and its antibacterial activity. Compos Sci Technol 87:1–7
Pan Y, Sahoo NG, Li L (2012) The application of graphene oxide in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 9(11):1365–1376
Cai X et al (2012) The use of polyethyleneimine-modified reduced graphene oxide as a substrate for silver nanoparticles to produce a material with lower cytotoxicity and long-term antibacterial activity. Carbon 50(10):3407–3415
An X et al (2013) Graphene oxide reinforced polylactic acid/polyurethane antibacterial composites. J Nanomater 2013:18
Chieng BW et al (2015) Reinforcement of graphene nanoplatelets on plasticized poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites: mechanical, thermal, morphology, and antibacterial properties. J Appl Polym Sci 132(11): n/a–n/a
Zhou X, Shi T, Zhou H (2012) Hydrothermal preparation of ZnO-reduced graphene oxide hybrid with high performance in photocatalytic degradation. Appl Surf Sci 258(17):6204–6211
Wang Y-W et al (2014) Superior antibacterial activity of zinc oxide/graphene oxide composites originating from high zinc concentration localized around bacteria. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(4):2791–2798
Kavitha T et al (2012) Glucose sensing, photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of graphene–ZnO nanoparticle hybrids. Carbon 50(8):2994–3000
Akhavan O, Ghaderi E (2009) Photocatalytic reduction of graphene oxide nanosheets on TiO2 thin film for photoinactivation of bacteria in solar light irradiation. J Phys Chem C 113(47):20214–20220
Chang Y-N et al (2015) Synthesis of magnetic graphene oxide–TiO2 and their antibacterial properties under solar irradiation. Appl Surf Sci 343:1–10
Shao W et al (2015) Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticle-decorated graphene oxide nanocomposite. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(12):6966–6973
Xu W-P et al (2011) Facile synthesis of silver@ graphene oxide nanocomposites and their enhanced antibacterial properties. J Mater Chem 21(12):4593–4597
Kalishwaralal K et al (2010) Silver nanoparticles impede the biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Colloids Surf B 79(2):340–344
Jastrzębska AM, Kurtycz P, Olszyna AR (2012) Recent advances in graphene family materials toxicity investigations. J Nanopart Res 14(12):1–21
Guo R, Mao J, Yan L-T (2013) Computer simulation of cell entry of graphene nanosheet. Biomaterials 34(17):4296–4301
Titov AV, Král P, Pearson R (2010) Sandwiched graphene—membrane superstructures. ACS Nano 4(1):229–234
Upadhyay RK, Soin N, Roy SS (2014) Role of graphene/metal oxide composites as photocatalysts, adsorbents and disinfectants in water treatment: a review. RSC Adv 4(8):3823–3851
Wu C et al (2015) Vacuolization in cytoplasm and cell membrane permeability enhancement triggered by micrometer-sized graphene oxide. ACS Nano 9(8):7913–7924
Tu Y et al (2013) Destructive extraction of phospholipids from Escherichia coli membranes by graphene nanosheets. Nat Nano 8(8):594–601
Liu S et al (2012) Lateral dimension-dependent antibacterial activity of graphene oxide sheets. Langmuir 28(33):12364–12372
Lushchak VI (2014) Free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and its classification. Chem Biol Interact 224:164–175
Vallyathan V, Shi X (1997) The role of oxygen free radicals in occupational and environmental lung diseases. Environ Health Perspect 105(Suppl 1):165
Thannickal VJ, Fanburg BL (2000) Reactive oxygen species in cell signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279(6):L1005–L1028
Kohen R, Nyska A (2002) Invited review: oxidation of biological systems: oxidative stress phenomena, antioxidants, redox reactions, and methods for their quantification. Toxicol Pathol 30(6):620–650
Finkel T, Holbrook NJ (2000) Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408(6809):239–247
Su C et al (2012) Probing the catalytic activity of porous graphene oxide and the origin of this behaviour. Nat Commun 3:1298
Zhang W et al (2012) Unraveling stress-induced toxicity properties of graphene oxide and the underlying mechanism. Adv Mater 24(39):5391–5397
Musico YLF et al (2014) Surface modification of membrane filters using graphene and graphene oxide-based nanomaterials for bacterial inactivation and removal. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2(7):1559–1565
Rana S et al (2010) Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in radiation research: current status and perspectives. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2(2):80
