Skip to main content

The Protocol on Trade and the Creation of the Southern African Development Community Free Trade Area

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU)
  • 449 Accesses

Abstract

The author offers a much-needed analysis of regional economic integration in the SADC and explains the successful establishment of the SADC Free Trade Area. He outlines the demand for regional market integration in the SADC’s member states from a structural perspective in consideration of intra-regional economic interdependence and trade relations. Against this background, this chapter provides an explanation of the specific provisions of the SADC Protocol on Trade that determined the institutional design of the free trade area. In this respect, Muntschick highlights the key role of South Africa as the regional economic hegemon. Finally, this chapter evaluates the performance of the SADC Free Trade Area on the basis of several indicators and concludes that the project is a success despite some shortcomings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adelmann, M. 2003. Regionale Kooperation im südlichen Afrika. Freiburg: Arnold-Bergstraesser-Institut.

    Google Scholar 

  • Afrikaverein der Deutschen Wirtschaft. 2012. SADC Business Climate 2010/11. Outlook 2012. A German Business Perspective. With Research provided by Rand Merchant Bank. Hamburg: Afrikaverein der Deutschen Wirtschaft.

    Google Scholar 

  • African Development Bank. 1993. Prospects for Economic Integration in Southern Africa. Oxford: Biddles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, N.L. 2004. African Regional Integration—The EU-SA Free Trade Agreement. Leipzig: Universität Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, C.M. 1988. The Impact of Sanctions on South Africa and its Periphery. African Studies Review 31 (2): 61–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behar, A., and L. Edward. 2011. How Integrated is SADC? Trends in Intra-Regional and Extra-Regional Trade Flows Policy. Washington: World Bank.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, T. 1993. The Impact of Sanctions on South Africa. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 12 (1): 1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bezuidenhout, H., and W. Naudé. 2008. Foreign Direct Investment and Trade in the Southern African Development Community. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenton. P., F. Flatters, and P. Kalenga. 2005. Rules of Origin and SADC: The Case for Change in the Mid Term Review of the Trade Protocol. Africa Region Working Paper Series (83). Washington: World Bank

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrère, C. 2004. African Regional Agreements: Impact on Trade with or without Currency Unions. Journal of African Economies 13 (2): 199–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chauvin, S., and G. Gaulier. 2002. Prospects for Increasing Trade Among SADC Countries. In Monitoring Regional Integration in Southern Africa Yearbook, vol. 2, ed. D. Hansohm, C. Peters-Berries, W. Breytenbach, T. Hartzenberg, W. Maier, and P. Meyns, 21–42. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chipeta, C., and K. Schade. 2007. Deepening Integration in SADC. Macroeconomic Policies and Social Impact. A Comparative Analysis of 10 Country Studies and Surveys of Business and Non-State Actors. Regional Integration in Southern Africa, vol 12. Gaborone: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleary, S. 1999. Regional Integration and the Southern African Development Community. Journal of Public and International Affairs 10 (1): 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • COSATU. 1999. COSATU Submission on the SADC Protocol on Trade. Johannesburg: COSATU.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coussy, J. 1996. Slow Institutional Progress and Capitalist Dynamics in Southern African Integration: Interpretations and Projects in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa 29: 1–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, J. 2002. Regional Integration and Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of SADC. In Monitoring Regional Integration in Southern Africa Yearbook, vol. 2, ed. D. Hansohm, C. Peters-Berries, W. Breytenbach, T. Hartzenberg, W. Maier, and P. Meyns, 59–82. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, J., V. Naidoo, and S. Naidu. 2003. The South Africans have Arrived: Post-apartheid Corporate Expansion into Africa. In State of the Nation. South Africa 2003–2004, ed. J. Daniel, A. Habib, and Southall R, 368–390. Cape Town: HSRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, R. 1996. Promoting Regional Integration in Southern Africa: An Analysis of Prospects and Problems from a South African Perspective. African Security Review 5 (5): 27–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Lombaerde, P., and van Langenhove L. 2006. Indicators of Regional Integration: Conceptual and Methodological Aspects. In Assessment and Measurement of Regional Integration, ed. P. de Lombaerde, 9–41. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Draper, P., P. Alves, and M. Kalaba. 2006. South Africa’s International Trade Diplomacy: Implications for Regional Integration, Regional Integration in Southern Africa, vol 1. Gaborone: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.

