Abstract
To help explain events and behavior, people search for causes. In some cases the identified causes are found within persons, in other cases they are found in the environment, in still other cases they are found in the interaction between person and environment. When provided with multiple opportunities for observation, people typically follow a principle of covariation. With only one chance for observation, people rely on causal schemata. Although attributional inferences are often correct, there are two primary classes of attributional error. First, there is a natural difference in perspective between actors and observers. Actors are “looking outward,” concentrating on factors in the environment, but observers are concentrating only on the actor. This perspective difference leads observers to over-attribute events to persons, paying too little attention to situational factors, a cognitive mistake known as the fundamental attribution error. Second, there are errors created by the observer’s motivation. Three examples are the self-serving bias, the need to believe in a just world, and defensive attribution. These errors and objective attribution processes are described and illustrated by examples from entrepreneurship.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bradley GW (1978) Self-serving biases in the attribution process: a reexamination of the fact or fiction question. J Pers Soc Psychol 36:56–71
Campbell CA (1957) On selfhood and godhood. Allen & Unwin, London
Feinberg J (ed) (1981) Reason and responsibility, 5th edn. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA
Gartner WB, Shaver KG (2004) Opportunities as attributions: the enterprise-serving bias. In: Butler J (ed) Opportunity identification and entrepreneurial behavior. Information Age Publishing, San Francisco, CA, pp 29–46
Gartner WB, Shaver KG, Carter NM, Reynolds PD (2004) Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: the process of business creation. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA
Gatewood EJ, Shaver KG, Gartner WB (1995) A longitudinal study of cognitive factors influencing start-up behaviors and success at venture creation. J Bus Ventur 10:371–391
Heider F (1958) The psychology of interpersonal relations. Wiley, New York
Jones EE, Davis KE (1965) From acts to dispositions: the attribution process in person perception. In: Berkowitz L (ed) Advances in experimental social psychology. Academic, New York, pp 219–266
Kelley HH (1967) Attribution processes in social psychology. In: Levine D (ed) Nebraska symposium on motivation. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE, pp 192–238
Kelley HH (1972) Causal schemata and the attribution process. In: Jones EE, Kanouse DE, Kelley HH, Nisbett RE, Valins S, Weiner B (eds) Attribution: perceiving the causes of behavior. General Learning Press, Morristown, NJ, pp 151–174
Kelley HH (1973) The processes of causal attribution. Am Psychol 28:107–128
Lerner MJ, Simmons CH (1966) Observers’ reaction to the “innocent victim”: compassion or rejection? J Pers Soc Psychol 4:203–210
Porter ME (1980) Competitive strategy: techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. The Free Press, New York
Reid T (1863) Of the liberty of moral agents. In: Hamilton W (ed) The works of Thomas Reid, 6th edn. Maclachlan & Stewart, Edinburgh, pp 599–636
Reynolds PD, Curtin RT (eds) (2009) New firm creation in the United States: initial explorations with the PSED II data set. Springer, New York
Ross LD (1977) The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings. In: Berkowitz L (ed) Advances in experimental social psychology. Academic, New York, pp 173–220
Shaver KG (1970) Defensive attribution: effects of severity and relevance on the responsibility assigned for an accident. J Pers Soc Psychol 14:101–113
Shaver KG (1975) An introduction to attribution processes. Winthrop, Cambridge, MA
Shaver KG (1985) The attribution of blame: causality, responsibility, and blameworthiness. Springer, New York
Shaver KG, Gartner WB, Crosby E, Bakalarova K, Gatewood EJ (2001) Attributions about entrepreneurship: a framework and process for analyzing reasons for starting a business. Enterp Theory Pract 26:5–32
Skinner BF (1953) Science and human behavior. Macmillan, New York
Weiner B, Frieze IH, Kukla A, Reed L, Rest S, Rosenbaum RM (1972) Perceiving the causes of success and failure. In: Jones EE, Kanouse DE, Kelley HH, Nisbett RE, Valins S, Weiner B (eds) Attribution: perceiving the causes of behavior. General Learning Press, Morristown, NJ, pp 95–120
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shaver, K.G. (2017). Why? Attributions About and By Entrepreneurs. In: Brännback, M., Carsrud, A. (eds) Revisiting the Entrepreneurial Mind. International Studies in Entrepreneurship, vol 35. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45544-0_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45544-0_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-45543-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-45544-0
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)