Applerot G et al (2012) Understanding the antibacterial mechanism of CuO nanoparticles: revealing the route of induced oxidative stress. Small 8(21):3326–3337
Hu X et al (2015) Effects of graphene oxide and oxidized carbon nanotubes on the cellular division, microstructure, uptake, oxidative stress, and metabolic profiles. Environ Sci Technol 49(18):10825–10833
Apel K, Hirt H (2004) Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55:373–399
Amanda JA, David IG, Mark WS (1998) Use of a new tetrazolium-based assay to study the production of superoxide radicals by tobacco cell cultures challenged with avirulent zoospores of Phytophthora parasitica var nicotianae. Plant Physiol 117(2):491–499
Krishnamurthy A et al (2013) Passivation of microbial corrosion using a graphene coating. Carbon 56:45–49
Li J et al (2014) Antibacterial activity of large-area monolayer graphene film manipulated by charge transfer. Sci Rep 4:4359
Major R et al (2014) Graphene based porous coatings with antibacterial and antithrombogenous function—materials and design. Arch Civil Mech Eng 14(4):540–549
Mangadlao JD et al (2015) On the antibacterial mechanism of graphene oxide (GO) Langmuir–Blodgett films. Chem Commun 51(14):2886–2889
Yuan H, He Z (2015) Graphene-modified electrodes for enhancing the performance of microbial fuel cells. Nanoscale 7(16):7022–7029
Rabaey K, Verstraete W (2005) Microbial fuel cells: novel biotechnology for energy generation. Trends Biotechnol 23(6):291–298
Santos CM et al (2011) Antimicrobial graphene polymer (PVK–GO) nanocomposite films. Chem Commun 47(31):8892–8894
Mazaheri M, Akhavan O, Simchi A (2014) Flexible bactericidal graphene oxide–chitosan layers for stem cell proliferation. Appl Surf Sci 301:456–462
Goncalves G et al (2009) Surface modification of graphene nanosheets with gold nanoparticles: the role of oxygen moieties at graphene surface on gold nucleation and growth. Chem Mater 21(20):4796–4802
Hussain N et al (2014) Reduced graphene oxide nanosheets decorated with au nanoparticles as an effective bactericide: investigation of biocompatibility and leakage of sugars and proteins. ChemPlusChem 79(12):1774–1784
Zeng X et al (2015) Silver/reduced graphene oxide hydrogel as novel bactericidal filter for point-of-use water disinfection. Adv Funct Mater 25(27):4344–4351
Tedesco S et al (2010) Oxidative stress and toxicity of gold nanoparticles in Mytilus edulis. Aquat Toxicol 100(2):178–186
Akhavan O, Ghaderi E, Rahimi K (2012) Adverse effects of graphene incorporated in TiO2 photocatalyst on minuscule animals under solar light irradiation. J Mater Chem 22(43):23260–23266
He W et al (2013) Photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of Au–TiO2 nanocomposite on monolayer graphene: from experiment to theory. J Appl Phys 114(20)
Akhavan O, Choobtashani M, Ghaderi E (2012) Protein degradation and RNA efflux of viruses photocatalyzed by graphene–tungsten oxide composite under visible light irradiation. J Phys Chem C 116(17):9653–9659
Qi X et al (2015) Synergetic antibacterial activity of reduced graphene oxide and boron doped diamond anode in three dimensional electrochemical oxidation system. Sci Rep 5:10388
Smith SC, Rodrigues DF (2015) Carbon-based nanomaterials for removal of chemical and biological contaminants from water: a review of mechanisms and applications. Carbon 91:122–143
Pei Z et al (2013) Adsorption characteristics of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2-naphthol and naphthalene on graphene and graphene oxide. Carbon 51:156–163
Apul OG et al (2013) Adsorption of aromatic organic contaminants by graphene nanosheets: comparison with carbon nanotubes and activated carbon. Water Res 47(4):1648–1654
Yang K, Chen B, Zhu L (2015) Graphene-coated materials using silica particles as a framework for highly efficient removal of aromatic pollutants in water. Sci Rep 5:11641
Bong J et al (2015) Dynamic graphene filters for selective gas–water–oil separation. Sci Rep 5:14321
Ramesha GK et al (2011) Graphene and graphene oxide as effective adsorbents toward anionic and cationic dyes. J Colloid Interface Sci 361(1):270–277
Lenglet G et al (2010) DNA-destabilizing agents as an alternative approach for targeting DNA: mechanisms of action and cellular consequences. J Nucleic Acids
Sun L, Yu H, Fugetsu B (2012) Graphene oxide adsorption enhanced by in situ reduction with sodium hydrosulfite to remove acridine orange from aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater 203–204:101–110
Gao Y et al (2012) Adsorption and removal of tetracycline antibiotics from aqueous solution by graphene oxide. J Colloid Interface Sci 368(1):540–546
Yin L, Lin Y, Jia L (2014) Graphene oxide functionalized magnetic nanoparticles as adsorbents for removal of phthalate esters. Microchim Acta 181(9–10):957–965
Xu J, Wang L, Zhu Y (2012) Decontamination of bisphenol A from aqueous solution by graphene adsorption. Langmuir 28(22):8418–8425
Michałowicz J (2014) Bisphenol A—sources, toxicity and biotransformation. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 37(2):738–758
Maliyekkal SM et al (2013) Graphene: a reusable substrate for unprecedented adsorption of pesticides. Small 9(2):273–283
Zhang N et al (2015) Waltzing with the versatile platform of graphene to synthesize composite photocatalysts. Chem Rev 115(18):10307–10377
Perera SD et al (2012) Hydrothermal synthesis of graphene–TiO2 nanotube composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity. ACS Catal 2(6):949–956
Zhang J, Xiong Z, Zhao XS (2011) Graphene–metal-oxide composites for the degradation of dyes under visible light irradiation. J Mater Chem 21(11):3634–3640
Liu J et al (2010) Self-assembling TiO2 nanorods on large graphene oxide sheets at a two-phase interface and their anti-recombination in photocatalytic applications. Adv Funct Mater 20(23):4175–4181
Sellappan R et al (2013) Influence of graphene synthesizing techniques on the photocatalytic performance of graphene–TiO2 nanocomposites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15(37):15528–15537
Liang Y et al (2010) TiO2 nanocrystals grown on graphene as advanced photocatalytic hybrid materials. Nano Res 3(10):701–705
Leong KH et al (2015) Reduced graphene oxide and Ag wrapped TiO2 photocatalyst for enhanced visible light photocatalysis. APL Mater 3(10):104503–104503
Khan Z et al (2012) Visible light assisted photocatalytic hydrogen generation and organic dye degradation by CdS–metal oxide hybrids in presence of graphene oxide. RSC Adv 2(32):12122–12128
Wang Y et al (2014) Electrostatic self-assembly of BiVO4–reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for highly efficient visible light photocatalytic activities. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(15):12698–12706
Shanmugam M et al (2015) Enhanced photocatalytic performance of the graphene–V2O5 nanocomposite in the degradation of methylene blue dye under direct sunlight. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(27):14905–14911
Zhu M, Chen P, Liu M (2011) Graphene oxide enwrapped Ag/AgX (X = Br, Cl) nanocomposite as a highly efficient visible-light plasmonic photocatalyst. ACS Nano 5(6):4529–4536
Yang X et al (2013) Fabrication of Ag3PO4–graphene composites with highly efficient and stable visible light photocatalytic performance. ACS Catal 3(3):363–369
Yusuf M et al (2015) Applications of graphene and its derivatives as an adsorbent for heavy metal and dye removal: a systematic and comprehensive overview. RSC Adv 5(62):50392–50420
Sitko R et al (2013) Adsorption of divalent metal ions from aqueous solutions using graphene oxide. Dalton Trans 42(16):5682–5689
Fan L et al (2012) Synthesis of graphene oxide decorated with magnetic cyclodextrin for fast chromium removal. J Mater Chem 22(47):24577–24583
Liu L et al (2012) Preparation and characterization of chitosan/graphene oxide composites for the adsorption of Au(III) and Pd(II). Talanta 93:350–357
Madadrang CJ et al (2012) Adsorption behavior of EDTA-graphene oxide for Pb(II) removal. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4(3):1186–1193
Cui L et al (2015) EDTA functionalized magnetic graphene oxide for removal of Pb(II), Hg(II) and Cu(II) in water treatment: adsorption mechanism and separation property. Chem Eng J 281:1–10
Zhao G et al (2011) Few-layered graphene oxide nanosheets as superior sorbents for heavy metal ion pollution management. Environ Sci Technol 45(24):10454–10462
Luo X et al (2012) Adsorption of As(III) and As(V) from water using magnetite Fe3O4-reduced graphite oxide–MnO2 nanocomposites. Chem Eng J 187:45–52
Gao W et al (2011) Engineered graphite oxide materials for application in water purification. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 3(6):1821–1826
Viraka Nellore BP et al (2015) Bio-conjugated CNT-bridged 3D porous graphene oxide membrane for highly efficient disinfection of pathogenic bacteria and removal of toxic metals from water. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(34):19210–19218
Musico YLF et al (2013) Improved removal of lead(II) from water using a polymer-based graphene oxide nanocomposite. J Mater Chem A 1(11):3789–3796
Zhang Y et al (2014) Highly efficient adsorption of copper ions by a PVP-reduced graphene oxide based on a new adsorptions mechanism. Nano-Micro Lett 6(1):80–87
He Y-R et al (2015) A green approach to recover Au(III) in aqueous solution using biologically assembled rGO hydrogels. Chem Eng J 270:476–484
Qiu Y et al (2014) Antioxidant chemistry of graphene-based materials and its role in oxidation protection technology. Nanoscale 6(20):11744–11755
Lipinski B (2011) Hydroxyl radical and its scavengers in health and disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev
Zhang C et al (2015) Reduced graphene oxide enhances horseradish peroxidase stability by serving as radical scavenger and redox mediator. Carbon 94:531–538
Yang J et al (2015) The synergistic mechanism of thermally reduced graphene oxide and antioxidant in improving the thermo-oxidative stability of polypropylene. Carbon 89:340–349
Yang J et al (2013) The intrinsic thermal-oxidative stabilization effect of chemically reduced graphene oxide on polypropylene. J Mater Chem A 1(37):11184–11191
Yuan B et al (2015) Solid acid-reduced graphene oxide nanohybrid for enhancing thermal stability, mechanical property and flame retardancy of polypropylene. RSC Adv 5(51):41307–41316
Ming H et al (2014) Multilayer graphene: a potential anti-oxidation barrier in simulated primary water. J Mater Sci Technol 30(11):1084–1087
Singh Raman RK et al (2012) Protecting copper from electrochemical degradation by graphene coating. Carbon 50(11):4040–4045
Kirkland NT et al (2012) Exploring graphene as a corrosion protection barrier. Corros Sci 56:1–4
Prasai D et al (2012) Graphene: corrosion-inhibiting coating. ACS Nano 6(2):1102–1108
Ye X et al (2015) Protecting carbon steel from corrosion by laser in situ grown graphene films. Carbon 94:326–334
Qiu Z et al (2015) Graphene oxide as a corrosion-inhibitive coating on magnesium alloys. RSC Adv 5(55):44149–44159
Chen S et al (2011) Oxidation resistance of graphene-coated Cu and Cu/Ni Alloy. ACS Nano 5(2):1321–1327
Chang C-H et al (2012) Novel anticorrosion coatings prepared from polyaniline/graphene composites. Carbon 50(14):5044–5051
Su Y et al (2014) Impermeable barrier films and protective coatings based on reduced graphene oxide. Nat Commun 5
Harvie DI (1999) The radium century. Endeavour 23(3):100–105
Bouwman H et al (2013) DDT: fifty years since. Silent Spring
Smith SC, Rodrigues DFR (2013) The fate of carbon-based nanomaterials in the environment. J Bioremed Biodeg 3(1):2155–6199
Zurutuza A, Marinelli C (2014) Challenges and opportunities in graphene commercialization. Nat Nano 9(10):730–734
Lanphere JD et al (2014) Stability and transport of graphene oxide nanoparticles in groundwater and surface water. Environ Eng Sci 31(7):350–359
Krishnamoorthy K et al (2012) Antibacterial efficiency of graphene nanosheets against pathogenic bacteria via lipid peroxidation. J Phys Chem C 116(32):17280–17287
Brar SK et al (2010) Engineered nanoparticles in wastewater and wastewater sludge—evidence and impacts. Waste Manag 30(3):504–520
Rodrigues DF, Elimelech M (2010) Toxic effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes in the development of E. coli biofilm. Environ Sci Technol 44(12):4583–4589
Oleszczuk P, Jośko I, Xing B (2011) The toxicity to plants of the sewage sludges containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes. J Hazard Mater 186(1):436–442
Hu X et al (2014) Interactions between graphene oxide and plant cells: regulation of cell morphology, uptake, organelle damage, oxidative effects and metabolic disorders. Carbon 80(2014):665–676
Chen Y et al (2015) Mitigation in multiple effects of graphene oxide toxicity in zebrafish embryogenesis driven by humic acid. Environ Sci Technol 49(16):10147–10154
Kurapati R et al (2015) Dispersibility-dependent biodegradation of graphene oxide by myeloperoxidase. Small 11(32):3985–3994
Jackson P et al (2013) Bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes. Chem Cent J 7:154
Chakravarty D, Erande MB, Late DJ (2015) Graphene quantum dots as enhanced plant growth regulators: effects on coriander and garlic plants. J Sci Food Agric 95(13):2772–2778
Begum P, Ikhtiari R, Fugetsu B (2011) Graphene phytotoxicity in the seedling stage of cabbage, tomato, red spinach, and lettuce. Carbon 49(12):3907–3919
Wang J et al (2016) Effect of bioreduced graphene oxide on anaerobic biotransformation of nitrobenzene in an anaerobic reactor. Environ Technol 37(1):39–45
Hu X, Zhou Q (2013) Health and ecosystem risks of graphene. Chem Rev 113(5):3815–3835
Dreyer DR et al (2010) The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem Soc Rev 39(1):228–240
He J et al (2015) Killing dental pathogens using antibacterial graphene oxide. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(9):5605–5611
Kellici S et al (2014) A single rapid route for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide with antibacterial activities. RSC Adv 4(29):14858–14861
Cao B et al (2013) High antibacterial activity of ultrafine TiO2/graphene sheets nanocomposites under visible light irradiation. Mater Lett 93:349–352
Kim IY et al (2014) Strongly-coupled freestanding hybrid films of graphene and layered titanate nanosheets: an effective way to tailor the physicochemical and antibacterial properties of graphene film. Adv Funct Mater 24(16):2288–2294
Ning W et al (2015) Polyethylenimine mediated silver nanoparticle-decorated magnetic graphene as a promising photothermal antibacterial agent. Nanotechnology 26(19):195703–195703
Nguyen VH et al (2012) Preparation and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles-decorated graphene composites. J Supercrit Fluids 72:28–35
Shen J et al (2012) Polyelectrolyte-assisted one-step hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-reduced graphene oxide composite and its antibacterial properties. Mater Sci Eng C 32(2012):2042–2047
Cao Y-C et al (2015) The preparation of graphene reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) antibacterial nanocomposite thin film. Int J Polym Sci 2015:1–7
Alsharaeh E et al (2016) Novel route for the preparation of cobalt oxide nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites and their antibacterial activities. Ceram Int 42(2, Part B):3407–3410
Santhosh C et al (2014) Adsorption, photodegradation and antibacterial study of graphene–Fe3O4 nanocomposite for multipurpose water purification application. RSC Adv 4(54):28300–28308
Duan L et al (2015) Graphene immobilized enzyme/polyethersulfone mixed matrix membrane: enhanced antibacterial, permeable and mechanical properties. Appl Surf Sci 355:436–445
Li P et al (2015) Developing of a novel antibacterial agent by functionalization of graphene oxide with guanidine polymer with enhanced antibacterial activity. Appl Surf Sci 355:446–452
Chen X, Chen B (2015) Macroscopic and spectroscopic investigations of the adsorption of nitroaromatic compounds on graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene nanosheets. Environ Sci Technol 49(10):6181–6189
Yan H et al (2015) Influence of the surface structure of graphene oxide on the adsorption of aromatic organic compounds from water. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(12):6690–6697
Wang J, Chen Z, Chen B (2014) Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by graphene and graphene oxide nanosheets. Environ Sci Technol 48(9):4817–4825
Sui Z et al (2012) Green synthesis of carbon nanotube-graphene hybrid aerogels and their use as versatile agents for water purification. J Mater Chem 22(18):8767–8771
Chandra V et al (2010) Water-dispersible magnetite-reduced graphene oxide composites for arsenic removal. ACS Nano 4(7):3979–3986
Liu M et al (2011) Synthesis of magnetite/graphene oxide composite and application for Cobalt(II) removal. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115(51):25234–25240
Sun Y et al (2012) Interaction between Eu(III) and graphene oxide nanosheets investigated by batch and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and by modeling techniques. Environ Sci Technol 46(11):6020–6027
Lei Y et al (2014) Synthesis of three-dimensional graphene oxide foam for the removal of heavy metal ions. Chem Phys Lett 593:122–127
Ren Y et al (2011) Graphene/δ-MnO2 composite as adsorbent for the removal of nickel ions from wastewater. Chem Eng J 175:1–7
Leng Y et al (2012) Removal of antimony(III) from aqueous solution by graphene as an adsorbent. Chem Eng J 211–212:406–411
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nadres, E.T., Fan, J., Rodrigues, D.F. (2016). Toxicity and Environmental Applications of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials. In: Gonçalves , G., Marques, P., Vila, M. (eds) Graphene-based Materials in Health and Environment. Carbon Nanostructures. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45639-3_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45639-3_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-45637-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-45639-3
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)