    Google Scholar 

  • Draper, P., and N. Khumalo. 2005. Friend or Foe: South Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa in the Global Trading System. In Reconfiguring the Compass: South Africa’s African Trade Diplomacy, ed. P. Draper, 1–37. Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebrill, L.P., and J.G. Stotsky. 1998. The Revenue Implications of Trade Liberalization. In Trade Reform and Regional Integration in Africa, ed. Z. Iqbal and M.S. Kahn, 66–146. Washington: International Monetary Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erasmus, H., F. Flatters, and R. Kirk. 2004. Rules of Origin as Tools of Development? Some Lessons from SADC. Gaborone: SADC Secretariat.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erasmus, H., F. Flatters, and R. Kirk. 2006. Rules of Origin as Tools for Development? Some Lessons from SADC. In The Origin of Goods. Rules of Origin in Regional Trade Agreements, ed. O. Cadot, A. Estevadeordal, A. Suwa-Eisenmann, and T. Verdier, 259–294. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flatters, F. 2001. The SADC Trade Protocol: Impacts, Issues and the Way Ahead. Paper prepared under the USAID/RCSA SADC Trade Protocol Project. http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/faculty/flatters/writings/ff_sadc_impacts.pdf (10/10/2016).

  • Flatters F. 2004. SADC Rules of Origin in Textiles and Garments: Barriers to Regional Trade and Global Integration. In The Impact of Preferential Rules of Origin in the Textile and Clothing Sector in Africa, ed. R. Grynberg, 41–66. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foroutan, F., and L. Pritchett. 1993. Intra-Sub-Saharan African Trade: Is it too Little? Journal of African Economies 2 (1): 74–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelb, S. 2005. South-South Investment: The Case of Africa. In Africa in the World Economy: The National, Regional and International Challenges, ed. J.J. Teunissen and A. Akkerman, 200–205. Rotterdam: Forum on Debt and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibb, R. 1998. Southern Africa in Transition: Prospects and Problems Facing Regional Integration. Journal of Modern African Studies 36 (2): 287–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, A. 2004. Regional Integration, FDI and Competitiveness in Southern Africa. Paris: OECD.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Grobbelaar, N. 2004. Can South African Business Drive Regional Integration on the Continent? South African Journal of International Affairs 11 (2): 91–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haarlov, J. 1997. Regional Cooperation and Integration within Industry and Trade in Southern Africa. The Making of Modern Africa. Aldershot, Brookfield, and Hong Kong: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanlon, J. 1986. Beggar Your Neighbours. Apartheid Power in Southern Africa. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartzenberg, T., and B. Mathe. 2005. FDI in Services in SADC: Impact on Regional Integration. In Monitoring Regional Inegration in Southern Africa Yearbook, vol. 5, ed. D. Hansohm, W. Breytenbach, T. Hartzenberg, and C. McCarthy, 9–24. Windhoek: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hentz, J.J. 2005. South Africa and the Logic of Regional Cooperation. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, R. 2001. Zimbabwe Case Study on Trade Negotiations. London: Overseas Development Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holden, M. 1996. Economic and Trade Liberalization in Southern Africa. Is there a Role for South Africa? World Bank Discussion Paper, vol. 342. Washington: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iapadre, L. 2006. Regional Integration Agreements and the Geography of World Trade: Statistical Indicators and Empirical Evidence. In Assessment and Measurement of Regional Integration, ed. P. de Lombaerde, 65–85. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwanow, T. 2011. Impact of Derogations from Implementation of the SADC FTA Obligations on Intra-SADCTrade. Gaborone: USAID/Southern Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, C., and L. Thomas. 2001. African Regionalism and the SADC. In European Union and New Regionalism: Regional Actors and Global Governance in A Post-Hegemonic Era, ed. M. Telò, 153–175. Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, C., and L. Thomas. 2002. Foreign Direct Investment in Southern Africa: Determinants, Characteristics and Implications for Economic Growth and Poverty Alleviation. Oxford and London: CSA, CREFSA-LSE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, C., J. Leape, and L. Thomas. 2000. Gaining from Trade in Southern Africa. In Gaining from Trade in Southern Africa. Complementary Policies to Underpin the SADC Free Trade Area, ed. C. Jenkins, J. Leape, and L. Thomas, 1–23. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalaba, M., and M. Tsedu. 2008. Regional Trade Agreements, Effects and Opportunities: Southern African Development Research Network. Implementation of the SADC Trade Protocol and the Intra-SACU Trade Performance. Pretoria: Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keet, D. 1997. Europe’s Free-Trade Plans with South Africa: Strategic Responses from and Challenges to South and Southern Africa. Development Southern Africa 14 (2): 285–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennes, W. 1999. African Regional Economic Integration & the European Union. In Regionalisation in Africa: Integration & Disintegration, ed. D.C. Bach, 27–40. Oxford and Bloomington: James Currey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kibble, S., P. Goodison, and B. Tsie. 1995. The Uneasy Triangle—South Africa, Southern Africa and Europe in the Post-Apartheid Era. International Relations 12 (4): 41–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • le Pere G, and E.N. Tjønneland. 2005. Which Way SADC? Advancing co-operation and integration in southern Africa, vol. 50. IGD Occasional Papers. Midrand: Institute for Global Dialogue.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M.C. 2003. The Political Economy of Regionalism in Southern Africa. Lansdowne and London: Lynne Rienner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, D. 2006. The Historical Geography of the Southern African Development Community’s Sugar Protocol. Illes i Imperis 9: 117–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyakurwa, W. 1999. A Regional Case-Study of the SADC. In Regional Integration and Trade Liberalization in SubSaharan Africa, ed. A. Oyejide, I. Elbadawi, and S. Yeo, 250–280. Houndmills, London, and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maiketso, J.T., and K. Sekolokwane. 2007. Countrywise Review of the Implementation of the SADC Trade Protocol. In Proceedings of the 2006 FOPRISA Annual Conference, ed. Kaunda J.M., 211–234. Gaborone: Lighthouse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makgetlaneng, S. 2005. South Africa—Southern Africa Relations in the Post-Apartheid Era: The Strategic Importance of Southern Africa to the Economic and Trade Interests of South African Companies. Nordic Journal of African Studies 14 (2): 235–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, C. 1998. South African Trade and Industrial Policy in a Regional Context. In Post-Apartheid Southern Africa. Economic Challenges and Policies for the Future, ed. L. Petersson, 64–86. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, T.E., E.M. Graham, and M. Blomström (eds.). 2005. Does Foreign Direct Investment Promote Development?. Washington: Institute for International Economics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mthembu-Salter, G. 2008. The Cost of Non-tariff Barriers to Business along the North-South Corridor (South Africa-Zimbabwe) via Beit Bridge. A Preliminary Study, vol. 20. Trade Policy Report. Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyambe, J., and K. Schade. 2008. Progress Towards the SADC FTA and Remaining Challenges. Paper presented at the FOPRISA 3rd Annual Conference, Centurion/Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odén, B. 2001. Regionalization in Southern Africa: The Role of the Dominant. In Regionalization in a Globalizing World: A Comparative Perspective on Forms, Actors and Processes, ed. M. Schulz, F. Söderbaum, and J. Öjendal, 82–99. London: ZED Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oosthuizen, G.H. 2006. The Southern African Development Community. The Organisation, its Policies and Prospects. Midrand: Institute for Global Dialogue.

    Google Scholar 

  • Page, S., and te Velde D.W. 2004. Foreign Direct Investment by African Countries. Paper presented at the InWent/UNCTAD Meeting on FDI in Africa, Addis Ababa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierides C. 2008. Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade in Southern Africa: Towards a Measurement Approach, vol. 21. Trade Policy Report. Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pietrangeli, G. 2009. Supporting Regional Integration and Cooperation Worldwide: An Overview of the European Union Approach. In The EU and World Regionalism. The Makability of Regions in the 21st Century, ed. P. de Lombaerde, M. Schulz, 9–43. Farnham: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricardo, D. 1977. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Reprint ed. Hildesheim: Olms.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandrey, R. 2013. An Analysis of the SADC Free Trade Area. Tralac Trade Brief. Stellenbosch: Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidiropoulos, E. 2002. SADC and the EU: A Brief Overview. In SADC-EU Relations. Looking Back and Moving Ahead, ed. E. Sidiropoulos, D. Games, P. Fabricius, et al., 23. Copenhagen: Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobhee, S.K., and V. Bhowon. 2007. Deepening Integration in SADC. Mauritius—Achievements and Coming Challenges, vol. 8. Regional Integration in Southern Africa. Gaborone: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tavares, R., and M. Schulz. 2006. Measuring the Impact of Regional Organisations on Peace Building. In Assessment and Measurement of Regional Integration, ed. P. de Lombaerde, 232–251. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teravaninthorn, S., and G. Raballand. 2009. Transport Prices and Costs in Africa. A Review of the Main International Corridors. Washington: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, N. 1998. The SADC’s Revealed Comparative Advantage in Regional and International Trade, vol. 15. Working Paper. Cape Town: Development Policy Research Unit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viner, J. 1950. The Customs Union Issue. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, J. 2007. Die Regionale Integration des südlichen Afrikas. Unter besonderer Betrachtung der Southern African Development Community (SADC). Baden-Baden: Nomos.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • von Kirchbach, F., and H. Roelofsen. 1998. Trade in the Southern African Development Community: What is the Potential for increasing Exports to the Republic of South Africa? vol. 11. African Development in a Comparative Perspective. Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, J. 1996. Regional Cooperation and Southern African Development. Journal of Southern African Studies 22 (1): 99–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, J., and P. Mosley. 1998. Structural Adjustment and Tradables: A Comparative Study of Zambia and Zimbabwe. In Post-Apartheid Southern Africa. Economic Challenge and Policies for the Future, ed. L. Peterson, 171–200. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weggoro, N.C. 1995. Effects of Regional Economic Integration in Southern Africa and the Role of the Republic of South Africa: A Study of Project Coordination Approach in Industry and Trade in SADCC/SADC. Berlin: Köster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwizwai, B. 2007. Deepening Integration in SADC. Zimbabwe—Missing SADC Macroeconomic Targets, Regional Integration in Southern Africa, vol. 10. Gaborone: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.

    Google Scholar 

Primary Sources

  • European Commission. 1995a. Communication on Supporting Regional Economic Integration in Developing Countries. COM(1995) 212 final.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. 1995b. European Community Support for Regional Economic Integration Efforts Among Developing Countries. COM(95) 219 final.

    Google Scholar 

  • SADC. 1992. Treaty of the Southern African Development Community. Gaborone: SADC Secretariat.

    Google Scholar 

  • SADC. 1994. Industry and Trade. Annual Report of the Sector Coordination Unit. Gaborone: SADC Secretariat.

    Google Scholar 

  • SADC. 1996a. Annual Report. June 1995–July 1996. Gaborone: SADC Secretariat.

    Google Scholar 

  • SADC. 1996b. Decisions of the Council of Ministers. Johannesburg, South Africa, 28–29. January 1996. Gaborone: SADC Secretariat.

    Google Scholar 

  • SADC. 1996c. Record of the Summit. Held in Maseru, Kingdom of Lesotho, 24 August 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • SADC. 1999a. Consultative Conference on Trade and Investment. The Proceedings of the Consultative Conference held in Johannesburg. Republic of South Africa. 31st January—2nd February 1996. Gaborone: SADC Secretariat.

    Google Scholar 

  • SADC. 2000a. Protocol on Trade.

    Google Scholar 

  • SADC. 2000b. Record of the Summit. Held in Windhoek, Republic of Namibia, 7th August 2000. Gaborone: SADC Secretariat.

    Google Scholar 

  • SADC. 2008b. SADC Free Trade Area. Growth, Development and Wealth Creation. Handbook. Gaborone: SADC Secretariat.

    Google Scholar 

  • SADC. 2012. Desk Assessment of the Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan 2005–2010. Gaborone: SADC Secretariat.

    Google Scholar 

  • SADC—European Community. 2002. Regional Strategy Paper and Regional Indicative Programme. For the Period 2002–2007. http://aei.pitt.edu/45272/1/SACD_2002_3.pdf. Accessed 12 August 2015.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Johannes Muntschick .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Muntschick, J. (2018). The Protocol on Trade and the Creation of the Southern African Development Community Free Trade Area. In: The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU) . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45330-9_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics